Cyclophilin B与人类肿瘤关系的最新研究进展

亲环素家族（Cyps）,为免疫抑制剂环孢素 A（CSA）的细胞内受体,通过肽基脯氨酰顺反异构酶（PPIase）的活性和分子伴侣在细胞内发挥重要的作用。CypA 在亲环素家族中首次被报道出来是其在肿瘤中呈上调表达,但是对于 CypB 在肿瘤中的表达尚不清楚。近年来研究发现 CypB 在乳腺癌、胰腺癌、肝细胞癌、胃癌及胶质母细胞瘤中表达升高,并与肿瘤细胞的生长、增殖、运动、细胞周期进程和肿瘤的形成有关。CypB可能是恶性肿瘤早期诊断潜在的生物学标志物和肿瘤治疗的靶点。现就 CypB 与肿瘤关系的研究进展做一综述。     

醛缩酶家族在恶性肿瘤中作用的研究进展

醛缩酶家族是糖酵解过程中的第4种酶，其家族成员ALDOA、ALDOB和ALDOC被发现在消化、呼吸、泌尿等系统的恶性肿瘤中差异表达，与肿瘤患者预后密切相关，有望成为的独立的预后标志物。醛缩酶家族成员可通过影响细胞代谢促进肿瘤细胞增殖，也可通过非酶功能促进肿瘤细胞侵袭转移，还可通过多种机制介导肿瘤耐药。由于醛缩酶家族在肿瘤发生发展中的重要作用，其不仅可以作为肿瘤诊断及监测预后的标志物，还有望成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点，可为肿瘤的预测、诊断及治疗提供临床应用价值。     

MicroRNA-183家族在肿瘤中的研究进展

摘 要：MicroRNA-183家族是位于人类7号染色体的高度保守的miRNA家族。研究发现其可调控肿瘤相关基因转录及转录后水平参与肿瘤的发生发展过程,是有价值的生物标志物。本文总结miR-183家族在肿瘤中的研究进展,发现其通过靶向信使RNA或调控肿瘤相关信号通路方式发挥癌基因和抑癌基因的双重功能来调控肿瘤增殖、凋亡、侵袭转移等生物学行为。miR-183家族在抗肿瘤中的调控机制研究可为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供理论基础。     

Fibulin蛋白家族与肿瘤关系的研究进展

人类Fibulin蛋白家族包括7个结构相似的细胞外基质（extracellular matrix,ECM）蛋白,在ECM的形成及稳定中发挥重要作用,是构成细胞外基质、弹性纤维及基底膜的主要成分。Fibulin蛋白家族不仅在组成细胞外骨架发挥重要作用,同时也能够调控细胞的黏附、生长、迁移及增殖。研究发现,Fibulin家族蛋白在不同的肿瘤组织中可分别起到抑癌或促癌的作用并能够影响肿瘤的侵袭、增殖及预后。本文就Fibulin家族蛋白在不同肿瘤中的作用及机制予以综述,旨在为肿瘤的诊断与预后寻找新的生物标志物。      

Ezrin蛋白与消化系统恶性肿瘤关系的研究进展

Ezrin蛋白作为ERM(Ezrin,Radixin, Moesin)家族的重要成员,其主要作用是参与细胞膜信号转导,维持细胞形态、运动和黏附,重塑细胞骨架等,还起到连接细胞膜和细胞骨架的作用。Ezrin蛋白在肿瘤细胞中的异常表达会影响肿瘤细胞的浸润及转移活性,说明Ezrin蛋白与肿瘤的发生、转移与预后密切相关。伴随着消化系统恶性肿瘤发病率的不断升高,严重影响到了人类的生活质量,探究Ezrin蛋白在肿瘤中的表达及其作用机制对于消化系统恶性肿瘤（如食管癌、结直肠癌、胃癌、肝癌、胰腺癌和胆道肿瘤）的早期诊断、治疗及预后评价等方面具有重要意义,同时也可为寻找新的基因治疗靶点及诊断用生物标志物提供新的依据。     

遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌相关肿瘤累计危险度分析

目的 了解各遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌（HNPCC）相关肿瘤在中国HNPCC家族中发病的危险度,探讨中国HNPCC患者的诊断和治疗策略.方法 收集符合Amsterdam标准的HNPCC家族41个,以寿命表法对213例发生各种肿瘤的HNPCC家族成员做相关肿瘤的累计危险度分析.结果 肠外肿瘤中胃癌发生率最高（25例）,其次为子宫内膜癌（11例）.各HNPCC常见肿瘤的累计危险度分别为大肠癌89.5%,胃癌24.5%,子宫内膜癌29.6%（女性）,肝癌8.2%.结论 肠外肿瘤中胃癌、子宫内膜癌及肝癌的累计危险度均较高,忽视胃癌在中国HNPCC诊断中的价值,可能会漏诊部分患者.     

NDRG1/3在肿瘤中的作用研究进展

摘 要：N-myc下游调节基因（N-myc downstream regulated gene,NDRG）家族由NDRG1-4 4个成员组成,相互之间具有很高的氨基酸同源性。NDRG家族成员在不同物种间表达具有高度保守性,而在不同组织间分布有较大差异。近年来,研究发现NDRG家族成员在多种肿瘤中表达异常,并与肿瘤进展和预后相关,是潜在的肿瘤诊断、预后评价标志物和治疗靶标。     

Ezrin 蛋白与肿瘤转移关系的研究进展

Ezriil蛋白是ERM（Ezfin／Radixin／Moesin）家族的重要成员，是细胞骨架与细胞膜之间的连接蚤白，对细胞膜区域的整合和稳定性起到结构和功能调控的作用Ezrin蛋白参与了微绒毛的形成及细胞形态的维持、细胞运动及黏附、细胞骨架的重塑及细胞信号转导过程．且可以作为膜的有机体和连接体连接细胞膜与细胞骨架，如：与细胞膜分子CD43、CD44、E-cadherin、ICAM-1等及细胞骨架成员F-型肌动蛋白（F-aetin）的连接，并且有令人注目的临床证据显示：Ezrin蛋白家族和黏附分子在控制癌细胞具有的如粘附性的细胞功能及浸润转移的生物学特性上显得尤为重要目前许多研究表明Ezrin蛋白与多种肿瘤的发生、转移和预后相关，如：妇科肘’瘤、消化道肿瘤、黑色素瘤及鼻咽癌、成人软组织肿瘤、儿童骨肉瘤和横纹肌肉瘤等Ezrin蚤白在肿痛细胞中的表达异常，提示其在肿痈的浸润、转移机制中发挥重要作用.有研究显示：Ezrin蛋白的异常表达可赋予肿瘤细胞高转移活性，影响并参与到肿瘤转移的多个环节．如：从原发灶脱落并具有运动性、侵入周围组织及脉管系统、穿透基底膜、选择性的在靶器官增殖形成转移灶等。对Ezrin蛋白在肿瘤中的全面研究，可以为肿瘤的诊断、治疗和预后评价提供新的思路和标准。     

癌-睾丸抗原基因在肿瘤诊断与免疫治疗中作用的研究进展

肿瘤一直是人类医疗健康领域的巨大难题,其早期诊断和治疗是解决这一难题的关键。癌-睾丸抗原（cancer-testis antigen, CTA）是一类多功能蛋白家族,在男性精子细胞及肿瘤细胞中特异性表达,而在其他健康体细胞中无表达。研究发现 CTA参与肿瘤的发生发展,且部分CTA具有免疫原性,为肿瘤免疫治疗提供了可能。临床试验中已针对CTA家族中黑色素瘤相 关抗原1（MAGE1）和纽约食管鳞状上皮细胞癌1（NY-ESO-1）抗原进行多种肿瘤疫苗研究,展现了一定的临床疗效及良好的生物 安全性;CTA在正常组织和肿瘤细胞中的表达差异及功能研究有利于推动肿瘤标志物的筛选及新的免疫疗法的开发。本文主要 综述了CTA的生物学特性及其在肿瘤诊断和免疫治疗中作用的研究进展。     

FHL蛋白家族在肿瘤发生发展中的作用研究进展

FHL家族是含有4个半LIM结构域的蛋白家族,现已在体内发现5个成员,即FHL1、FHL2、FHL3、FHL4和FHL5/ACT,不同成员的表达具有一定的组织特异性。FHL家族通过LIM结构域与其他蛋白相互作用,在转录调节、细胞增殖中发挥重要作用,与肺癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌等多种肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。本文综述了FHL家族在多种肿瘤发生发展过程中的作用,提示FHL家族在肿瘤发生发展中存在广阔的研究空间,其在肿瘤生长调节中的作用和机理,对于FHL相关的肿瘤诊断、靶向治疗以及预后研究将有着重要意义,为肿瘤治疗提供了一个潜在靶点。     

Cytologic classification of precancer and cancer of the endometrium and esophagus and of malignant lymphomas

The paper discusses cytological classifications of precancer and cancer of the endometrium, esophagus and malignant lymphomas presented by cytologists from five Soviet research institutes of oncology. The classifications were based on the data of 4400 cases in conformity with WHO histologic classifications.     

E-钙粘蛋白及PTEN基因编码蛋白与胃癌浸润转移

目的:观察抑癌基因PTEN蛋白和ECD在胃癌组织中的表达,探讨其与胃癌生物学行为及预后的关系。方法:以兔抗人PTEN多克隆抗体、鼠抗人ECD单克隆抗体,采用SABC免疫组化法,检测100例胃癌手术切除标本中拟测指标的表达。以χ2和Logrank检验对结果做统计学分析。结果:ECD、PTEN蛋白在非癌胃粘膜中均见表达;在胃癌组织中表达下调或缺失。ECD异常表达率为42.0%;弥漫型胃癌异常表达率(48.57%),明显高于肠型胃癌(26.67%),(P<0.05);ECD异常表达与浸润深度有关(P<0.05)。胃癌组织中PTEN蛋白缺失率为59%;弥漫型胃癌缺失率(65.71%)明显高于肠型胃癌(43.33%),(P<0.05);伴淋巴结转移的胃癌缺失率(64.47%)明显高于无淋巴结转移者(41.67%),(P<0.05);PTEN蛋白缺失的患者比阳性表达者预后差(P=0.0066)。65.85%PTEN阳性表达者同时伴ECD正常表达。结论:两种标志物与胃癌浸润转移有关,PTEN表达与胃癌患者预后密切相关。将两种指标联合检测,可作为正确判断胃癌患者预后,指导临床治疗的分子生物学指标。     

Schwannomas of Head and Neck and Review of Literature

Benign nerve cell tumours have been given various names like schwannoma, neurilemmoma, neurinoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell tumours etc. Extra cranial head and neck schwannomas usually present as solitary and well-demarcated lesions. The lesion can cause secondary symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, dysphasia, and hoarseness, depending upon the location of the lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology, CT scans, and MRI may be of limited help in the diagnosis of schwannomas. The treatment is complete surgical excision of the benign tumour and postoperative histopathological examination establishes the final diagnosis.     

Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of colon and rectal cancers

BACKGROUND: Frequent consumption of fruit and vegetables has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in many observational studies. METHODS: We prospectively investigated the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of colon and rectal cancers in two large cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study (88 764 women) and the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (47 325 men). Diet was assessed and cumulatively updated in 1980, 1984, 1986, and 1990 among women and in 1986 and 1990 among men. The incidence of cancer of the colon and rectum was ascertained up to June or January of 1996, respectively. Relative risk (RR) estimates were calculated with the use of pooled logistic regression models accounting for various potential confounders. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: With a follow-up including 1 743 645 person-years and 937 cases of colon cancer, we found little association of colon cancer incidence with fruit and vegetable consumption. For women and men combined, a difference in fruit and vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with a covariate-adjusted RR of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.98-1.05). A difference in vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with an RR of 1.03 (95% CI = 0.97-1.09). Similar results were obtained for women and men considered separately. A difference in fruit consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with a covariate-adjusted RR for colon cancer of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.89-1.03) among women and 1. 08 (95% CI = 1.00-1.16) among men. For rectal cancer (total, 244 cases), a difference in fruit and vegetable consumption of one additional serving per day was associated with an RR of 1.02 (95% CI = 0.95-1.09) in men and women combined. None of these associations was modified by vitamin supplement use or smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: Although fruits and vegetables may confer protection against some chronic diseases, their frequent consumption does not appear to confer protection from colon or rectal cancer.     

世界卫生组织骨质疏松症防治工作报告和防治建议

引 言 作为对第51号综合处理非传染性疾病预防与控制的世界卫生组织决议的反应,1998年7月WHO成立了致力于不断完善对骨质疏松预防和治疗策略的工作小组。小组成员来自世界各国致力于骨质疏松研究的知名专家。Harry K.Genant为本届主席。这一项世界范围内的骨质疏松教育计划旨在通过世界范围的研究,不断改善对骨质疏松的诊断水平和发展并完善对骨质疏松病人的合理治疗。其重点将以发展中国家为主。并为各国政府及其卫生部门和病人群体提供世界性有关骨质疏松症的总体的、完整的指导性资料。该项研究、教育计划的实施将由世界各国的骨质疏松症研究和治疗机构共同完成,并经权威学术机构、政府和非政府组织进行有针对性的回顾研究,最终由WHO审议通过。     

A comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancerA comparative study of knowledge and awareness of colorectal and breast cancer

Aims: To assess and compare knowledge and awareness of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in a sample of the general population. Methods: Eleven hundred visitors to six different outpatient clinics, in a University Hospital, were given a study-specific questionnaire, based on educational material from the British Association of Cancer United Patients (CancerBACUP). The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on the incidence, presentation, detection, treatment and prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer. Results: One thousand and sixty-eight individuals returned the questionnaire. One thousand and four completed questionnaires were analysed. The mean age (SD) of respondents was 50.1 (17.2) years, and the male to female ratio was 2:3. Respondents had read more about breast than about colorectal cancer (60.3%vs 32.4%,P <0.0001, McNemar's test). The proportion of correct answers for each statement on breast cancer was higher than for answers to corresponding items on colorectal cancer. Mean overall scores (95% CI) for breast and colorectal cancer were 88.1 (86.9, 89.2) and 64.4 (62.5, 66.3) respectively, the mean difference (95% CI) being 23.7 (22.0, 25.5). Scores were higher for breast cancer irrespective of age or gender. Conclusion: There is a low level of understanding of colorectal cancer in the general population when compared to breast cancer. This highlights the importance of public education in this common cancer.     

Quality of life and care in leukemia,myeloma and non-malignant disease. Opinions of patients and relatives,and effects of geography and time

In a questionnaire study 140 subjects answered 4200 questions in 1980 and 1986. They consisted of patients with myeloma, acute leukemia, lung carcinoma, and non-malignant disease and their relatives. In 22 additional cases the questionnaire was not answered. The results show that myeloma patients are less content with the general care than leukemia patients (P < 0.05). Similarly, relatives of deceased myeloma patients are less satisfied with the information given to them than relatives of deceased leukemia patients (P < 0.001). The information has improved with time, however, since the patients were more satisfied in 1986 than in 1980 (P < 0.001) and relatives of myeloma patients still alive were more satisfied than relatives of patients who had died earlier (P < 0.001).     

甲状腺手术的技巧及副损伤的预防和处置

鉴于甲状腺手术是普外科的常见手术，为求其日渐完美，以有益于病人，现根据作者的体会，并结合阅读相关文献，就其手术操作、喉返神经处理、甲状旁腺处理进行扼要阐述。