直径小于等于3cm的肺腺癌临床病理特点分析及临床实践

目的探讨直径≤3 cm的肺腺癌的临床病理学特点。方法收集整理北京协和医院收治的直径≤3 cm手术切除的肺腺癌标本202例,按照2011年国际多学科分类和2015年WHO肺肿瘤组织学分类对其组织学形态进行评估。结果 202例肿瘤最大径≤3 cm的肺腺癌患者中,女性130例,男性72例,年龄33~81岁,平均年龄59.9岁。组织学观察发现:满足原位腺癌诊断的17例(8.4%),微小侵袭性腺癌为10例(5.0%),该两组女性患者较多(19/27,70.4%),大部分患者均无吸烟史(22/27,81.5%),肿瘤体积偏小,几乎所有病例中均未见胸膜侵犯、支气管侵犯及淋巴结转移。最大直径≤3 cm的侵袭性肺腺癌175例(86.6%),其中非黏液贴壁生长为主型53例(26.2%),与原位腺癌及微小侵袭性腺癌不同,非黏液贴壁生长为主型的少数患者存在胸膜侵犯和/或支气管侵犯及淋巴结转移;另侵袭性肺腺癌的其他亚型122例(60.4%),包括腺泡为主型、乳头为主型、实性为主型、微乳头为主型。这些亚型通常肿瘤体积较大,胸膜侵犯和/或支气管侵犯以及淋巴结转移率明显高于非黏液贴壁生长为主型,其总体预后较后者差。结论对202例肿瘤最大直径≤3 cm的肺腺癌,按照最新分类标准分析讨论了原位腺癌、微小侵袭性腺癌、侵袭性腺癌,非黏液贴壁生长为主型以及侵袭性腺癌的其他亚型的临床病理特征,有助于病理医生及外科医生更好的认识及理解其特点。     

垂体大腺瘤与鞍隔脑膜瘤的CT、MRI鉴别诊断

目的提高CT、MRI对垂体大腺瘤与鞍隔脑膜瘤的鉴别诊断能力,有助于临床采取正确的肿瘤手术入路,可成功切除肿瘤。方法对340例垂体大腺瘤与18例鞍隔脑膜瘤的CT、MRI表现与手术病理进行对照分析。结果垂体大腺瘤组肿瘤由鞍内向鞍上、第三脑室、鞍旁海绵窦、蝶骨嵴、斜坡、额部等侵袭生长。鞍隔脑膜瘤组肿瘤位于鞍隔之上伴鞍内14例,鞍上伴第三脑室、鞍旁4例。结论二者的主要鉴别点CT、MRI显示垂体大腺瘤由垂体窝向鞍上、鞍旁海绵窦侵袭性生长时受鞍隔孔的阻力,呈“花生”状、“哑铃”状、“腰鼓”状,肿瘤中心位于鞍内,垂体窝扩大,无正常垂体腺结构。CT、MRI显示鞍隔脑膜瘤由鞍隔向鞍上生长,亦向鞍内生长,肿瘤中心位于鞍上,鞍隔之上的肿瘤,肿瘤压迫使垂体腺变扁。     

ER、PCNA在老年泌乳素型垂体腺瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的 分析老年泌乳素型垂体腺瘤中雌激素受体（ER）和增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）与肿瘤侵袭性生长的关系。方法 手术切除的泌乳素型垂体腺瘤标本46例，分为老年组和非老年组，采用免疫组化方法分别测定ER和PCNA蛋白表达；从组织中提取RNA，经RT-PCR方法扩增ER-mRNA；从细胞中提取蛋白，行Western免疫印迹检测。结果 ER、PCNA蛋白及ER-mRNA表达在老年组和非老年组存在明显差异，且免疫组化和Western免疫印迹两种方法检测的ER蛋白表达水平相一致。结论 ER和PCNA与肿瘤的侵袭性密切相关，可以作为临床判定肿瘤侵袭生长的分子标志，为老年泌乳素型垂体腺瘤的综合治疗提供体依据。     

垂体腺瘤VEGF和bFGF的表达及相关性研究

目的 研究血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)在垂体腺瘤中的表达及其相关性,探讨它们与垂体腺瘤侵袭性生长的关系.方法 垂体腺瘤组织标本55例,其中侵袭性者30例,非侵袭性者25例.运用HE染色方法在光镜下观察垂体腺瘤组织的细胞形态、结构及排列方式,并用免疫组化法检测标本中VEGE和bFGF的表达情况.结果 侵袭性和非侵袭性垂体腺瘤组织的病理特点在HE染色光镜下不易区分;VEGF和bFGF在侵袭性垂体腺瘤中的表达明显高于在非侵袭性垂体腺瘤(P<0.05),在侵袭性垂体腺瘤中两者的表达存在正相关关系(r=0.508,P<0.05).结论 VEGF和bFGF的过度表达与垂体腺瘤的侵袭性生长有密切的关系,两者具有协同作用,可以反映垂体腺瘤的生物学行为.     

侵袭性垂体腺瘤的MRI特征及临床意义

垂体腺瘤属内分泌肿瘤,占颅内肿瘤的10％-20％,仅次于脑胶质瘤和脑膜瘤。虽然绝大部分属良性肿瘤,但肿瘤向鞍区周围组织浸润生长,破坏正常结构,称之为侵袭性垂体腺瘤。现就其MRI的特点综述如下。     

小骨瓣纵裂入路显微外科手术切除巨大侵袭性垂体瘤14例报道

目的探索巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤根治性切除的手术入路、方法及效果.方法选择14例巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤采用小骨瓣经纵裂显微外科手术,肿瘤最大径4.2 cm～5.7 cm.结果肿瘤全切11例,大部切除3例.全部病例术后无脑脊液漏,无严重并发症,无死亡.结论小骨瓣纵裂入路显微外科手术切除巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤是对脑组织损伤小、并发症少、全切率高的手术方法.     

侵袭性功能性垂体腺瘤患者低氧诱导因子1α诱导血管生成相关基因的表达及临床意义

背景研究表明,垂体肿瘤患者低氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)表达增加,且HIF-1α表达与肿瘤侵袭性密切相关,但具体调控机制尚需要进一步探讨。目的分析侵袭性功能性垂体腺瘤患者HIF-1α诱导血管生成相关基因的表达及临床意义。方法选取2016年1月至2020年9月唐山市人民医院神经外科门诊收入院并接受手术治疗的功能性垂体腺瘤患者58例,根据Hardy-Wilson分级和Knosp分类方法将其分为侵袭性组(n=28)和无侵袭性组(n=30)。比较两组患者临床资料,HIF-1α、血管内皮生长因子A(VEGF-A)、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、CD31、Ki-67表达情况及免疫组化评分。结果侵袭性组患者有视野缺损、肿瘤体积≥6.92 cm^(3)、全切及次全切者所占比例及肿瘤复发率高于无侵袭性组(P<0.05)。侵袭性组患者中HIF-1α、VEGF-A、EGFR、CD31、Ki-67高表达者所占比例高于无侵袭性组(P<0.05)。侵袭性组患者HIF-1α、EGFR、VEGF-A、CD31、Ki-67免疫组化评分高于无侵袭性组(P<0.05)。结论侵袭性功能性垂体腺瘤患者HIF-1α、VEGF-A、EGFR呈高表达,其机制可能为低氧环境下HIF-1α表达增加后上调VEGF-A、EGFR表达,从而促进血管生成,增加肿瘤侵袭性。     

少见部位转移为首发症状的肺癌3例临床分析

目的 提高对少见部位转移为首发症状的肺癌患者的诊治水平.方法 对3例已经明确诊断的少见部位转移为首发症状的肺癌患者的临床资料进行分析,并结合文献复习.结果 3例肺癌患者转移的首发症状分别为视物不清——肺腺癌脉络膜转移,多饮、多尿、烦渴——肺腺癌垂体转移,背部肿块——肺鳞癌骨骼肌转移,均为临床少见部位转移.脉络膜转移癌的诊断主要依靠临床症状和影像学检查,影像学包括眼部超声、眼底荧光造影、眼眶CT或核磁,必要时行细针活检.垂体转移肿瘤鞍区MRI呈哑铃样改变,中老年新出现的中枢性尿崩症,应该寻找可能的原发肿瘤.脊柱旁骨骼肌转移表现为疼痛的肿块,诊断可行肌肉超声和MRI确定肿瘤的大小,确诊需行细针穿刺.结论 临床上应加强对少见部位转移为首发症状的肺癌的认识,详细询问病史并结合临床检查及病理,才能获得正确诊断及治疗.     

垂体腺癌一例

垂体腺癌是一中罕见的疾病,它占所有垂体肿瘤的0.2％,至今国外文献报道超过140例.大多数垂体腺癌具有一种或多种垂体前叶激素分泌功能.     

伽玛刀治疗生长激素腺瘤的疗效

<正>生长激素(GH)型垂体腺瘤是缓慢进展的疾病,临床主要表现为巨人症和肢端肥大症,且具有侵袭性生长的倾向,特别是对视交叉,视丘下部及海绵窦的侵犯,单独手术很难治愈,其手术治疗肿瘤复发率达20%~50%〔1〕。放射治疗是垂体瘤治疗的重要手段之一,包括常规放射和立体定向放射。对于控制肿瘤生长、减少肿瘤复发、改善内分泌功能有积极作用。1资料与方法1.1一般资料35例GH型垂体腺瘤,年龄48~67岁,平均     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.