泪道置管联合外路泪囊鼻腔吻合术治疗慢性泪囊炎合并上泪道狭窄

目的:探讨泪道置管联合外路泪囊鼻腔吻合术治疗慢性泪囊炎合并上泪道狭窄的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析33例33眼慢性泪囊炎合并上泪道狭窄的患者资料,所有患者在进行外路泪囊鼻腔吻合术同时于上泪道留置硅胶泪道引流管,泪管留置时间为6mo。患者于术后1wk;1,3,6,9mo复查,观察术眼泪道通畅、溢泪、溢脓等情况。结果:术后1wk~6mo复查,冲洗泪道通畅率100%,均无溢泪;术后6mo取出泪道置管,取管后3mo复查,32例(97%)冲洗泪道通畅,无溢泪;1例(3%)冲洗阻力大,溢泪症状减轻。2例(6%)泪小点轻度撕裂,无其他并发症。结论:泪道置管联合外路泪囊鼻腔吻合术能够有效治疗慢性泪囊炎合并上泪道狭窄。     

改良外路泪囊鼻腔吻合术94例的临床疗效观察

目的：观察改良外路泪囊鼻腔吻合术疗效。 方法：回顾性分析我院2010-10/2013-12单侧慢性泪囊炎患者94例,行外路泪囊鼻腔吻合术,手术方法在传统术式上进行以下改良：（1）麻醉后填塞鼻腔,减轻疼痛和出血;（2）手术中不切断内眦韧带;（3）只缝合鼻黏膜上瓣;（4）置管;（5）皮肤分层美容缝合。术后随访3mo ~2a,观察疗效。 结果：患者94例94眼,术后93例93眼溢泪、溢脓症状完全消失,泪道冲洗通畅,有效率99%;无效1例1眼（1%）溢泪,泪道冲洗不通畅。 结论：改良外路泪囊鼻腔吻合术操作简单、治愈率高、远期疗效确切,是治疗慢性泪囊炎的有效手术方法。     

泪囊鼻腔吻合联合泪道内窥镜下泪小管置管治疗泪囊囊肿

目的探讨泪囊鼻腔吻合联合泪道内窥镜下泪小管置管术治疗泪囊囊肿的效果。方法泪囊囊肿16例（16眼）在局麻下行泪囊鼻腔吻合术的同时应用泪道内窥镜系统对泪小管泪总管进行检查,针对阻塞部位进行激光或电钻治疗后,逆行植入环形泪小管内硅胶管。1周拔除引流管,拆除皮肤缝线。3~6个月拔除泪小管内硅胶管。术后随访6个月~2 a,观察术后囊肿治愈率,泪道冲洗通畅情况及泪溢症状是否改善。结果泪囊囊肿全部消失,有效率100%。泪道冲洗通畅14例占87.5%,2例有部分回流占12.5%。以上患者溢泪症状基本消失。结论泪囊鼻腔吻合联合泪道内窥镜下泪小管置管术治疗泪囊囊肿的疗效显著。     

泪小管置管联合泪囊鼻腔吻合术治疗慢性泪囊炎103例

目的 探讨泪小管置管联合泪囊鼻腔吻合术治疗伴泪小管阻塞的慢性泪囊炎的临床效果。方法 对2007年7月至2009年12月103例慢性泪囊炎患者进行了泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪小管置管,术后随访6个月至18个月,观察疗效。结果 术后103例泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪小管置管术中,治愈97例,有效5例,无效1例,无效者在泪道内窥镜下进一步处理后治愈。结论 泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪小管置管术成功率高,是目前治疗慢性泪囊炎尤其是泪囊囊肿的较好手术方法。     

改良式泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪道置管治疗慢性泪囊炎及合并症

目的：探讨改良式泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪道置管治疗慢性泪囊炎合并泪管狭窄或阻塞的临床疗效。 方法：回顾性分析2010-07/2011-09在我院行改良式泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪道置管治疗56例慢性泪囊炎合并泪管狭窄或阻塞患者。 结果：术后3 mo拔管后行泪道冲洗全部通畅,随访2 a后有效率达95%。 结论：改良式泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪道置管治疗慢性泪囊炎合并下泪管狭窄或阻塞手术操作简便,成功率高。     

改良鼻腔泪囊吻合术联合人工泪管植入治疗小泪囊慢性泪囊炎的临床疗效

回顾承德医学院附属医院眼科2018 年1月至2019年1月采用改良鼻腔泪囊吻合术联合人工泪管植入治疗的16例小泪囊慢性泪囊炎患者的疗效。术后6个月15例患者痊愈,1例患者泪道冲洗通畅,但溢泪症状存在,手术有效率达到93.75%。 改良鼻腔泪囊吻合术联合人工泪管植入术治疗微小泪囊慢性泪囊炎手术疗效确切,是治疗此病的有效手术方式。     

改良式鼻腔泪囊吻合术24例分析

目的 探讨改良式鼻腔泪囊吻合术对慢性泪囊炎的治疗。方法 采用改良式鼻腔泪囊吻合术联合明胶海绵瓣内堵塞，治疗24例24眼。随访6～24个月。结果 在24眼中术后泪道冲洗均通畅，无溢泪及分泌物反流。治愈率达100％。结论 通过改良式鼻腔泪囊吻合术联合明胶海绵瓣内堵塞，成功率高，减少了再次拆除引流物所致的创伤。     

泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪道置管治疗慢性泪囊炎合并泪道狭窄

目的：探讨泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪道置管在慢性泪囊炎合并泪道狭窄病例的临床疗效。方法：对41例41眼慢性泪囊炎合并泪道狭窄的患者,在施行外路泪囊鼻腔手术中同时行泪道探通,留置新型泪道引流管3～6mo,在取管后3mo随访,观察术眼流泪、溢脓及泪道通畅情况。结果：术后3～6mo取管,冲洗泪道通畅率100%;取管后3mo复查,38例（93%,38/41）冲洗泪道通畅。冲洗不通3例（7%,3/41）。除8例（20%）下泪小点有轻微撕裂伤外,无其他并发症。结论：泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪道置管治疗慢性泪囊炎合并泪道狭窄,效果明显,所需手术设备简单、直视下操作、手术难度小,是一种适合基层医院使用的较好方法。     

微小瘢痕外路泪囊鼻腔吻合术16例

目的探讨微小瘢痕外路鼻腔泪囊吻合术治疗慢性泪囊炎的临床效果。方法对16例(16眼)患者在经典鼻腔泪囊吻合术的基础上改变皮肤切口位置,沿着皮肤纹理切开,皮下组织按经典手术切口制作。泪囊和鼻黏膜瓣制作中,使前瓣长,并作缝合;后瓣短,不做缝合。观察术后皮肤切口、泪道通畅情况,有无溢泪、溢脓。结果所有患者术后皮肤切口几乎无瘢痕残留,泪道冲洗均通畅,无溢泪现象,无黏液脓性分泌物。结论微小瘢痕外路泪囊鼻腔吻合术可作为治疗慢性泪囊炎的方法之一。     

鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊吻合联合全泪道置管术治疗泪囊黏液囊肿

目的探讨鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊吻合联合全泪道置管术治疗泪囊黏液囊肿的治疗效果。方法鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊吻合联合全泪道置管术治疗泪囊黏液囊肿15例（16眼）。男2例（2眼）,女13例（14眼）。术后每周行泪道冲洗2次,1个月后每月冲洗1次,3~4个月拔管,拔管后每周冲洗1次。再1个月后每月冲洗1次,共3次。结果拔管后随访时间3~11个月,平均随访时间（6±1）个月。其中14眼（87.5%）治愈,2眼（12.5%）好转。结论鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊吻合联合全泪道置管术治疗泪囊黏液囊肿效果良好。     

External dacryocystorhinostomy for the treatment of acquired partial nasolacrimal obstruction in adults

AIM: To determine the long term success of external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) in adults with acquired partial nasolacrimal obstruction. METHODS: A retrospective study of 50 external dacryocystorhinostomies with silicone intubation performed for partial nasolacrimal obstruction, was undertaken. Preoperative lacrimal scintigraphy divided drainage abnormalities into presac or postsac delays. Postoperative success was determined by lacrimal patency to irrigation, a positive dye test on nasal endoscopy and subjective resolution of epiphora. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: A patent DCR system to irrigation and a positive dye test was achieved in 90% of procedures. At an average of 3.6 months' follow up, subjective success was reported in 84% of cases-91% for postsac and 67% for presac delays. At 3 years' follow up success had declined to 70% overall and to 80% and 47% for postsac and presac occlusions respectively. There was a statistically significant association between a presac delay and postoperative recurrence of epiphora, p = 0.04. CONCLUSION: External DCR with silicone intubation is an effective procedure for partial nasolacrimal obstruction. Presac delays do significantly less well and further studies are necessary to evaluate the best type of surgery for these patients.     

Selective non-intubation of a silicone tube in external dacryocystorhinostomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether silicone tube insertion is always necessary in external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). METHODS: During external DCR for primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction carried out between January 2001 and October 2004, silicone intubation was not performed selectively if the lacrimal sac was large and the nasal cavity was not severely narrowed. RESULTS: Of a total of 166 DCR cases in 153 patients, no silicone tube was placed in 74 eyes of 69 patients (44.6%). Anatomic patency of rhinostomy was achieved in all non-intubation group eyes. However, four (6.7%) of these 69 eyes showed persistent epiphora even with anatomic patency. CONCLUSIONS: Silicone tubing can be avoided in about 50% of cases of external DCR without detrimentally affecting the success rate. Cases in which intubation was avoided had a large lacrimal sac and a wide nasal cavity.     

Outcome of patients with nasolacrimal polyurethane stent implantation: do they keep tearing?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of nasolacrimal polyurethane stent implantation for the treatment of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction and the effects of obstructed nasolacrimal stent on subsequent dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). METHODS: This study was designed as a nonrandomized, prospective clinical trial. Stent implantation was attempted in 53 obstructed lacrimal drainage systems of 47 patients. Stent placement was performed in a retrograde fashion through the external nare over a guide wire, which was introduced from the upper punctum. Occluded stents were removed either with nasal endoscopy or during DCR. External DCR surgery with silicone intubation was performed in cases with stent failure. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 23.4 months. The success rate of stent implantation was 60.4%, 37.5%, and 31.2% at 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up, respectively. Stent obstruction developed in 33 eyes. Twenty underwent external DCR with silicone intubation. During DCR surgery, varying degrees of chronic inflammatory reaction were detected in the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. The mean follow-up period after DCR was 10.3 months. Epiphora was relieved with DCR in all but one eye. CONCLUSIONS: The success rate of nasolacrimal polyurethane stent implantation for the treatment of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction is low and may induce inflammation and fibrous tissue formation. Although this may cause further difficulties in subsequent lacrimal surgery, epiphora could be relieved with meticulous technique.     

Clinicopathological Study of Lacrimal Sac Specimens Obtained During DCR

Purpose: To determine the histopathologic characteristics of lacrimal sac specimens in adult patients undergoing external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) for acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Methods: A total of 471 lacrimal sac biopsies were obtained from 449 patients undergoing external DCR for symptoms or signs of acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction and examined histopathologically.

Results: A total of 449 subjects including 283 (63%) female and 166 (37%) male subjects with mean age of 50.02 years underwent DCR and histopathologic examination of specimens. Presenting symptoms were epiphora in 411 patients (91%), history of acute dacryocystitis in 17 patients (4%) and obstruction revealed during ophthalmic examinations in 21 patients (5%). Histopathologic findings included: chronic inflammation in 450 patients (95.5%), fibrosis in 18 patients (3.8%), lymphoma in two patients (0.4%) and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in one patient (0.2%). Lacrimal sac appearance during surgery was grossly abnormal in two cases: one case of lymphoma and one instance of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia.

Conclusions: Chronic inflammation and fibrosis are the most common histopathologic findings in lacrimal sac specimens obtained during DCR. Only two cases of lymphoma (0.4%) were encountered in the series, one of which had a suspicious lacrimal sac appearance during surgery while the other case (0.2% of all specimens) was unsuspected. The rate of malignant etiology for NLD obstruction is low enough to justify lacrimal sac biopsy only in suspicious cases.     

Orbital epithelial cyst derived from the lacrimal sac

We describe a 32-year-old female who presented with a painless, moderately hard mass in the left inferior medial canthal region which had been present for about 6 years. She suffered from epiphora in the left eye in that time. The nasolacrimal system was completely patent on irrigation. Computed tomography showed a nodular mass with a diameter measuring about 25 mm located over the upper portion of the left lacrimal sac. The lesion was found to be a cyst located separately with close proximity to the lacrimal sac via anterior orbitotomy. Histopathologic examination revealed a cystic cavity lined by columnar to cuboidal epithelium consistent with a cyst derived from lacrimal sac epithelium. The patient has remained free of symptoms with a patent lacrimal system during the follow-up period of 1 year, without recurrence of the lesion. Orbital cysts of lacrimal sac derivation should be considered in the diagnosis of medial orbital tumors. Careful evaluation clinically with imaging studies and planning surgery constituted adequate therapy in this case.     

Dacryocystorhinostomy precipitating keratoconjunctivitis sicca in aplasia of lacrimal and major salivary glands (ALSG)

We report a 16-month-old girl referred for bilateral epiphora and sticky eyes since birth. Examination revealed a refluxible left lacrimal sac mucocele, agenesis of the left lower punctum, and agenesis of both puncta on the right side. Complete bony obstruction was noted on probing of the left nasolacrimal duct. At 4 years of age, she underwent left external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with silicone intubation because of chronic dacryocystitis. Her epiphora and stickiness improved significantly in the first postoperative year, but she subsequently developed dryness of the left eye, dry mouth, and dental caries. CT and MRI scans revealed the absence of the lacrimal and salivary glands. The clinical signs and symptoms improved with plugging the left upper punctum and topical lubricants. Aplasia of the lacrimal and salivary glands may present with symptoms of congenital lacrimal obstruction, and failure to make an early diagnosis will result in inappropriate lacrimal surgery and dry eye.     

Analysis of the results of surgical endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: effect of the level of obstruction

AIM: One of the main factors in determining success rate of lacrimal surgery is the level of obstruction in the lacrimal drainage system. There are only few reports which quantify this, and none on endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). METHODS: A case series of patients who had endoscopic DCR for anatomical obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system was performed. All patients who had lacrimal blockage referred to a district general hospital, irrespective of the level of blockage, had endoscopic DCR as the initial treatment by the authors. A total of 191 endoscopic DCRs were performed between 1994 and 1999. No other forms of lacrimal surgery were performed during this period. The level of the obstruction was assessed by the ophthalmologist before the operation and confirmed at surgery. All cases were followed up for a minimum of 6 months, and 96 cases were also reviewed 12 months after surgery. The outcome of the endoscopic DCR operation for each eye was categorised into complete cure, partial cure, or no improvement according to the degree of symptomatic relief following the operation. RESULTS: Complete relief from epiphora was achieved in 89% of cases overall at 6 months. The success rate in cases with lacrimal sac/duct obstruction (93%) or common canalicular blockage (88%) was comparable. In canalicular obstruction, however, the complete cure rate was lower at 54%. The benefit of the operation was maintained at 12 months. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the success rate of surgical (non-laser) endoscopic DCR is comparable to that reported for external DCR. Moreover, the technique is appropriate for initial treatment of patients with common canalicular or even canalicular obstruction.     

Dacryocystorhinostomy for epiphora in the presence of a patent lacrimal system

Purpose : To evaluate the success rate of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) for epiphora in patients with a clinically patent lacrimal drainage system. Methods : A series of 51 patients, 12 men and 39 women, who underwent DCR surgery for epiphora with a clinically patent lacrimal drainage system in the background of normal eyelid examination, were evaluated. All patients underwent fluorescein dye disappearance testing and Jones 1 and 2 testing with dacryocystograms in borderline cases. A standard DCR was performed with bicanalicular silicone tubing inserted in all cases. The average time for the removal of the silicone tubes was 9.6 weeks. Results : In 48 cases (94%) there was improvement in symptoms with minimal or no significant epiphora postoperatively. Conclusions : Epiphora with a patent lacrimal drainage system obstruction can be successfully treated by DCR based on fluorescein dye disappearance tests and Jones 1 and 2 tests, with dacryocystography in borderline cases.     

Lacrimal silicone intubation for anatomically successful but functionally failed external dacryocystorhinostomy

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of lacrimal silicone intubation for the management of epiphora in patients who have previously undergone anatomically successful dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). METHODS: The authors recruited 13 patients (4 male, 9 female) who had persistent epiphora after an anatomically successful primary external DCR and conducted lacrimal silicone intubation through the dacryocystorhinostomy site. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 54.2 years (range 42-80) and mean follow-up was 13.8 months (range 6-30). Epiphora was resolved in all 13 patients following silicone intubation. Spontaneous tube extrusion occurred in three patients, but a new one was easily reintubated. CONCLUSIONS: Lacrimal silicone intubation is a simple safe and effective procedure for patients with epiphora even after anatomically successful DCR.