单纯急性下壁心肌梗死及其合并右心室心肌梗死对右心长轴功能的影响

目的应用心肌组织多普勒技术结合M型超声心动图,评价单纯急性下壁心肌梗死及其合并右心室心肌梗死对右心室长轴功能的影响。方法选择首次急性下壁心肌梗死患者28例,分为单纯急性下壁心肌梗死18例(Ⅰ组),急性下壁心肌梗死伴右心室心肌梗死10例(Ⅱ组),另选健康体检者20例(Ⅲ组)。在标准心尖四腔心切面二维图像指引下,应用M型超声记录右心房室环右心室游离壁及中心纤维支架处运动曲线,测量收缩期、舒张早期、舒张晚期最大运动幅度(SD,DED,DAD)及收缩期、舒张早期、舒张晚期平均运动速度(SMV,DEMV,DAMV),计算DED/DAD比值。心肌组织多普勒记录该处运动速度曲线,测量上述各期最大运动速度(Sm、Em、Am)及Em/Am比值。结果与Ⅲ组比较,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组右心房室环右心室游离壁处SD、DED、DED/DAD、SMV、DEMV、Sm及Em均明显下降。DAD、DAMV、Am虽有下降,但差异无统计学意义。结论急性下壁心肌梗死无论是否合并右心室心肌梗死均可影响右心室长轴功能,导致右心室整体功能降低。     

急性下壁心肌梗死患者右心室功能变化的探讨

目的 应用组织多普勒(TDI)结合M型超声技术评价急性下壁心肌梗死(心梗)患者右心室功能变化. 方法 急性下壁心梗患者50例,男34例、女16例;正常对照组50例,男30例,女20例.急性心梗第4～7天行超声心动图检查,采用M型超声记录三尖瓣环右心室游离壁处运动曲线,测量收缩期、舒张早期和舒张晚期运动幅度(SD、DED和DAD)及DED/DAD比值;并应用TDI技术,记录该处速度曲线,测量右室收缩期、舒张早期和晚期最大运动速度Sm、Em和Am及Em/Am比值. 结果 急性下壁心梗患者三尖瓣环右室游离壁处SD、DED运动幅度、DED/DAD比值均较对照组显著降低[分别为(18.7±5.5)mm和(24.9±2.8)mm、(10.9±3.4)mm和(16.6±3.4)mm、1.5±0.6和2.3±0.9,t值分别为18.711、19.055、6.068,均P＜0.01]Sm、Em和Em/Am明显下降[分别为(12.9±2.8)cm/s和(15.9±2.7)cm/s、(12.3±3.4)cm/s和(16.7±4.7)cm/s、0.9±0.4和1.1±0.3,t值分别为11.851、14.781、2.127,P＜0.01或P＜0.05]. 结论 急性下壁心梗损害右室舒缩功能,表现为既有运动幅度下降又有最大运动速度下降,舒张功能降低以舒张早期性能下降为主.     

组织多普勒成像技术评价正常胎儿心脏纵轴功能

目的利用组织多普勒成像技术（TDI）测量正常胎儿心肌运动速度,观察其心脏纵轴功能及临床应用价值。方法应用组织多普勒技术测量152例孕龄21—39周的正常胎儿心脏进行测量,在心尖四腔切面将取样容积分别放置于右室游离壁、室间隔、左室侧壁与房室环交界处,测量收缩期Sm波、舒张早期Em波和舒张晚期Am波,计算Em／Am比值,进行统计分析和处理。结果右心室收缩期Sm及舒张早期Em测值明显大于左心室及室间隔处,左、右心室Sm、Em、Am、Era／Am均随孕周的增加而增加,呈正相关关系。左、右心室的Sm与左、右心室的心输出量有相关性,左：右心室Em／Am与E／A有相关性。结论利用TDI评价胎儿心脏纵轴运动是安全、准确、可行的。     

组织多普勒评价健康肥胖女性左右心室功能

目的 探讨组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术评价我国健康肥胖女性左、右心室功能改变.方法 选择健康肥胖成年人140例,其中女性80例,以TDI技术测量其在二、三尖瓣瓣环收缩期、舒张早期和晚期峰值运动速度(Sm、Em和Am)和Em/Am,并计算各指标平均值(MSm、Mem、Mam和Mem/Am).结果 肥胖组和正常对照组在二、三尖瓣瓣环各取样点Sm、Em、Em/Am以及MSm、Mem、Mem/Am减低,Am、Mam升高.肥胖女性体重增加心功能进一步减低.肥胖女性较男性心功能减低更明显.结论 TDI技术显示成年健康肥胖女性左、右心室功能已出现异常改变,为肥胖女性左、右心室局部和整体功能的早期评价提供了理想的检测手段.     

组织多普勒成像技术评价老年高血压患者右心室功能的临床研究

目的探讨组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术评价老年高血压患者右心室功能的临床价值。方法选择老年高血压患者34例(高血压组)和健康老年人44例(对照组)。经胸超声心动图检查,应用TDI技术于心尖四腔观获取右心室侧壁三尖瓣环处心肌运动频谱图,测量舒张早期峰值速度(Em)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Am),并计算Em和Am比值。同时测量收缩期峰值速度(Sm)、等容收缩期心肌加速度。结果高血压组Em(5.91±1.56)cm/s、Am(12.79±2.63)cm/s、Sm(10.82±1.45)cm/s均明显低于对照组Em(7.57±2.11)cm/s、Am(14.27±2.03)cm/s、Sm(12.68±2.33)cm/s,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,P=0.006,P=0.000);Em/Am高血压组(0.47±0.12)明显低于对照组(0.54±0.15),差异有统计学意义(P=0.048)。结论 TDI可以准确、直观地评价老年高血压患者右心室功能。     

组织多普勒技术评估血栓抽吸治疗对急性下壁心肌梗死患者右室功能的影响

目的 探讨组织多普勒(TDI)技术评估血栓抽吸治疗对急性下壁心肌梗死(AIMI)患者右室功能的影响.方法 将46例AIMI患者随机分为两组,对照组27例行急诊经皮冠脉介入(PCI)治疗,观察组19例行PCI+血栓抽吸治疗.两组均于PCI后1周行超声心动图检查,在胸骨旁长轴用M型超声检测左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、左房前后径(LAD)、右室舒张末内径(RVEDD)、左室射血分数(LVEF);在标准心尖四腔心切面转换为TDI频谱多普勒形式,检测三尖瓣环收缩期峰值运动速度(Sm)、舒张早期峰值运动速度(Em)、心房收缩期峰值运动速度(Am)及Em/Am比值;并计算右室Tei指数.结果 与对照组比较,观察组三尖瓣环的Sm、Em、Am及Em/Am比值升高,右室Tei指数下降(P均＜0.05),LVEDD、LAD、RVEDD、LVEF均无明显变化(P均＞0.05).结论 TDI技术能检测到AIMI患者的右室功能变化,血栓抽吸治疗可改善其右室功能.     

组织多普勒成像技术对2型糖尿病病人心脏舒张功能的评价

目的应用组织多普勒成像技术(TDI)评价2型糖尿病病人心脏舒张功能。方法选择80例2型糖尿病病人为糖尿病组,同期80名正常健康人作为正常对照组,采用脉冲多普勒技术检测二尖瓣口血流频谱测量舒张早期峰值流速(E)、舒张晚期峰值流速(A)、E/A值,使用TDI检测二尖瓣环获取瓣环运动频谱,并测量其舒张早期运动速度峰值(Em)、舒张晚期运动速度峰值(Am)及Em/Am。结果与对照组比较,糖尿病病人E峰减少,A峰增加,E/A的值减少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组比较,糖尿病病人Em减少,Am增加,Em/Am的值减少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组均E/A1,Em/Am1。糖尿病组,E/A1所占比例67.5%,Em/Am1所占比例91.25%。结论与测量E/A相比,使用TDI技术检测糖尿病病人Em/Am,可简单快捷、无创有效地评价糖尿病病人左心室舒张功能。     

组织多普勒成像技术评价健康肥胖老年女性心功能

目的探讨组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术能否早期、准确评价健康肥胖老年女性左心功能的改变。方法入选健康老年女性160例,其中肥胖女性120例,根据体重指数(BMI)分为:轻度肥胖组(Ⅰ组,70例),28.0 kg/m~2≤BMI32.0 kg/m~2;中度肥胖组(Ⅱ组,50例),32.0 kg/m~2≤BMI36.0 kg/m~2;正常体重组(Ⅲ组,40例),18.5kg/m~2≤BMI24.0 kg/m~2。同期选择健康肥胖非老年女性80例,以BMI为依据,分为Ⅳ组40例(BMI同Ⅰ组),V组40例(BMI同Ⅱ组)。超声心动图检查,以TDI技术测量二尖瓣瓣环后间壁、侧壁、下壁、前壁、后壁和前间壁6个取样点的收缩期心肌峰值运动速度(Sm)、舒张早期心肌峰值运动速度(Em)和舒张晚期心肌峰值运动速度(Am)及其比值,并进行对比分析。结果与Ⅲ组比较,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组入选者收缩压、舒张压增高,心率加快,二尖瓣口舒张早期与晚期峰值血流速度比值明显降低(P0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ组在二尖瓣环6个取样点Sm、Em、Em/Am和总平均值均明显下降,Am明显上升,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与Ⅳ组比较,Ⅰ组在6个取样点Sm、Em、Em/Am和总平均值明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组亦有相似改变。与Ⅴ组比较,Ⅱ组仅Sm减低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论心肌组织运动速度测量显示,健康肥胖老年女性已出现心室收缩和舒张功能异常,心肌TDI技术的应用,为这类人群左心室局部和整体功能的评价提供了理想的检测手段。     

双嘧达莫改善冠状动脉慢血流患者收缩和舒张功能的分析

目的:评价双嘧达莫对冠状动脉慢血流(CSF)患者收缩和舒张功能的改善。方法:选择2015年1月至2017年12月,在我院就诊的CSF患者42例,再选择同期冠状动脉造影阴性的受试者42例作为对照组,采用两组彩色多普勒成像技术(CDI)测量舒张早期峰值速度(E峰值)、舒张晚期峰值速度(A峰值)、E/A比值、E峰下降时间(DT)、等容舒张时间(IVRT),再采用多普勒组织成像(TDI)模式测量收缩期峰值运动速度(Sm)、收缩早期血流速度(Em)、晚期血流速度(Am)、Em/Am和IVRT,分别计算两种模式下心肌工作指数(MPI)。结果:CSF组左前降支(LAD)、左旋支(LCx)、右冠状动脉(RCA)和平均帧数均高于对照组(P0.05),双嘧达莫治疗后E、A、E/A比值、IVRT、DT和MPI等CDI参数无明显变化(P0.05),而Sm、Em、Am、Em/Am、IVRT和MPI等TDI参数均有升高(P0.05)。结论:CSF与左心室收缩、舒张功能下降有关,双嘧达莫治疗能改善组织水平微血管功能。     

组织多普勒技术对美托洛尔治疗前后的左室舒张功能的评价

目的应用组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术测量室间隔、侧壁等的舒张、收缩速度,评价美托洛尔对左室舒张功能的影响。方法原发性高血压(EH)左室肥厚患者23例,在服用美托洛尔2mg·kg-1·d-1前后,用TDI法分别测其二尖瓣环水平间隔、侧壁、前壁、下壁的收缩期峰值速度(Sm),舒张早期峰值速度(Em),舒张晚期峰值速度(Am),比较用药前后各部位Em/Am比值。结果服用美托洛尔3个月后,患者舒张功能均有明显改善。EH组左室各部位心肌Em增大,Am减少,Em/Am均明显提高。结论美托洛尔能够改善肥厚心肌的舒张功能,二尖瓣环水平的Em、Am的测定能克服二尖瓣血流的假性正常化,对用药后的变化也能够敏感地表现出来,可作为定量无创评价左室舒张功能的良好指标。     

组织多普勒联合Tei指数评价右室梗死患者右心功能

目的探讨应用多普勒组织成像(DTI)技术及Tei指数评价右室梗死患者的右心功能。方法急性下壁心肌梗死51例,于心尖四腔观切面以DTI速度模式录取三尖瓣游离壁侧瓣环、室间隔侧瓣环和游离壁中段收缩期、舒张早、晚期峰值运动速度(Sm、Em、Am)及Em/Am;以脉冲多普勒记录三尖瓣关闭至再次开放间期,并于胸骨旁短轴切面记录射血时间,计算右心Tei指数。结果右室心肌梗死组于三尖瓣游离壁侧瓣环及右室游离壁中部Sm、Em较无右室心肌梗死及正常对照组明显减低[游离壁侧瓣环Sm(70±20)cm/s比(87±19)cm/s和(106±21)cm/s,P<001;游离壁侧瓣环Em(63±19)cm/s比(79±18)cm/s和(96±19)cm/s;P<001;游离壁中段Sm(64±19)cm/s比(80±19)cm/s和(94±20)cm/s,P<005;游离壁中段Em(61±20)cm/s比(76±20)cm/s和(92±23)cm/s;P<005];右心Tei指数亦较其他两组普遍增高(065±019比040±015和026±010;P<001)。结论DTI技术检测三尖瓣游离壁侧瓣环及右室游离壁中段运动速度及右心Tei指数可无创、迅速评价右室心肌梗死患者右心室功能。     

Effects of menopause on the myocardial velocities and myocardial performance index.

BACKGROUND: Although menopause is known to increase cardiovascular risk and mortality, the effect of menopause on cardiac functions has not been investigated in detail. This study investigates the effect of menopause on cardiac functions by tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) and myocardial performance index (MPI). METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 72 postmenopausal and 71 age-matched premenopausal women were enrolled in the study. After conventional echocardiographic parameters were measured, TDE recordings were obtained at the septal, lateral, anterior and inferior side of the mitral annulus, and tricuspid lateral annulus. Systolic velocity (Sm), early and late diastolic velocities (Em and Am) and time intervals were measured and MPI was calculated. A sequentially symptom-limited exercise stress test was performed. Although left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter were similar in both groups, LV septum and posterior wall thickness were higher in postmenopausal women. Mitral early inflow velocity and mitral early inflow velocity:mitral late inflow velocity ratio were significantly lower in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women. LV Sm, and LV and right ventricular (RV) Em:Am ratios were lower in postmenopausal women. MPI calculated by TDE was significantly increased in postmenopausal women. In addition, exercise duration and metabolic equivalent values were significantly lower in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: Menopause negatively affects MPI and myocardial velocities, both of which provide more quantitative data about myocardial functions. These findings indicate that the hormonal changes in menopause impair LV systolic and diastolic functions and RV diastolic function.     

Right ventricular function in patients with first inferior myocardial infarction: assessment by tricuspid annular motion and tricuspid annular velocity

BACKGROUND: Unlike left ventricular function, right ventricular (RV) function has not been widely studied after a myocardial infarction (MI). The current study describes RV function determined by tricuspid annular motion and tricuspid annular velocity after MI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients with a first acute inferior MI were prospectively compared with 33 patients with a first anterior MI and 24 age-matched healthy individuals. Association of RV infarction in inferior MI was defined as the presence of >/=1-mm ST-segment elevation at the right precordial lead, V(4)R, of the electrocardiograms. From the echocardiographic apical 4-chamber views, the systolic motion of the tricuspid annulus was recorded at the RV free wall with the use of 2-dimensional guided M-mode recordings. Peak systolic and peak early and late diastolic velocities of the tricuspid annulus at the RV free wall also were recorded with the use of pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging. The tricuspid annular motion was reduced in inferior MI compared with that in healthy individuals (20.5 and 25 mm, P <.001). The peak systolic velocity of the tricuspid annulus was significantly reduced in inferior MI compared with that in healthy individuals (12 vs 14.5 cm/s, P <.001) and patients with anterior MI (12 and 14.5 cm/s, P <.001). Patients with inferior MI were divided into 2 subgroups: those with and those without electrocardiographic signs of RV infarction. The tricuspid annular motion was significantly lower in patients with RV infarction than in patients without RV infarction (17 and 22.7 mm, P <.001). In addition, compared with patients without electrocardiographic signs of RV infarction, patients with RV infarction also had a significantly decreased peak systolic tricuspid annular velocity (13.3 and 10.3 cm/s, P <.001) and peak early diastolic velocity (13 and 8.2 cm/s, P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that tricuspid annular motion and tricuspid annular velocity can be used to assess RV function in association with inferior MI.     

Colour tissue Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular function in patients with right ventricular infarction

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine right ventricular (RV) function as assessed by colour Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) in patients with RV infarction. METHODS: During the study period, 35 patients were evaluated: 14 patients had an inferior myocardial infarction (MI) with RV infarction and 21 patients had an inferior MI without RV involvement. Twenty age-matched healthy subjects served as controls. The diagnosis of RV infarction was defined by ST segment elevation >0.1 mV in lead V4R. Systolic and early and late diastolic velocities were acquired from the apical four-chamber view at the lateral tricuspid annulus, the septal side of the tricuspid annulus and the RV free mid-wall using colour DTI. RESULTS: Systolic and early diastolic velocities at the lateral tricuspid annulus were significantly reduced in patients with inferior MI with RV infarction compared with those in healthy individuals (7.8 +/- 1 vs. 11 +/- 2 cm/s, p < 0.002) and patients with inferior MI without RV infarction (7.8 +/- 1 vs. 10 +/- 1 cm/s, p < 0.002). The late diastolic lateral annular velocity did not differ between the groups. Systolic and early diastolic RV free wall velocities were also significantly decreased in patients with RV infarction compared with those in healthy individuals (7 +/- 1 vs. 8.7 +/- 1 cm/s, p < 0.01; 6.3 +/- 2 vs. 8.7 +/- 2 cm/s, p < 0.05, respectively) and patients with inferior MI without RV infarction (7 +/- 1 vs. 9 +/- 2 cm/s, p < 0.01; 6.3 +/- 2 vs. 8.3 +/- 2 cm/s, p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of tricuspid annular and RV free wall velocities using colour DTI provides a rapid and noninvasive tool for assessing RV function in patients with RV infarction.     

多普勒组织成像和组织追踪技术对正常人心室长轴功能评价

目的探讨正常人左、右心室长轴功能的变化,为临床心脏功能评价提供正常值参考。方法应用脉冲多普勒组织超声技术和组织追踪技术观察110名正常成年人二尖瓣环和三尖瓣环不同位点,收缩峰值速度（Sm）,舒张早期峰值速度（Em）、舒张晚期峰值速度（Am）、Em/Am比值和各位点位移（D）的平均值,比较不同年龄组多普勒组织速度和位移,分析其变化规律和特点。结果二尖瓣环各位点Sm和D随着年龄段的增加而显著降低,左心室前壁和侧壁Sm和D高于其它位点,二尖瓣环平均Sm与年龄和左心室射血分数（LVEF）显著相关;二尖瓣环各位点Em和Em/Am随年龄明显降低,平均Em降低的年龄段比二尖瓣舒张早期充盈速度（E峰）早;三尖瓣环Sm与年龄无关,Em和Em/Am随年龄而明显降低。结论二尖瓣环和三尖瓣环多普勒组织速度和位移随年龄出现不同的变化特点,多普勒组织成像对舒张功能变化比传统超声心动敏感。     

多普勒组织成像测定二尖瓣环运动速度评价急性心肌梗死后患者左心室功能

目的 :应用多普勒组织成像 (DTI)技术测定二尖瓣环运动速度 ,定量分析急性心肌梗死后患者左心室收缩和舒张功能。方法 :研究对象为 6 1例确诊首次急性心肌梗死的患者和 2 0例正常人。常规行超声心动图检查及DTI技术测定二尖瓣环运动速度频谱。记录心尖四腔、心尖二腔和心尖长轴切面多普勒组织成像二尖瓣环运动速度。测定二尖瓣环运动速度参数包括 :二尖瓣环收缩速度 (Sm) ,二尖瓣环舒张早期速度 (Em) ,二尖瓣环舒张晚期速度 (Am) ,二尖瓣环舒张早期速度的比值 (E Em)。结果 :与对照组相比 ,急性心肌梗死后患者DTI可敏感地显示出二尖瓣环收缩和舒张运动速度显著下降(P <0 0 5 ) ;E Em也有显著差别 (P =0 0 13)。DTI二尖瓣环收缩速度与二尖瓣环舒张早期速度之间 ,二尖瓣环收缩速度与左心室射血分数和室壁运动积分之间存在显著的相关性。平均二尖瓣环收缩期速度≥ 8 9cm s预测射血分数 (EF)≥ 5 5 %的敏感性、特异性分别为 88 2 %、70 % ,准确率为 81 5 %。结论 :DTI测量二尖瓣环运动速度 ,作为定量检测急性心肌梗死患者近期心脏功能状态的新方法 ,具有一定的应用价值。     

Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function and Tei index by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with Cushing's Syndrome

Background: The aim of this study was to assess left ventricular (LV) function and the Tei index by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), and also to evaluate the relationship of serum cortisol level with the Tei index and LV function in patients with Cushing's Syndrome (CS). Methods: We prospectively evaluated 22 patients with CS and 23 control subjects. LV function was assessed by echocardiography. Early diastolic (Em), late diastolic (Am), peak systolic (Sm), mitral annular velocities, Em/Am, the Tei index, and E/Em were calculated by TDI. Mitral inflow velocities, color M-mode flow propagation velocity (Vp), relative wall thickness (RWT), and LV mass index (LVMI) were assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography. Result: Peak (E) velocity and the ratio of E to peak late (A) velocity (E/A) were lower in those with CS than in those without. Patients with CS had significantly higher RWT, IVRT, and LVMI than those controls. Vp was lower in the CS-patients than that in control subjects. Em and Em/Am were lower in patients with CS than those in controls. In patients with CS, the Tei index was significantly higher than control subjects. Conclusion: Serum cortisol level was positively correlated with the Tei index and E/Em ratio but negatively correlated with Em, Sm, and EF only in patients with CS. Serum cortisol level positively correlated with the Tei index and E/Em ratio but negatively correlated with Em, EF, and Sm. The parameters obtained from lateral mitral annulus by TDI can be used for identification of LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with CS.     

Right ventricular myocardial adaptation to different training protocols in top-level athletes

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze right ventricular (RV) myocardial function in competitive athletes with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy induced by either endurance or strength training. METHODS: Standard Doppler echo, maximal electrocardiogram (ECG) ergometric test, and pulsed tissue Doppler (TD) of LV mitral annulus and of RV tricuspid annulus were performed in 32 competitive endurance athletes (long-distance swimmers; ATE) and in 26 strength-trained athletes (short-distance swimmers; ATS), all males. By use of TD, the following parameters of myocardial function were assessed: systolic peak velocities (Sm), precontraction time, contraction time, early (Em) and late (Am) diastolic velocities, Em/Am ratio, and relaxation time. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable for age, but ATS at rest exhibited higher heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and body surface area. LV mass index did not significantly differ between the two groups. However, ATS characterized increased wall thickness and relative wall thickness, whereas LV stroke volume and both LV and RV end-diastolic diameters were greater in ATE. All transmitral and transtricuspid Doppler indexes were higher in ATE, with increased E/A ratios. TD analysis demonstrated in ATE higher Em and Em/Am ratio as well as longer relaxation time both at mitral and at tricuspid annulus level. In the overall population, distinct multiple linear regression models evidenced independent positive association between RV peak Em velocity and LV end-diastolic diameter (P < 0.001) as well as independent direct correlation of the same RV peak Em velocity with both LV stroke volume and maximal workload achieved by bicycle ergometer (both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Right ventricular early diastolic myocardial function is positively influenced by preload increase in athletes, and represents an independent determinant of cardiac performance during physical effort. Therefore, pulsed TD may be taken into account to distinguish different cardiac adaptation to either endurance or strength sport activities, and eventually to quantify RV adaptation degree to long-term training.