降糖药物对骨代谢及骨折风险的影响

2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是一种发病率很高的慢性病,过去20年进行的一些研究调查了糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)与骨质疏松症及骨代谢之间的关系,脆性骨折(无外伤或较微外伤情况下引起的骨折)增加的风险已经在T2DM患者中表现出来~([1])。在大多数T2DM患者中,抗DM药物对于血糖控制是不可或缺的,然而,它们在骨代谢及对骨折风险有着不同的影响,二甲双胍,磺酰脲类不增加骨折风险,噻唑烷二酮类药物的使用会导致骨质流失加速和骨折风险增加,基于肠降血糖素的治疗方案对骨骼安全性的数据有限,仍需进一步基础及临床研究以明确,钠葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂可能通过引发甲状旁腺机能亢进而增加骨折风险,同时,使用胰岛素治疗的患者可能需更多关注DM并发症及低血糖所致的骨折风险增加。本文拟对降糖药物T2DM患者骨代谢及骨折风险的影响作一综述,为T2DM患者药物降糖治疗提供指导。     

不同阶段2型糖尿病诱发骨质疏松症的致病机制研究进展

大量临床研究表明,2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者的骨折风险明显增加。因此,T2DM诱发的骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)被认为是最严重的糖尿病并发症之一。骨脆性增加是糖尿病性骨质疏松症(diabetic osteoporosis,DOP)的典型特征,其发病机制是多因素引起的,包括肥胖、高胰岛素血症、高血糖(hyperglycemia,HG)、晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)积聚和氧化产物积累以及微血管病变的存在等。这些因素在T2DM不同时期是相互平衡或相互促进的,而肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(interleukin 1,IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin 6,IL-6)等炎症因子的异常活化打破了骨形成和骨吸收的代谢平衡,导致骨脆性增加。骨强度和骨折风险的变化取决于疾病进展的阶段。因此,糖尿病骨病的病理生理变化可以通过分别考虑糖尿病早期和晚期骨骼相关因素来广泛讨论,其中早期阶段以胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症为特征,这些因素会导致糖尿病发病和初始阶段的骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)增加。而晚期阶段的特征是β细胞衰竭,AGEs和氧化产物的堆积,加速衰老和血管并发症的发展。为此,本文希望对T2DM的不同阶段与骨代谢的关系进行综述,以便更好的认识T2DM的进展加速骨脆性风险的病理过程和致病机制,为治疗T2DM和T2DM诱发的OP、降低T2DM患者骨折发生的风险发挥积极的作用。     

Quantitative ultrasound and vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are known to have increased risks of femoral neck and vertebral fractures, although their bone mineral density (BMD) is normal or even slightly increased compared to non-DM controls. This observation suggests that bone fragility not reflected by BMD, possibly deterioration of bone quality, may participate in their fracture risks. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS), unlike BMD, could possibly evaluate bone quality, especially the microarchitecture, and therefore may be useful for assessing fracture risk in T2DM. To test this hypothesis, we measured calcaneal QUS as well as BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and 1/3 radius in 96 women (mean age 66.6 years old) and 99 men (64.7 years old) with T2DM, and examined their associations with prevalent vertebral fractures (VFs). Calcaneal QUS was performed by CM-200 (Elk Corp., Osaka, Japan), and speed of sound (SOS) values were obtained. BMD was measured by QDR4500 (Hologic, Waltham, MA). In T2DM patients, VFs were found in 33 and 45 subjects in women and men, respectively. When compared between subjects with and without VFs, there were no significant differences in values of SOS or BMD at any site between the groups in either gender. The distribution of SOS as a function of age showed that those with VFs were scattered widely, and there were no SOS thresholds for VFs in either gender. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and BMI showed that either SOS or BMD was not significantly associated with the presence of VFs in either gender. These results show that QUS as well as BMD are unable to discriminate T2DM patients with prevalent VFs from those without VFs. It seems necessary to seek other imaging modalities or biochemical markers evaluating bone fragility and fracture risk in T2DM.     

胰岛素及降糖药物治疗对2型糖尿病骨密度的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素及降糖药治疗对2型糖尿病患者骨密度的影响。均测量身高、体重,同时分析病程、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、血清C-肽、与2型糖尿病骨质疏松的关系,讨论其影响因素和可能的机制。方法 收集276例2型糖尿病患者,根据其治疗情况分为胰岛素（A）组及降糖药物(B)组,测定上述两组患者骨密度（BMD）、体重指数（BMI）、血清C-肽、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、并按病程结合年龄分组对比。结果 （1）高龄段两组骨质疏松的发病率无统计学差异;（2）早期及长期使用胰岛素治疗组骨密度较降糖药治疗组高（P<0.01）,两组相差显著。（3）骨密度与糖化血红蛋白呈负相关、与空腹胰岛素及血清C-肽呈正相关。结论 胰岛素早期干预能延缓并减低患者的骨质疏松发病率及程度,对于高龄及病程大于15年糖尿病患者,胰岛素与降糖药对其骨质疏松的防治作用无明显差异。糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、血清C-肽对骨质代谢有一定影响。     

骨密度在髋部骨质疏松性骨折风险评估中的价值

目的评估骨密度在髋部脆性骨折风险预测中的临床价值。方法回顾性研究2014年6月至2019年6月在我院创伤骨科住院的老年髋部骨折患者72例,作为病例组,其中股骨转子间骨折31例,股骨颈骨折41例;对照组选择同期我院骨外科门诊老年体检者63例。使用DXA方法测量患者腰椎和健侧髋部(全髋部、转子间、股骨颈、Ward’s区)的骨密度;对照组测量腰椎和左侧髋部骨密度,统计分析测量结果。结果①骨折组腰椎、髋部骨密度均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);②转子间骨折组和股骨颈骨折组在腰椎和髋部区域骨密度比较差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05);③骨折组与对照组在转子间区的T值降低比例最大为122.1%,腰椎降低幅度最小为31.3%,余髋部的T值均有不同程度降低;④骨折后髋部和腰椎T值比存在倒置现象;⑤对照组和骨折组髋部骨质疏松程度比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);两组患者腰椎骨质疏松程度比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论①髋部骨折患者骨密度均显著低于体检者,提示骨密度与髋部骨折具有一定相关性,但与髋部骨折类型无关;②在髋部骨折风险评估中,髋部骨密度相比腰椎更有价值;③当髋部与腰椎T值比出现倒置时,将不可避免发生髋部骨折;④骨量正常的部分患者发生了脆性骨折,而骨质疏松的部分患者却未发生骨折,表明影响骨折发生的因素除了骨密度外,可能和骨骼的微结构有关。     

2型糖尿病绝经后女性患者血尿酸水平与骨密度和骨折的相关性研究

目的评估血清尿酸(uric acid,UA)与骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)和绝经后2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)女性患者临床骨折患病率的关系。方法收集980例接受BMD测量和临床骨折评估的绝经后T2DM患者,测量血清尿酸(uric acid,UA)浓度。结果与骨密度正常和骨质减少的患者相比,患有骨质疏松症的绝经T2DM患者血清UA浓度较低。绝经后妇女的血清UA浓度与腰椎、股骨颈和全髋的BMD值显著相关。此外,临床骨折患者的血清UA低于无骨折患者。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在调整年龄、体质量指数、糖尿病病程、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白A1c(HbA1c)、碱性磷酸酶后,血清UA浓度与临床骨折存在显著正相关。当模型进一步调整每个部位的BMD值时,结果没有统计学意义。结论较低的血清UA浓度可能与较低的BMD值和较高的临床骨折患病率相关。     

糖尿病性骨质疏松症的临床诊断方法探讨

糖尿病性骨质疏松症(diabetic osteoporosis,DOP)是高血糖在人体骨骼系统中引起的一种严重的慢性并发症,已成为糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)患者致死、致残的主要原因之一。骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)是评价骨质量的常用指标之一,但其并不完全适用于DM患者,特别是2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者骨质量的检测,这是因为T2DM患者的BMD通常显示正常或升高,但其骨折风险却大大增加。骨质量是一种综合性反映骨健康状况的指标,其主要包括骨量(骨密度)、骨几何结构和材料特性等,可广泛用于诊断骨质疏松症、评价抗骨质疏松药物疗效和预估骨折风险等方面研究。本文将介绍临床上常用的分析骨质量的检测方法,以期为DOP诊断提供科学依据。     

新诊断男性2型糖尿病患者骨密度临床分析

目的研究新诊断男性2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)骨密度改变情况及危险因素。方法应用双能X射线吸收法测定了200例新诊断男性T2DM和200例男性对照组的L2-4、Wards区、股骨颈、大转子骨密度。并记录年龄、体重指数、血糖、胰岛素及糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)等临床指标进行比较。结果男性T2DM的血糖、糖化血红蛋白显著高于对照组(P<0.001),而BMD较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)。T2DM的骨质疏松检出率明显高于对照者(P<0.05)。线性回归分析显示HbA1c为BMD独立危险因素(P=0.003,OR=2.15,95%可信区间:2.89～3.52)。结论 T2DM的骨密度降低明显,骨质疏松发生率高,加强控制糖尿病。     

Clinical Use of Biochemical Markers of Bone Remodeling: Current Status and Future Directions

Biochemical markers of bone turnover provide a means of evaluating skeletal dynamics that complements static measurements of bone mineral density (BMD). This review evaluates the use of commercially available bone turnover markers as aids in diagnosis and monitoring response to treatment in patients with osteoporosis. High within-person variability complicates but does not preclude their use. Elevated bone resorption markers appear to be associated with increased fracture risk in elderly women, but there is less evidence of a relationship between bone formation markers and fracture risk. The critical question of predicting fracture efficacy with treatment has not been answered. Changes in bone markers as currently determined do not predict BMD response to either bisphosphonates or hormone replacement therapy. Single measurements of markers do not predict BMD cross-sectionally (except possibly in the very elderly), or change in BMD in individual patients, either treated or untreated. On the other hand, research applications of bone turnover markers are of value in investigating the pathogenesis and treatment of bone diseases. Markers have potential in the clinical management of osteoporosis, but their use in this regard is not established. Additional studies with fracture endpoints and information on negative and positive predictive value are needed to evaluate fully the utility of bone turnover markers in individual patients.     

Association of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and fracture risk in Chinese postmenopausal women

Osteoporotic fractures are a leading cause of disability and, indirectly, of death in the elderly population. Previous studies have shown that homocysteine level and the C677T polymorphism in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) may be involved in the development of osteoporosis and its related fracture in European populations. The aim of this study was to verify the association of this polymorphism with bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures in our 1899 Chinese postmenopausal women. The C677T T allele frequency in this population was 39.2%. The distribution of the MTHFR genotypes followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. BMD at total body, total hip or femoral neck did not significantly vary with MTHFR C677T genotype. The T allele carrier tended to have higher risk of having osteoporosis or osteopenia, but the difference was statistically insignificant. However, Poisson regression analysis revealed that the T allele carriers had an increased risk of fractures (RR=1.7, 95% CI=1.1-2.7, p=0.01) which occurred before or after menopause. As far as fracture incidence after menopause was concerned, the CT or TT genotype had more than twice the risk of the CC genotype (RR=2.5, 95% CI=1.2-4.9, p=0.009). This association was independent of age, physical activity, occupation, passive smoking, height, weight, years since menopause, and total hip BMD. Our data show that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism is an independent predictor of fracture risk, although it only had a weak effect on BMD. Further study on the mechanistic role that this polymorphism plays in the development of fractures may lead to better understanding of the etiology of osteoporotic fracture.     

Identification of osteopenic women at high risk of fracture: the OFELY study.

About one-half of women with incident fractures have BMD above the WHO diagnostic threshold of osteoporosis. In the OFELY study, low BMD, increased markers of bone turnover, and prior fracture could be used to identify, within osteopenic women, those at high risk of fracture. INTRODUCTION: Recent data suggest that about one-half of women with incident fractures have BMD above the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic threshold of osteoporosis (T score相似文献   

T2DM伴骨质疏松Cys-C、25(OH)D3、BGP变化及临床意义

目的 探究老年2型糖尿病（T2DM）伴骨质疏松患者血清胱抑素C（Cys-C）、25羟维生素D3[25(OH)D3]、骨钙素（BGP）水平变化，并分析其对骨质疏松性骨折的预测价值。方法 选取2020年2月至2022年5月本院88例老年T2DM伴骨质疏松患者作为研究组，另选同期88例老年T2DM骨量减少患者作为对照A组，88例老年T2DM骨量正常患者作为对照B组。比较各组血清Cys-C、25(OH)D3、BGP水平、血糖指标、血脂指标、骨矿物质密度（BMD），分析研究组血清各指标水平与血糖指标、血脂指标、BMD的相关性。研究组均行常规对症治疗6个月，依据是否发生骨质疏松性骨折分为发生者、未发生者，比较治疗前后血清各指标水平及变化值，分析其对骨折的预测价值。结果 研究组血清Cys-C水平高于对照A组、对照B组，25(OH)D3、BGP水平低于对照A组、对照B组（P＜0.05）；Cys-C水平与BMD呈负相关，25(OH)D3、BGP水平与BMD呈正相关（P＜0.05）；发生者治疗前后血清Cys-C水平高于未发生者，25(OH)D3、BGP水平低于未发生者，各指标变化值低于未发生者（P＜0.05）；血清各指标变化值降低可增加骨质疏松性骨折发生风险（P＜0.05）；治疗3个月后血清各指标变化值联合预测骨质疏松性骨折的AUC大于治疗1个月后（P＜0.05）。结论 老年T2DM伴骨质疏松患者血清Cys-C水平升高，25(OH)D3、BGP水平降低，联合检测其水平变化对骨质疏松性骨折具有一定预测价值。     

Prospective Identification of Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women at High Vertebral Fracture Risk by Radiography, Bone Densitometry, Quantitative Ultrasound, and Laboratory Findings: Results From the PIOS Study

Women with established osteoporosis are at high risk to sustain additional vertebral fractures. Treatment may affect the predictive power of bone densitometry and biochemical techniques. There are few prospective studies comparing fracture prediction by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and other techniques in treated women with established osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the predictive power of various DXA and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) techniques for identification of women at high risk to develop new fractures over 1-2 yr. Moreover, we wanted to investigate whether previous or ongoing therapy precluded the use of common clinical laboratory blood tests and bone turnover markers for prediction of fracture risk. We measured prevalent fracture status; bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole body, spine, and hip by DXA; QUS of the calcaneus and the patella; hormones and various markers of bone resorption and formation; and took standard blood tests in 124 women (age 64.9 yr +/- 7.9) with manifest and variously treated postmenopausal osteoporosis. Subsequently, new spine fractures were assessed after 1 yr and, in a subset of 87 women, after 2 yr. Prevalent fractures turned out to be the strongest predictor of subsequent vertebral fractures with an age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.9 per prevalent fracture over 2 yr. Furthermore, our results underline the predictive power of spinal BMD (sOR = 2.1; standardized OR per 1 standard deviation population variance decrease), whole body BMD (sOR: 2.4), and QUS stiffness index of the calcaneus (sOR: 2.8) for vertebral fracture prediction. QUS of the patella did not predict vertebral fractures. Blood sedimentation rate was predictive in the first year (sOR: 1.9). The predictive power of bone turnover markers, however, appeared to be too low to be detectable in a group of this sample size and it may have been reduced because most women were already receiving treatment. In conclusion, radiographic measures, but not the tested laboratory bone turnover markers, enabled us to identify women (from a population of osteoporotic women who have been treated for some time with a variety of medications) who are at highest risk for developing new vertebral fractures within 1-2 yr.     

应用FRAX评价2型糖尿病对老年男性骨质疏松性骨折风险的影响

目的探讨2型糖尿病对老年男性骨质疏松性骨折风险的影响。方法收集138例老年男性2型糖尿病患者作为糖尿病组,140名血糖正常老年男性作为对照组,比较两组间的一般资料、血糖、骨质疏松患病率、骨密度以及骨折风险的差异,从而分析2型糖尿病对老年男性骨质疏松性骨折风险的影响。结果糖尿病组骨质疏松的患病率显著高于对照组(P0.05),糖尿病组患有骨量减少的比例与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),糖尿病组的腰椎骨密度、股骨颈骨密度显著低于对照组(P0.05),糖尿病组的10年发生主要部位骨质疏松骨折的概率和10年发生髋部骨折概率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病可增加老年男性患者骨质疏松的患病率,会降低患者骨密度,增加患者骨折的风险,应采取措施积极加强预防和干预。     

Devising global strategies for fracture-risk evaluation

Fracture prevention is the goal of osteoporosis treatment. Bone mineral density (BMD) has been the main criterion for deciding whether to initiate treatment, which is usually recommended when the BMD is less than -2.5 SDs from the mean in young women. However, the need to base treatment decisions on the overall fracture risk, rather than on BMD values alone, is now increasingly recognized. Several factors predict the fracture risk independently from BMD. Combining these factors to BMD may improve patient selection for osteoporosis therapy. In addition to low BMD values, factors associated with a high fracture risk include advanced age, prior fractures in the patient or family, low body mass index, smoking, glucocorticoid therapy, unfavorable profile of bone turnover markers, and risk factors for falls. There is no consensus yet about the best strategy for using these risk factors to assist in treatment decisions. A collaborative center set up by the World Health Organization is evaluating pooled data from prospective studies in order to better define high-risk patient subsets that are likely to benefit from osteoporosis treatment to prevent fractures. The results will serve to develop clinical guidelines for identifying high-risk patients.     

吸入糖皮质激素治疗对COPD患者的骨密度及骨折风险的影响

目的观察吸入糖皮质激素治疗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases,COPD)患者的骨密度及骨折风险的影响。方法 122例COPD患者,70例吸入糖皮质激素的当前使用者和52例从未接受过糖皮质激素治疗的患者,进行了骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)和身体成分评估,并接受了椎体骨折评估(verterbral fracture assessment,VFA)。考虑用于分析的骨病的风险因素是年龄、性别、吸入糖皮质激素使用、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、肌肉质量指数(muscle mass index,MMI)和慢性阻塞性肺病全球倡议(GOLD)类别。同时还使用了针对汉族人群的骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)计算工具。结果这些组间在性别、BMI、MMI、GOLD等级、BMD T评分和Z评分的最低值,骨质疏松症的患病率或年龄的低BMD方面没有差异(P0.05)。在使用吸入糖皮质激素的14例患者中通过VFA鉴定椎骨骨折,并且在没有接受糖皮质激素的患者中通过VFA鉴定椎体骨折(P0.05)。MMI与骨质疏松症之间存在关联的趋势(P0.05),并且根据通过GOLD评分评估的COPD严重性,BMD Z评分逐渐降低。椎体骨折与骨质疏松症(P0.05)或低MMI(P0.05)无关。FRAX没有估计骨折风险。结论吸入糖皮质激素可导致骨密度降低,但是骨折风险未发现增加。     

Bone Loss in Diabetes: Use of Antidiabetic Thiazolidinediones and Secondary Osteoporosis

Clinical evidence indicates that bone status is affected in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Regardless of normal or even high bone mineral density, T2DM patients have increased risk of fractures. One class of antidiabetic drugs, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), causes bone loss and further increases facture risk, placing TZDs in the category of drugs causing secondary osteoporosis. Risk factors for development of TZD-induced secondary osteoporosis are gender (women), age (elderly), and duration of treatment. TZDs exert their antidiabetic effects by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) nuclear receptor, which controls glucose and fatty acid metabolism. In bone, PPAR-γ controls differentiation of cells of mesenchymal and hematopoietic lineages. PPAR-γ activation with TZDs leads to unbalanced bone remodeling: bone resorption increases and bone formation decreases. Laboratory research evidence points toward a possible separation of unwanted effects of PPAR-γ on bone from its beneficial antidiabetic effects by using selective PPAR-γ modulators. This review also discusses potential pharmacologic means to protect bone from detrimental effects of clinically used TZDs (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) by using combinational therapy with approved antiosteoporotic drugs, or by using lower doses of TZDs in combination with other antidiabetic therapy. We also suggest a possible orthopedic complication, not yet supported by clinical studies, of delayed fracture healing in T2DM patients on TZD therapy.     

Type 2 Diabetes and Risk of Hip Fractures and Non‐Skeletal Fall Injuries in the Elderly: A Study From the Fractures and Fall Injuries in the Elderly Cohort (FRAILCO)

Questions remain about whether the increased risk of fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is related mainly to increased risk of falling or to bone‐specific properties. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the risk of hip fractures and non‐skeletal fall injuries in older men and women with and without T2DM. We included 429,313 individuals (aged 80.8 ± 8.2 years [mean ± SD], 58% women) from the Swedish registry “Senior Alert” and linked the data to several nationwide registers. We identified 79,159 individuals with T2DM (45% with insulin [T2DM‐I], 41% with oral antidiabetics [T2DM‐O], and 14% with no antidiabetic treatment [T2DM‐none]) and 343,603 individuals without diabetes. During a follow‐up of approximately 670,000 person‐years, we identified in total 36,132 fractures (15,572 hip fractures) and 20,019 non‐skeletal fall injuries. In multivariable Cox regression models where the reference group was patients without diabetes and the outcome was hip fracture, T2DM‐I was associated with increased risk (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [95% CI] 1.24 [1.16–1.32]), T2DM‐O with unaffected risk (1.03 [0.97–1.11]), and T2DM‐none with reduced risk (0.88 [0.79–0.98]). Both the diagnosis of T2DM‐I (1.22 [1.16–1.29]) and T2DM‐O (1.12 [1.06–1.18]) but not T2DM‐none (1.07 [0.98–1.16]) predicted non‐skeletal fall injury. The same pattern was found regarding other fractures (any, upper arm, ankle, and major osteoporotic fracture) but not for wrist fracture. Subset analyses revealed that in men, the risk of hip fracture was only increased in those with T2DM‐I, but in women, both the diagnosis of T2DM‐O and T2DM‐I were related to increased hip fracture risk. In conclusion, the risk of fractures differs substantially among patients with T2DM and an increased risk of hip fracture was primarily found in insulin‐treated patients, whereas the risk of non‐skeletal fall injury was consistently increased in T2DM with any diabetes medication. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

定量CT对2型糖尿病性骨质疏松的诊断意义

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)通过多种因素影响骨微结构和骨密度,导致骨强度下降,骨折风险增加。定量CT(quantitative computed tomography, QCT)测定三维体积骨密度(volume bone mineral density, vBMD)优于双能X线吸收法(dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, DXA)测定的面积骨密度(area bone mineral density, aBMD)对T2DM患者骨折风险评估,还能发现松质骨的结构改变、皮质骨多孔性结构,对骨量细微改变具有高敏感性。将QCT与有限元分析法结合,通过骨密度、骨组织结构同时分析骨应力来评价骨强度,对T2DM患者骨折风险的预测更有价值。     

The degree of osteoporosis in patients with vertebral fracture and patients with hip fracture: Relationship to incidence of vertebral fracture

The most typical fracture that occurs in osteoporotic patients is a vertebral fracture, whereas hip fractures are thought to occur in the most severe osteoporotic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of osteoporosis between patients with vertebral fractures and patients with hip fracture by examining bone mineral density, biochemical markers of bone metabolism, and the incidence of vertebral fractures. Subjects were 50 female patients with vertebral fractures (VX) and 60 female patients with hip fracture (HX). Bone mineral densities (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck (Neck), and one-third of the radius were determined by DXA. Total and bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, N-MID osteocalcin, PICP, free deoxypyridinoline, and CTx were measured. All z-scores of BMD in the three areas of VX and HX patients were negative, meaning those BMDs were lower in VX and HX than a decade-matched normal reference. The z-score of Neck BMD was significantly lower in HX than in VX. Deoxypyridinoline and CTx were significantly higher in HX than in VX. N-MID osteocalcin was significantly lower in HX than in VX. VX and HX patients were divided into four subgroups according to the number of their vertebral fractures: VX, with a single fracture; VX, with multiple fractures; HX, without vertebral fractures; and HX, with vertebral fractures. VX with multiple fractures and HX with vertebral fractures had lower z-scores at all skeletal sites. HX with vertebral fractures had the lowest median z-score at spine and Neck, whereas HX without vertebral fractures had a low z-score only at Neck compared to VX with a single fracture. There was no significant difference in markers among the subgroups. The number of vertebral fractures was negatively correlated with z-scores of BMD at all three sites. We concluded that uncoupling between bone formation and resorption is greater in hip fractures than in vertebral fractures. Vertebral fractures are associated with general osteopenia of the total skeleton. We suggest that there are two types of osteoporosis in patients with hip fractures: one is that the bone mass of the femoral neck is specifically reduced, and the other is a terminal stage of osteoporosis which follows osteoporosis with vertebral fractures. Received: Aug. 24, 1998 / Accepted: Dec. 4, 1998