腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术后胆肠吻合口狭窄的原因及处理对策

目的:探讨腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术胆肠吻合方式的选择、胆肠吻合口狭窄的原因及处理对策。方法:回顾分析2014年7月至2018年8月收治的502例腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除患者的临床资料,其中6例术后因胆肠吻合口梗阻再次入院治疗,按胆肠吻合方式分为胆囊空肠吻合组(n=3)与胆管空肠吻合组(n=3),分析两组患者两次手术围手术期相关资料。结果:两组患者首次术前血清白蛋白、总胆红素、血红蛋白及白细胞等指标均在正常范围。胆囊空肠吻合组首次手术时间平均(260.0±23.9) min,术中出血量平均(208.8±66.8) m L,胆管断端直径平均(4.4±0.9) mm,术后发生胰瘘1例,无胆漏、出血发生,3例患者术后病理均为良性肿瘤,两次手术中位间隔时间18个月,第二次手术均在腹腔镜下完成原吻合口切除+胆管空肠吻合,第二次术后病理示胆管结石3例,术后无再次吻合口狭窄发生。胆管空肠吻合组首次手术时间平均(280.0±28.1) min,术中出血量平均(190.7±73.1) m L,胆管断端直径平均(4.5±1.5) mm,术后发生胆漏、腹腔感染各1例,无术后胰瘘、出血患者,术后病理为2例良性肿瘤,1例恶性肿瘤。两次手术中位间隔时间12个月,第二次手术均在腹腔镜下完成吻合口重建,术后病理示吻合口良性狭窄3例,无一例再次出现吻合口狭窄。结论:腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术应首选胆管空肠吻合,吻合口狭窄形成原因较复杂,胆管口径细小是其原因之一,术中放置胆管支撑管、选择恰当缝线、精细规范操作可降低吻合口狭窄发生率。对于腹腔镜经验丰富的外科医生,腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术术后胆肠吻合口重建仍可首选腹腔镜手术。     

胆肠吻合口狭窄再次手术的处理

目的 探讨胆肠吻合口狭窄再次手术的处理方式及预防要点。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2022年3月无锡市第二人民医院实施再次手术治疗的13例胆肠吻合口狭窄患者的病例资料。13例中12例有胆管结石伴胆管炎发作病史,另1例为腹腔镜下胰十二指肠切除术后早期梗阻性黄疸。其中8例行开腹胆肠吻合口重建,2例行ERCP下胆肠吻合口扩张术,2例行腹腔镜下胆肠吻合口重建,1例行PTCD下胆道扩张治疗。结果 本组患者经过治疗后黄疸、腹痛、胆道感染等症状均得到缓解,术后恢复良好并顺利出院。13例患者术后随访至2022年10月,其中12例患者术后无胆管炎及肝内胆管结石复发,1例合并胆管腺癌患者术后6个月因肿瘤进展死亡。结论 胆管结石复发是胆肠吻合口狭窄的最常见原因。胆肠吻合口拆除重建、经皮经肝胆管介入治疗和经内镜行ERCP治疗都是治疗胆肠吻合口狭窄的重要手术方式。初次手术实施规范化胆肠吻合术的是预防狭窄的重点。一旦出现胆肠吻合口狭窄,需要制定个体化的治疗方案。     

改良胆肠内支撑外引流在胰十二指肠切除术中细口径胆肠吻合中的应用

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术中细口径胆肠吻合使用改良的T管支撑引流的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2009年8月至2014年8月第二军医大学附属长海医院胰腺外科行胰十二指肠切除术的胆管直径8 mm、胰管直径正常的166例病人资料,其中81例病人采用改良的T管支撑引流胆肠吻合(改良组),85例病人采用直接胆肠吻合(常规组),比较分析两组胆瘘、胰瘘发生率及其他手术相关指标的差异。结果改良组病人在术后胰瘘、胆瘘的发生率,术中出血量及住院时间,术后胆肠吻合口狭窄发生率均低于常规组(P均0.05)。结论改良的T管支撑引流胆肠吻合操作简便,在降低胰瘘、胆瘘发生率方面有优势,同时存在术中出血少,住院时间短及术后胆肠吻合口狭窄发生率低等优点,是胰十二指肠切除术中胆肠吻合的一种有效的改良方案,值得临床推广应用。     

经皮下空肠盲襻胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后严重并发症10例报告

目的探讨胆道镜经皮下空肠盲襻诊断和治疗胰十二指肠切除术后严重并发症的价值. 方法从皮下空肠盲插入胆道镜,直视下对胰肠、胆肠吻合口漏涂抹生物胶或对吻合口出血喷涂止血药物. 结果 5例肠漏,3例胆漏和2例吻合出血均治愈.10例随访1～3年,未发现肿瘤复发,1例术后1年胆肠吻合口狭窄,胆道镜扩张吻合口狭窄治愈,余9例胰液、胆汁排泌通畅. 结论胆道镜经皮下空肠盲襻能对胰十二指肠切除术后并发症进行诊治,对胰肠、胆肠吻合口进行远期直观随访.     

胰胃吻合术治疗胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口狭窄3例疗效分析

目的 观察胰胃吻合术治疗胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口狭窄的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2010年5月至2017年12月收治的3例内镜治疗失败的胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口狭窄病人的临床资料。通过开腹探查、切除胰肠吻合口,采用单层捆绑式胰管胃黏膜吻合术进行残胰消化道重建。观察术中和术后情况。结果 从胰肠吻合至诊断胰肠吻合口狭窄的时间分别为72、37 和21个月。3例病人手术均顺利完成,手术时间为137、210、120 min,出血量为 210、350、180 mL。术后未出现胰瘘、出血、感染等并发症。术后症状缓解,术后随访23、58和15个月未再发作。结论 对于内镜治疗失败的胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口狭窄病人,胰胃吻合术特别是单层捆绑式胰管胃黏膜吻合术是可考虑采取的手术方案。     

降落伞式单荷包胰肠吻合在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术中降落伞式单荷包胰肠吻合方式的可行性和安全性。方法:回顾性分析河北医科大学第二医院2018年10月至2021年10月采用降落伞式单荷包胰肠吻合行腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术治疗的71例患者的临床资料,其中男性41例,女性30例,年龄(59.1±9.7)岁。记录患者手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发...     

胆肠、胰肠双磁吻合在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的 探讨胆肠、胰肠同时使用磁吻合技术在胰十二指肠切除术中的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法 从2012年1月至2019年12月9例胰十二指肠切除术中使用磁吻合技术完成胆肠及胰肠重建。收集术前患者一般资料、手术方式、胰肠吻合时间、胆肠吻合形成时间、磁体排出时间、术后并发症等指标。所有患者出院后电话或门诊随访,随访时间至2020年2月。结果 9例患者均为恶性肿瘤,术前胆道、胰管均明显增宽,直径分别为16（8～23）mm、7（6～14）mm。所有患者均顺利完成胰十二指肠切除术,其中7例为开腹,2例为腹腔镜。9例患者胰肠吻合使用均传统磁吻合装置,胆肠吻合5例使用传统磁吻合装置,4例使用胆肠磁吻合器。胆肠吻合时间8（5～16）min,胰肠重建的手术时间为10（8～15）min,胆肠吻合与胰肠吻合时间亦无统计学差异（t=-1.6,P＞0.05）。术后1例A级胰瘘,保守治愈,无胆瘘。5例胆肠吻合形成时间18（15～33）d,9例胰肠吻合形成时间18（10～33）d。术后经过37（20～60）d,所有患者磁体均排出体外。术后随访15（3～25）个月,胆肠吻合口狭窄1例,经PTCD+球囊扩张治愈。结论 对于胆、胰管均扩张的恶性肿瘤行胰十二指肠时,磁吻合技术完成胆肠及胰肠重建简便、省时,术后无明显胆胰瘘发生。     

基于"洪氏胰肠吻合一针法"理念的改良胰胃吻合在胰腺手术消化道重建中的应用

目的探讨将基于"洪氏胰肠吻合一针法"理念的改良胰胃吻合应用于胰腺手术消化道重建的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析2022年5月至2022年10月河北医科大学第二医院肝胆外科收治的44例采用改良胰胃吻合手术的胰腺肿瘤患者的临床资料, 其中男性23例, 女性21例, 中位年龄54岁, 年龄范围18～70岁。总结患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后一般情况及并发症发生情况等。结果 44例患者均顺利完成手术, 其中行腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术患者29例, 腹腔镜保留十二指肠的胰头切除术11例, 腹腔镜胰腺中段切除术1例, 行开腹胰十二指肠切除术3例。腹腔镜手术胰胃吻合时间(15.4±1.0)min, 开腹手术胰胃吻合时间(9.1±0.5)min。44例患者中术后发生A级胰瘘2例(4.55%)、胃排空障碍7例(15.91%), 无B、C级胰瘘、胆瘘、胃肠吻合口瘘、腹腔感染、术后出血及围手术期死亡发生。结论将改良胰胃吻合用于胰腺手术消化道重建安全可靠, 可以有效降低术后胰瘘发生率, 改善患者预后。     

腹腔三腔引流管冲洗引流治疗肠外瘘21例

1资料与方法1.1一般资料选取2010年5月—2012年5月潍坊市人民医院(18例)和潍坊市第二人民医院普外科(3例)收治的21例肠外瘘患者,其中男14例,女7例;年龄23~78岁,中位年龄51岁。其中阑尾切除术后残端瘘1例,胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口瘘3例,胰头癌根治术后胆肠吻合口瘘2例,直肠癌直肠前切除术后吻合口瘘3例,左半结肠切除术后吻合口瘘2例,腹部外伤致肠瘘1例,胃癌根治术后十二指肠残端瘘4例,空肠挫裂伤术后吻合口瘘1例,食管空肠吻合口瘘4例。     

ILS吻合器用于胰十二指肠切除术和胆肠短路术的胆肠吻合

目的　探讨在胰十二指肠切除术和胆肠短路术中使用吻合器作胆肠吻合的可靠性。方法　对 18例胰头癌、壶腹周围癌和其他壶腹周围非肿瘤性疾病实施胰十二指肠切除术或胆肠短路术 ,术中胆肠吻合采用了ILS吻合器 ,并进行围手术期评估和随访。结果　采用吻合器进行胆肠吻合的病例无胆瘘和胰瘘发生 ,随访和B超证实胆道、胆肠吻合口均无狭窄发生和黄疸复发。结论　只要胆总管和肝总管扩张的足够大 ,ILS吻合器可以安全地用于胰十二指肠切除术和胆肠短路术中的胆肠吻合。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.