2009年-2010年义乌市手足口病病原监测结果分析

目的:了解2009年-2010年浙江省义乌市手足口病(HFMD)的病原体型别及分布特征,为今后制定预防和控制HFMD防治策略提供依据。方法:采用实时荧光RT-PCR方法,对义乌市248例HFMD临床诊断病例标本进行EV、EV71和CoxA16RNA的检测。结果:共检出178例EV阳性病例,阳性率为71.77%;其中EV71阳性病例83例,CoxA16阳性病例66例,分别占EV阳性病例的46.63%、37.08%;5岁以下儿童EV感染占所有感染者的92.74%;2009年和2010年儿童EV71、CoxA16阳性率分别为17.86%、37.50%和38.05%、23.44%,结果差别有统计学意义;不同性别儿童EV、EV71和CoxA16阳性率差别无统计学意义;重症病例EV71阳性检出率为75.00%。结论:引起义乌市HFMD的主要病原体为EV71和CoxA16,其中2009年多数为CoxA16,其次为EV71,2010年多数为EV71、其次为CoxA16;5岁以下儿童是EV感染的高危人群;EV71是引起重症病例的主要病原体。     

实时荧光RT-PCR快速检测手足口病病原体结果分析

目的建立手足口病的实时荧光RT-PCR检测技术平台,开展手足口病病原学检测工作,为手足口病防控提供实验依据。方法用实时荧光RT-PCR法检测河池市2010—2011年手足口病EV、EV71和CA16病毒核酸。结果共检测578例手足口病临床诊断病例样本,421例EV阳性,阳性率为72.84%;其中EV71阳性109例(25.89%),CA16阳性198例(47.03%),其他肠道病毒阳性114例(27.08%);6岁以下儿童EV阳性占所有感染者的99.05%;2010和2011年儿童EV71、CA16、其他肠道病毒阳性率分别为47.86%、10.00%、18.57%和9.59%、42.01%、20.09%;重症病例EV71阳性率为65.38%。结论实时荧光RT-PCR法,适合于手足口病快速确诊及常规监测,特别是重症病例诊断的重要依据。该市不同年度手足口病感染型别有差异,2010年的主要病原体为EV71,其次是其他肠道病毒;而2011年的主要病原体为CA16,其次其他肠道病毒。6岁以下儿童是EV感染的高危人群;EV71是引起重症病例的主要病原体。     

2008年广西手足口病病原体检测分析

目的了解2008年引起广西手足口病的病原体型别及分布特征,为制定预防控制措施提供实验依据。方法采集手足口病临床诊断病例的疱疹液、咽拭子、肛拭子、粪便等样本,应用RT-PCR方法检测EV、EV71和CoxA16病毒核酸。结果共检测753例手足口病临床诊断病例1 286份样本,422例(56.0%)检测到肠道病毒核酸,其中EV71阳性176例(41.7%),CoxA16阳性36例(8.5%),非EV71、CoxA16肠道病毒阳性210例(49.7%)。全区14个市送检的病例标本均检测到EV71,来宾市等5市EV71检出率大于50%,钦州市和百色市EV71检出率小于20%。25例(89.2%)重症死亡病例中检测到EV71病毒核酸。结论手足口病在广西分布广,病原体组成复杂,引起广西2008年手足口病的主要病原体为EV71。应加强HFMD病原图谱监测,为手足口病防控提供实验依据。     

手足口病住院患儿的病原学和临床特征

目的了解手足口病(HFMD)病原体分布情况及流行趋势,为HFMD的防治提供依据。方法调查2015年1—12月某院确诊的HFMD住院患儿,采用实时荧光PCR法对HFMD病例标本进行肠道病毒(EV)通用型、肠道病毒71(EV71)型和柯萨奇A16(CoxA16)型核酸检测。分析不同月份、性别、年龄组、感染类型患儿EV阳性检出率及各型别分布情况。结果 2015年共采集837例HFMD患儿咽拭子标本,其中EV阳性标本380份,阳性率为45.40%。病毒分型结果显示:EV71阳性标本110例(28.95%);CoxA16阳性标本7例(1.84%);EV71+CoxA16阳性标本6例(1.58%);其他EV阳性标本257例(67.63%)。该病从4月份开始进入高发期,5~6月达到最高峰,7~12月持续高发。不同月份患儿EV阳性检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。发病年龄主要集中在3岁以下儿童。不同年龄组患儿EV阳性检出率、EV各型别构成比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。重症HFMD病例的EV阳性检出率为65.34%,高于普通病例的27.06%(P0.001)。EV71型感染患儿中重症病例比率为90.00%;由其他EV感染所致的患儿中重症病例比率为60.70%;EV71+CoxA16双重感染的患儿全部为重症病例。不同感染类型患儿EV各型别构成比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论 2015年该院收治的HFMD住院患儿的EV感染型别主要以非EV71、非CoxA16的其他EV为主,对高发季节、3岁以下的高发人群及重症病例应高度关注,做好预防和治疗工作。     

2010年池州地区手足口病病原学分析

目的分析池州地区手足口病的流行病学和病原学特征,为手足口病防控提供科学依据。方法采集2010-03/2010-12池州市各地送检的133例手足口病临床诊断患者的咽拭子,应用RT-PCR技术检测样本中肠道病毒(EV)、肠道病毒71型(EV71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CoxA16)。结果 133例手足口病临床诊断病例咽拭子中,检测到肠道病毒阳性79份,EV71阳性28份,CoxA16阳性24份,EV71和CoxA16的阳性率为21.05%和18.05%。6例手足口病重症病例中,EV71病毒感染病例4例。结论 EV71和CoxA16是2010年池州地区手足口病的主要病原体,而EV71是引起手足口病重症病例的主要类型。     

2008-2011年惠州市重症手足口病病原学特征分析

目的分析惠州市2008-2011年手足口病重症病例流行病学特征和病原学特征,为制定手足口病预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法选取惠州市2008-2011年手足口病定点收治医院报告的255例重症病例作为研究对象,采集重症患者发病1周内的咽拭子或肛拭子,用RT-PCR法对患者标本进行总肠道病毒、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CoxA16)和肠道病毒71型(EV71)的特异性核酸检测。结果 255例重症手足口病病例中,肠道病毒通用型核酸阳性180份,检出率70.59%(180/255),其中EV71、CoxA16、非EV71和CoxA16的其他肠道病毒(other intestinal virus)核酸分别为144、6、30份,占肠道病毒感染阳性的80.0%(144/180)、3.33%(6/180)、16.67%(30/180),非肠道病毒(NEV)75例占29.41%(75/255)。重症病例以5岁以下儿童为主,EV71阳性者中以3岁以下幼童为多,男性多于女性,以散居儿童居多。结论 2008-2011年引起惠州市手足口病重症的病原体以EV71为主,占80%,CoxA16的检出率为3.33%,非EV71和CoxA16其他肠道病毒的检出率为16.67%。EV71是惠州市近四年引起手足口病重症病例的优势流行毒株。RT-PCR可用于手足口病重症病例的快速诊断,对5岁以下儿童手足口病进行病原学检测,及早发现重症病例、及早治疗,是防止手足口病死亡病例的关键。     

惠州市手足口病病原学流行特征研究

目的 分析手足口病病原学的流行特征,为预防和控制肠道病毒感染提供科学依据.方法 通过哨点监测医院收集全市手足口病病例标本进行肠道总病毒、肠道病毒71型(human enterovirus 71,EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A16型(CoxA16)等肠道病毒核酸检测.结果 2008-2010年共收集手足口病患者835份标本,肠道病毒通用型核酸、EV71和CoxA16核酸检出率分别为66.95%、35.57%、23.11%.手足口病发病以幼儿为主,尤其是散居儿童,发病人群主要集中在5岁以下儿童,占87.43%,肠道病毒阳性检出率男性高于女性;重症病例和非重症病例感染的主要病原体型别有差异.结论 手足口病的主要病原体是EV71和CoxA16,但每年病原谱在不断变化,5岁以下儿童为高危人群.应根据手足口病高危人群和高发季节制定相应的预防控制策略.     

贵阳地区2010年手足口病病原体检测分析

目的:对贵阳市2010年手足口病流行期间的手足口病患儿进行病原学及流行特征分析。方法:采用Real-TimePCR法检测307例手足口病患儿标本样本中的肠道病毒通用型(EV)、肠道病毒71型(EV71)、肠道病毒科萨奇A16型(CoxA16)3种核酸,将扩增产物测序获得的序列与GenBank中肠道病毒核苷酸序列进行比对,确定毒株血清型别。结果:肠道病毒通用型(EV)阳性率为68.27%,CA16阳性率为6.73%,EV71阳性率为13.46%。重症患者EV71的检出率为18.60%,CoxA16的检出率为4.65%,其他肠道病毒为57.55%,4株其它肠道病毒经鉴定属于CA10型。结论:手足口病病原复杂,2010年贵阳地区HFMD的主要病原为其他肠道病毒和EV71,存在一定比例的其他未知病原体(CoxA10)。     

2010年深圳市手足口病的病原学检测分析

目的:了解深圳市2010年手足口病的病原学情况,为手足口病的控制和治疗提供实验室依据。方法:采集手足口病病例粪便标本,提取标本中的病毒核酸,采用RT-PCR方法,检测肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A16型(CA16)的核酸。结果:2010年共检测1238例手足口病例,其中重症病例122例。所有病例中,EV71阳性率为43.29%,CA16阳性率为11.14%;重症病例中,EV71阳性率75.4%,CA16阳性率仅1.63%;死亡病例均为EV71阳性。5月份病例数最多;城乡结合部为重症病例高发区。3岁以下儿童为手足口病重症高发年龄段。结论:EV71和CA16是引起深圳市手足口病的主要病原体,其中EV71是引起重症病例的最主要原因,必须加强对EV71引起的手足口病病例的监测和治疗。     

重庆渝东北地区2010年手足口病病原分析

目的了解重庆渝东北地区儿童手足口病的病原学特征,为手足口病防治工作提供科学依据。方法收集2010年4～12月268例临床手足口病患儿的肛拭子、咽拭子、疱疹液标本共336份,采用Real-timeRT-PCR检测肠道病毒核酸及进行型别鉴定。结果 336份标本中检出193份肠道病毒阳性,总阳性率为57.44%,其中疱疹液、肛拭子、咽拭子标本阳性率分别为79.24%、67.44%、47.21%,泡疹液阳性检出率最高。268例患儿中检出146例肠道病毒阳性,阳性率为54.48%,其中CoxA16感染最高,占53.42%,其次为EV71型,占41.10%。重症患儿肠道病毒阳性检出率为68.75%,均为EV71型。男性发病多于女性,男女之比为1.47︰1,其差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.530,P=0.466)。肠道病毒阳性病例主要集中在5岁及以下儿童,占92.47%。结论 2010年渝东北地区手足口病流行的病原体主要为Cox-A16、EV71,重症病例系由EV71病毒感染所致。疱疹液标本中核酸阳性检出率最高。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.