镉对雌性大鼠体重变化和卵巢脏器系数的影响

目的 本文旨在研究镉对雌性大鼠体重变化和卵巢脏器系数的影响,为进一步开展镉的雌性毒性实验研究提供依据。方法 清洁级SD系雌性成年大鼠按体重分层随机分成高、低剂量组和对照组,染镉剂量分别为1.0、0.25和0.0 mg/kg,腹腔注射染毒,1次/d,每周5 d,连续6周。观察各组大鼠体重变化和卵巢重量并计算其脏器系数。结果 高剂量组大鼠在染毒1周后体重已出现增长缓慢,其增长率显著小于对照组(P<0.05),在经过一段时间的适应性体重增长后,在染毒4周后,高剂量组大鼠体重增长仍明显滞缓,增长率小于对照组,但差异无显著性;染毒的1、2、5、6周体重均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。而染毒6周后的各染毒剂量组大鼠的双侧卵巢重量和脏器系数与对照组差异无显著性。结论 镉对动物体重变化的影响是镉对机体毒性较早出现的表现之一,镉对卵巢可能尚未造成明显的器质性病理改变。     

亚急性镉染毒大鼠肾和尿液γ-谷氨酰转肽酶及其同工酶的变化

目的探讨亚急性镉染毒大鼠肾和尿液γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)及其同工酶的变化。方法选择健康SD雄性成年大鼠60只,随机分成对照组、中剂量染毒组和高剂量染毒组。每天分别给对照组、中、高剂量染毒组饲喂含镉0、5、10mg/kg饲料的大鼠全价饲料,连续6周。分别于第3周和第6周检测肾与尿液中的GGT及其同工酶变化。结果在整个实验期,3组间体重、肾脏脏器系数差异无显著性;随着染毒时间的延长和镉剂量的增加,实验组小鼠肾和尿液中GGT活性水平与对照组比较显著升高(P<0.05);第3周中、高剂量染毒组肾和尿液中GGT同工酶出现异常带,第6周中、高剂量染毒组异常带的检出率为100%。结论利用肾或尿液中GGT的活性测定及其同工酶异常区带的检出率,可以作为镉致肾毒性的灵敏性指标。     

动物饲料促生长剂对大鼠部分生殖功能指标的影响

目的　探讨动物饲料促生长素添加剂对雌性大鼠部分生殖功能的影响。方法　采用动物实验方法 ,研究不同浓度促生长剂溶液灌胃对大鼠阴道开口时间、动情周期、脏器系数等生殖功能指标和对肝脏毒性指标的影响。结果　 ( 1)低剂量组大鼠平均体重和体重增长率高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;( 2 )低剂量组大鼠阴道开口时间明显早于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;( 3 )染毒 2周后低剂量组进入动情期的大鼠多于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,中剂量组和高剂量组与对照量组比较 ,进入动情周期的大鼠无显著性差异 ;( 4)各剂量组大鼠子宫和卵巢脏器系数与对照组相比均无显著性差异 ,但随浓度增加 ,各剂量组有一定的下降趋势。结论　促生长剂对大鼠有一定的雌激素样作用 ,并且这种影响可能和促生长剂的浓度有一定的相关性     

2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二恶英对SD大鼠肝脏SOD、GST、MDA影响的实验研究

目的　研究 2 ,3 ,7,8 四氯二苯并二恶英 (TCDD)对SD大鼠肝脏SOD、GST、MDA的影响。方法　把 5 0只雌性SD大鼠随机分为 10组 :染毒 2 4h组 (染毒剂量为 :0 0 1、 0 1、 1、 10、 5 0 μg/kg)、染毒 2 4h对照组 ;染毒72h组 (染毒剂量为 :0 1、 1、 10 μg/kg)、染毒 72h对照组 ,每组 5只。采用一次性腹腔注射染毒 ,测定其肝脏中SOD、GST的活性和MDA的含量。结果　染毒 2 4h后 ,与对照组相比 ,各染毒组SOD活力有所下降 ,但差异无显著性 ;各染毒组GST活力都有所增加 ,但只有 5 0 μg/kg组差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且染毒剂量与GST活力之间有剂量 效应关系 ;各染毒组MDA含量都有所增加 ,其中 10、 5 0 μg/kg组差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且染毒剂量与MDA含量之间存在剂量 效应关系。染毒 72h后 ,与对照组相比 ,各染毒组SOD活力均显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且染毒剂量与SOD活力之间有剂量 效应关系 ;各染毒组GST活力都有所增加 ,但差异无显著性 ;各染毒组MDA含量都有所增加 ,其中 1、10 μg/kg组差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且染毒剂量与MDA含量之间存在剂量 效应关系。 结论　急性染毒后 ,TCDD对SD大鼠的肝脏具有脂质过氧化作用 ,引起MDA含量增加 ,SOD活力降低 ,TCDD能诱导GST的活力 ,但诱导作用     

大气污染物所致大鼠深部呼吸道损伤的研究

目的 探讨大气污染物引起机体呼吸道炎症的机制，为控制大气污染、制定防治对策提供依据。方法 将体重在180—220g的80只大鼠随机分为4组，即对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组，分别进行颗粒物和SO2、NO2染毒，颗粒物染毒采用气管注入法，各注入颗粒物7．5，15，30mg，灌注体积为lm1，对照组注入同体积的生理签水。染尘后的第2d，再进行SO2和NO2混合气体染毒，低、中、高剂量组的SO2和NO2的浓度分别为8，5；16，10；32，20mg／m^3，对照组为空气。连续染毒7d后，于染毒后的第ld处死一半大鼠，第8d处死其余大鼠。分别进行血清中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、唾液酸(SA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、铜蓝蛋白(CP)、总蛋白、白蛋白和肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中ACP、AKP、SA、LDH、总蛋白的测定。结果 染毒后第ld，高剂量组大鼠血清中AKP、SA、CP白蛋白水平高于对照组，有显性差异(P＜0．05)，第8d高剂量组大鼠血清中SA、CP、白蛋白水平高于对照组(P＜0．05)。高剂量组大鼠染毒后第ld BALF中SA、LDH、和总蛋白水平高于对照组(P＜0．05)；第8d LDH和总蛋白仍呈高水平(P＜0．05，P＜0．01)。结论 大气污染物可致大鼠肺泡膜破坏，可能是呼吸道和肺部损伤的机制之一。     

异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯对大鼠肝肾功能血清生化指标的影响

目的研究异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)对大鼠肝肾功能血清生化指标的影响,探讨其肝肾毒性作用及其机制,为后续研究提供实验依据。方法选择4周龄SPF级健康Wistar雄性大鼠80只,随机分为高(1/4LD50)、中(1/8LD50)、低剂量组(1/16LD50)和溶剂对照组(玉米油),每组20只,采用腹腔注射IPDI方式进行染毒,连续染毒13周,每天1次。染毒期间每周对大鼠体重及摄食量进行测定。于末次染毒后24 h(禁食12 h)对实验动物股静脉采血,测定血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、尿酸(UA)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、一氧化氮(NO)及血清胱抑素C(Cys C)的浓度。结果各染毒组大鼠染毒前后体重、染毒期间总摄食量、肾脏重量及脏器系数与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);高剂量组大鼠肝脏重量和脏器系数明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。高、中剂量组血清中ALT、AST、ALP、GLB明显高于对照组,ALB明显低于对照组(P<0.01);各染毒组血清中TP与对照组的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高剂量组血清Cr、i NOS、NO明显高于对照组(P<0.01);高、中剂量组血清中Cys C明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论 IPDI可对肝脏造成器质性损伤,并影响肝脏的蛋白合成功能,但毒性作用机制尚未明确。IPDI可造成肾功能损害,影响肾小球滤过功能,其肾脏毒性作用机制与NO有关。     

三唑磷杀虫剂的亚慢性毒性研究

[目的]研究三唑磷杀虫剂对大鼠的亚慢性毒性作用。[方法]设4组，每组13只雌性和13只雄性别大鼠连续13周分别以含三唑磷0、1、20、400mg/kg摄食染毒，观察大鼠一般状况、体重及饲料、水消耗状况，并于第7和13周分别取大鼠的尿分析尿常规指标，于第13周取大鼠的血分析血常规和生化指标；于染毒后第2、4、6、13周分别取大鼠的血液分析其全血胆碱酯酶活性；于染毒后第13周处死全部大鼠，取其脏器称重计算脏器系数，并通过病理组织检查分析对脏器的损害情况。[结果]各剂量组大鼠13周内均无死亡。400mg/kg剂量组大鼠的体重明显低于对照组，肝脏脏器系数以及血碱性磷酸酶、甘油三酯指标明显高于对照组。20、400mg/kg组的红细胞数和血红蛋白数明显低于对照组。胆碱酯酶活性4周时400mg/kg剂量组雌鼠抑制率37．1％，雄鼠抑制串29．2％；20mg/kg剂量组雌鼠抑制率15．7％，雄鼠抑制率13．2％；6周时1mg/kg剂量组雌鼠抑制率12％，雄鼠抑制率6．9％。[结论]大鼠13周连续摄入400mg/kg剂量的三唑磷对体重和肝脏有轻微影响。三唑磷最低观察到毒作用剂量为20mg/kg，最大未观察到毒作用剂量为1mg/kg。     

大鼠亚慢性丙烯酰胺中毒神经行为功能的改变

目的　观察丙烯酰胺亚慢性染毒对大鼠神经行为功能的影响。方法　选用雄性Wistar大鼠分别以 2 0和 4 0mg/kg剂量腹腔注射 ,每周 3次 ,连续 2个月 ,每周测量大鼠体重、热觉传导、压痛阈值、后肢撑力、转棒等指标。结果　中毒后大鼠体重减轻 ,但与对照组相比无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,热觉传导异常 (高剂量组时间延长 5 5 % ,低剂量组缩短 39% ) ,压痛阈值变小 (第 4周高剂量组降低 4 5 % ,第 7周低剂量组降低 4 5 % ) ,后肢展开距离明显加宽 (高剂量组增加 10 9% ,低剂量组增加 5 9% ) ,在转捧上停留的时间缩短 (第 4周高剂量组缩短 98% ,第 6周低剂量组缩短81% ) ,与对照组相比 ,均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　丙烯酰胺可引起大鼠的热觉传导异常 ,痛觉传导加快 ,运动神经损伤 ,运动协调能力降低。     

未成年大鼠亚慢性染镉对卵巢生长发育的影响

目的观察未成年大鼠亚慢性染镉对卵巢生长发育的影响。方法 48只大鼠按体重随机分为4组（对照组和低、中、高染毒组）,氯化镉浓度分别为0、0.5、2.0和8.0mg/kg,每天1次灌胃染毒,每周6d,连续5周。于动情前期处死大鼠,观察镉对大鼠卵巢生长发育的影响。结果与对照组相比,高剂量组动情间期延长,而动情期缩短;各染毒剂量组体重下降,但卵巢重量和脏器系数差异无统计学意义;与对照组相比,高剂量组闭锁卵泡占比升高,而生长卵泡下降;血清雌激素（E2）无明显改变,孕激素（P4）呈下降趋势,但与对照组差异无统计学意义;各染毒组颗粒细胞培养液E2、P4水平均低于对照组。结论未成年大鼠亚慢性染镉,会影响卵巢卵泡发育及性激素分泌功能。     

3,4-双(4'-氨基呋咱基-3')氧化呋咱对大鼠亚慢性经口毒性实验研究

为评价3,4-双(4’-氨基呋咱基-3’)氧化呋咱(DATF)对大鼠的亚慢性经口毒性,将96只健康SPF级SD大鼠按体重随机分为4组,分别为对照(普通饲料)组和低(0.15 g/kg)、中(0.60 g/kg)、高(2.40 g/kg)剂量DATF染毒组,每组24只,雌雄各半。采用饲料饲喂方式染毒90 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,各剂量DATF染毒组雄性大鼠活化部分凝血酶原时间延长;高剂量DATF染毒组雄性大鼠单核细胞百分比降低,凝血酶原时间缩短,血小板、血小板压积、大型血小板比率增大;高剂量DATF染毒组雌性大鼠血清中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶活力和总胆固醇含量及尿液蛋白阳性数增高,高剂量DATF染毒组雌性大鼠血清心肌酶含量和乳酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活力升高;高剂量DATF染毒组大鼠血清中肌酐和尿液中亚硝酸盐的含量升高,中、高剂量DATF染毒组大鼠血清中尿素氮、游离胆红素含量及尿比重升高;高剂量DATF染毒组雄性大鼠心、肝的脏器系数较高,高剂量组雌性大鼠肝组织的脏器系数较高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。提示DATF对大鼠血液、肝脏和肾脏有一定的损伤作用。     

Kinetics of trichloroethylene in repeated exposure of volunteers

Summary Five male volunteers inhaled 70 ppm trichloroethylene (TRI) for 4 h on 5 consecutive days. TRI, trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were measured, as far as present in exhaled air, blood, and urine. The uptake was 6.6 ± 0.4 mg/kg lean body mass in 4 h. The concentration of TRI in blood and exhaled air at 18 h after the 5th exposure was twice as high as at 18 h after the 1st exposure. The amount of TCE excreted per 24 h reached a level during the last exposure days, a diurnal rythm was evident. TCA in blood and urine increased during exposure days. Total recovery of the amount absorbed of TRI was 78%, 11% as TRI excreted unchanged by the lung, 43% as WE and 24% as TCA excreted in urine. Amounts of WE and TCE+TCA excreted in urine were related to lean body mass. Because of its small interindividual variation TCA in blood seems to be the most promising parameter for biological monitoring in repeated exposure.     

A Method for Determination of Trichloroethanol and Trichloroacetic Acid in Urine

When trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trichloroethanol (TCE) in the urine of human subjects, rabbits, rats, and guinea-pigs were determined by Seto and Schultze's (1956) method, the recovery of TCE, added to urine, varied widely from 81·3% in guinea-pig urine to 16·2% in rat urine. To obtain the maximum recovery of added TCE, Seto and Schultze's method was further modified to give satisfactory results (recovery rate of 95·9 to 98·5%) when applied to human urine as well as to the urine of the above species of animals. Urine samples from human subjects as well as from rats exposed to trichloroethylene were analysed by this modified method. The results showed that the ratio of TCE to TCA varies as a function of environmental trichloroethylene concentration, indicating that the determination of total trichlorocompounds gives a better index of trichloroethylene exposure than does the determination of TCA alone.     

三氯乙烯对接触工人外周血微核率的影响

目的　研究空气中三氯乙烯 (trichloroethylene ,TCE)浓度和接触工人外周血淋巴细胞微核发生率及尿中三氯乙酸 (trichloroacticacid ,TCA)浓度的剂量 反应关系 ,在染色体水平上探讨三氯乙烯对人体可能产生的危害以及接触 反应关系。方法　选择接触三氯乙烯至少三个月的工人和无接触三氯乙烯及其它有毒物质的某防疫站就业前体检工人作为研究对象 ,测定空气中三氯乙烯浓度、个体接触三氯乙烯浓度、外周血淋巴细胞微核发生率和尿中三氯乙烯的浓度。结果　接触组外周血淋巴细胞微核发生率 ,与对照组相比有升高 (P <0 0 1) ;个体接触三氯乙烯浓度和尿中三氯乙酸浓度呈正相关关系 (r =0 .761,P <0 0 0 1) ,而个体接触三氯乙烯浓度、尿中三氯乙酸浓度与外周血微核发生率均无相关关系。结论　①本现场研究表明三氯乙烯接触可导致微核生成增加 ;但不能确定三氯乙烯的遗传毒性作用 ;②尿中三氯乙酸浓度可以作为三氯乙烯接触水平的评价指标。     

Trichloroethylene causes generalized hypersensitivity skin disorders complicated by hepatitis

Idiosyncratic generalized skin disorders complicated by hepatitis, which resemble severe drug hypersensitivities, occur sporadically in workers exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE) in China. However, it has been a matter of controversy whether the solvent itself, not its impurities or stabilizers, can cause hypersensitivity reactions or not. This study aimed to characterize the exposure of hospitalized patients and their healthy colleagues. TCE metabolites were measured in urine of 19 hospitalized patients suffering from the disorders. To assess the exposure of patients' healthy colleagues, on-site surveys were conducted in 6 factories where the disorders occurred and in 2 control factories without such occurrences despite TCE use. Urinalysis of the patients detected trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in all of them. Its average concentration in the end-of-shift urine was estimated to be 206 mg/l. On-site survey of healthy exposed workers revealed that the maximum urinary TCA concentrations and the maximum time-weighted average concentrations of personal TCE exposure were 318-1,617 mg/l and 164-2,330 mg/m(3), respectively. There was no common impurity in TCE used in the factories. These results suggested that TCE itself caused the skin hypersensitivity disorders, and that the disorders occurred in factories where TCE metabolites could be extensively accumulated, possibly due to long working hours. Since the lowest TCA concentration in the end-of-shift urine of the patients was estimated to be 72-80 mg/l, it is recommended to control TCE exposure to keep the urinary TCA concentration below 50 mg/l to reduce the disease risk.     

Exposure to trichloroethylene II. Metabolites in blood and urine.

Fifteen men were exposed to trichloroethylene (TRI) in three different ways with regard to the concentration of TRI in the air as well as exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The total amount of TRI supplied and taken up by each person was measured. The concentrations of trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were determined in blood and urine. In spite of large differences in uptake, there were only small differences in the concentration of TCA in blood during the day of exposure. There was a large scatter for the values of TCA in urine within each group. The concentration of TCE in arterial blood increased during exposure. Thereafter the concentrations were almost constant for 2 h and differed among the groups. These results can be interpreted as being due to balanced rates of the formation and elimination of TCE. The levels mentioned were related to the uptake of TRI. The same was found for the rate of excretion of TCE in urine when calculations were made from the morning sample obtained the day after exposure.     

A comparative study of human levels of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene after occupational exposure

The rate of trichloroethylene (TRI) and perchloroethylene (PER) absorption was investigated in workers who were (1) occupationally exposed to TRI in four dry-cleaning shops (Group 1, n = 10) and (2) occupationally exposed to PER in one dry-cleaning shop (Group 2, n = 18). Concentrations of TRI and PER in blood were analyzed, and concentrations of trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in blood and urine were analyzed. Results varied widely: PER was found in the blood of workers in group 1, but TRI was not detected in blood from any worker in group 2; most blood samples from group 2 workers did not contain a detectable quantity of TCE, and urine TCE concentrations in this group were very low. During the work week, a significant difference was found in group 1 for TRI in blood and TCE in blood and urine. In group 2, however, the only significant difference during the work week was for PER in blood. Therefore, the most reliable biological indicators for TRI and PER exposure are TCE in blood and PER in blood, respectively.     

Urinary concentrations of trichloroacetic acid in Danish workers exposed to trichloroethylene, 1947-1985

BACKGROUND: Since 1947, the National Labour Inspection Service in Denmark has relied upon urinary measurements of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in surveys of the occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE). METHODS: We examined the paper files relating to 2397 TCA measurements to extract information about the year, the company, the work process and the worker. We used multiple regression models to analyze the effects of various factors on the urinary concentration of TCA. RESULTS: The regression analyses showed that (1) a four-fold decrease in TCA concentrations occurred from 1947 to 1985; (2) the highest concentrations were observed in the iron and metal, chemical, and dry cleaning industries; (3) TCA levels were two times higher among men compared with women in the iron and metal and dry cleaning industries; (4) TCA concentrations were higher among younger compared with older workers; and (5) persons working in an area in which TCE was used, but not working with TCE themselves, also showed urinary TCA levels indicative of exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Calendar year, type of industry, degree of contact with TCE, sex and age were predictors of TCA concentration in the urine of Danish workers.     

三氯乙烯对职业接触人群脂质过氧化作用

目的 探讨三氯乙烯（trichloroethylene，TCE）对职业接触人群外周血脂质过氧化作用的影响。方法采集207名直接接触TCE工人的班末尿和外周肘静脉血，分析尿中三氯乙烯（Trichloroactic acid，TCA）含量，测定外周血过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）、丙二醛（MDA）的活性或含量。结果接触组工人红细胞CAT、血清总SOD和GSH-PX活性以及血清中脂质过氧化产物MDA含量均呈现升高趋势，CAT、总SOD与接触TCE的工龄，以及CAT、总SOD、GSH-PX与接触剂量间均呈显著的抛物线性关系，MDA与接触工龄及接触剂毋间均呈直线关系。结论TCE可引起职业接触人群脂质过氧化水平增高。脂质过氧化指标可作为早期职业接触损伤的生物效应指标之一。CAT可作为早期、敏感的生物效应监测指标。     

Trichloroethylene exposure. Biological monitoring by breath and urine analyses.

A mathematical model developed previously has been used to study some aspects of biological monitoring of exposure to trichloroethylene (TRI) by the analysis of this solvent in alveolar air or of its metabolites, trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), in urine. Assuming that a biological control must be representative of the time-weighted average concentration (TWA), it was found that sampling for TRI and TCE analyses must be carried out the morning after the exposure being considered. On the other hand, for a TCA analysis, the timing of urine sampling is not a determinant factor. Theortical limit concentrations have been set up for these biological indicators, but it is shown that their application must be restricted to exposures which are quantitatively reproducible from one day to the next. In all other cases, it appears that this monitoring method can lead to errors in the estimated exposure concentrations. A tentative method of biological monitoring is therefore proposed. It is based on the analysis of TCE in the urine or TRI in the alveolar air before and after the exposure being monitored. TCA is not considered to be sensitive enough to variations in the inspired concentration to be used as an indicator of a single exposure risk.