难以控制的高血压628例病因分析

目的 了解难以控制的高血压患者病因构成及其在不同性别和年龄中的分布特点.方法 采用回顾性研究方法 ,分析近8年来在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院高血压专科住院的628例难以控制的高血压患者的病因分类及其在不同性别和年龄段中的分布情况.结果 (1)628例难以控制的高血压患者中原发性高血压占80.1%(503/ 628),继发性高血压占18.9%(119/ 628),病因待定者占1.0%(6/ 628);在继发性高血压中,肾血管性高血压和睡眠呼吸暂停综合征所占比例较高,分别为33.6%和23.5%;在内分泌性高血压中,原发性醛同酮增多症所占比例最高(13.5%).(2)在难以控制的高血压患者中男性多于女性,原发性高血压、继发性高血压、肾实质性高血压、睡眠呼吸暂停综合征、原发性醛固酮增多症男性所占的比例都高于女性;嗜铬细胞瘤女性的比例高于男性;肾血管性高血压男女所占比例相同.(3)难以控制的继发性高血压在青年中所占比例最大(33.1%),老年人中所占比例最小(13.8%).结论 本组难以控制的高血压患者中,原发性高血压占比例最高;在继发性高血压中,肾血管性高血压和睡眠呼吸暂停综合征所占比例较高;内分泌性高血压中,原发性醛固酮增多症所占的比例最高;青年患者所占比例显著大于老年人.     

518例初诊高血压住院患者病因分析

目的以探讨高血压患者的病因构成,为提高高血压病因正确诊断提供参考。方法采用回顾性分析方法,分析2006年12月26日～2011年12月31日在我院高血压专科住院的518例初诊高血压患者的病因构成。结果 （1）518例初诊高血压患者中,原发性高血压占73.0%（378/518）,继发性高血压27.0%（140/518）;（2）140例继发性高血压中占比例依次为,原发性醛固酮增多症40.7%（57/140）;睡眠呼吸暂停综合征24.3%（34/140）;甲状腺功能亢进症10.7%（15/140）,慢性肾小球肾炎10.0%（14/140）,肾动脉狭窄7.1%（10/140）,甲状腺功能减退症、大动脉狭窄、皮质醇增多症及嗜铬细胞瘤所占比例较少。结论 518例住院初诊高血压患者中,原发性高血压发生率最高,继发性高血压发生率以原发性醛固酮增多症及睡眠呼吸暂停综合征最高,应注重在初诊高血压病人中进行继发性高血压的排查。     

高血压专科3706例住院继发性高血压患者病因构成分析

目的分析2012-2016年河南省人民医院高血压科住院高血压患者9439例中继发性高血压患者3706例病因分类及构成比较,为高血压防治提供病因学参考。方法采用回顾性研究方法,分析9439例住院高血压患者中3706例继发性高血压患者年龄、性别构成及病因分类。结果9439例住院高血压患者中原发性高血压占60.74%(5733例),继发性高血压占39.26%(3706例)。在继发性高血压患者中,心理因素性高血压例数最多(1175例,31.70%),其次例数较多的是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(779例,21.02%)、原发性醛固酮增多症(728例,19.64%)、肾血管性高血压(702例,18.94%)。与原发性高血压患者相比,心理因素性高血压、原发性醛固酮增多症、肾血管性高血压、甲状腺功能减退症、青光眼患者年龄较大,心理因素性高血压、内分泌性继发性高血压的女性患者较多(P<0.05)。与原发性高血压患者相比,继发性高血压患者的年龄[(50.2±15.0)比(46.6±15.2)岁]较大、男性患者比例[54.6%(2024/3706)比64.5%(3695/5733)]较小(均P<0.05)。继发性高血压和原发性高血压患者中女性的平均年龄高于男性(P<0.05)。结论2012-2016年高血压住院患者中继发性高血压占39.26%,高于国内外文献报道。住院的高血压患者心理因素性高血压比例居于首位,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征、原发性醛固酮增多症、肾血管性高血压的比例也较高。年龄较大的高血压患者中也筛查出不少继发性高血压。     

规范筛查流程下住院高血压患者的病因构成分析

目的分析在现代规范的高血压筛查流程下阜外医院高血压中心近两年住院高血压患者的病因构成。方法采用回顾性研究方法,分析在现代规范的继发性高血压筛查流程下阜外心血管病医院高血压病区2011年9月至2013年8月住院高血压患者的病因及构成情况。结果（1）共1440例住院高血压患者,其中继发性高血压677例,占47．O％,男性294例（43。4％）,平均年龄39,834-12．03岁。（2）本中心继发性高血压的首位病因为原发性醛固酮增多症198例,29。2％（198／677）,其次为多发性大动脉炎（累及降主动脉和肾动脉）160例。23．6％（160／677）,粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄126例,18．6％（126／677）、睡眠呼吸暂停综合征58例,8,6％（58／677）,及其他135例,19．9％。结论我中心在现代规范的高血压筛查流程下,住院高血压患者的继发性高血压检出率明显提高,病因构成比发生了明显变化。     

17羟化酶缺陷：一例罕见的内分泌性高血压

高血压是一种常见的以体循环动脉血压升高为主的综合征，我国患病率４．６７％，其中原发性高血压占９０％以上，继发性高血压＜１０％，它包括内分泌疾病引起的血压增高，如皮质醇增多症、原发性醛固酮增多症、嗜铬细胞瘤等校为常见，而由先天性肾上腺增生和１７α羟化酶...     

高血压住院患者病因及危险因素分析

目的 分析近年来高血压病因学及危险因素的变化趋势。方法 采用回顾性研究方法，分析高血压专科诊断明确的2274例住院患者的病因分类及其危险因素。结果 （1）2274例高血压患者中原发性高血压86％，继发性高血压占14％。在继发性高血压中，内分泌性高血压占51．3％，肾血管性高血压占24．8％；肾性高血压占22．3％。（2）原发性醛固酮增多症在继发性高血压中的患病率最高，占40．2％；在肾血管性高血压中，动脉粥样硬化成为肾血管性高血压的主要病因。（3）对原发性高血压的危险因素分析显示：超重与肥胖者占总数的76．2％；糖代谢异常者约占总人数的55．3％；脂代谢异常者比例高达69．5％以上；尿酸代谢障碍者约占31．7％。（4）颈动脉增厚、左室肥厚、慢性肾功能不全和脑卒中的发病率分别为38．1％，26．2％，13、3％和14．4％。（5）原发性高血压患者的靶器官损害与危险因素的Logistic回归分析显示血压分级和年龄是颈动脉增厚的决定因素、血压分级和体重指数（BMI）是左室肥厚的决定因素，年龄、血压分级、BMI和尿酸是肾功能损害的决定因素，年龄和血压分级是脑卒中的决定因素（P〈0．05）。结论 原发性高血压是高血压的主要病因。在继发性高血压中：原发性醛固酮增多症的所占比例增加，动脉粥样硬化已成为肾血管性高血压的主要病因。超重与肥胖、糖脂、尿酸代谢异常仍是原发性高血压的主要危险因素。高血压住院患者中靶器官损害的发生率高，血压水平、年龄和BMI与EH的靶器官损害关系密切。     

1999至2008年高血压专科住院患者病因构成的分析

目的 分析1999至2008年新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院高血压专科住院患者病因构成及演变趋势.方法 采用回顾性研究方法 ,分析10年间7809例高血压专科住院患者的病因构成及在各年度分布情况,并对变化趋势进行分析.结果 (1)7809例高血压专科住院患者中原发性高血压5867例,占75.1%,继发性高血压1942例,占24.9%.(2)2008年和1999年继发性高血压所占的比例分别为39.3%(665/1692)、9.5%(32/338).10年间继发性高血压所占的比例逐年升高(χ2=387.621,P＜0.001＝.病因构成中,睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)2008年占20.3%(343/1692),1999年占0.6%(2/338)(χ2=304.025,P＜0.001＝;原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)2008年占5.3%(89/1692),1999年占2.9%(10/338)(χ2=42.845,P＜0.001＝;其他病因所占比例变化较小.(3)2004至2008年PA合并OSAS比例逐年升高(χ2=26.376,P＜0.001＝,PA中OSAS占23.9%(65/272),OSAS中PA占6.7%(65/963).结论 1999至2008年高血压住院患者中,继发性高血压所占的比例逐年升高.在继发性高血压中,OSAS、PA所占的比例最高,同时应注意OSAS与PA两种继发性因素可能并存.     

170例鼾症多导睡眠呼吸监测临床分析

目的通过PSG监测评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的一般临床特征。方法分析170例鼾症患者PSG监测数据,了解不同性别、年龄OSAS患者分布差异以及不同程度睡眠呼吸障碍发生醒后血压升高和心脏异常的发生情况。结果170例鼾症患者中,睡眠呼吸暂停综合征者147例（86．47％）,男：女为6．35：1,平均年龄（55．25&#177;12．99）岁,其患病年龄的高峰期均分布在40-70岁之间（74．83％）。其中轻度50例（34．01％）,中度35例（23．81％）,重度62例（42．18％）;发现醒后血压升高者有41例,占27．89％;心脏异常者有88例,占59．86％。结论鼾症患者中发生睡眠呼吸暂停综合征者比例高,男性多于女性,重度患者多于轻中度患者,年龄分布范围广,且易发生高血压、心脏异常等多脏器问题。对鼾症患者进行PSG监测不仅能早期发现潜在病变,综合评价病情进展,而且能帮助临床制定更全面的治疗措施。     

影像学在高血压病诊断及鉴别诊断应用

成人高血压原发性与继发性分别占90%及10%.20世纪60年代上海一组4939例病因调查,原发性高血压88.9%,继发性(症状性)11.1%.其中肾性5.3%、肾血管性4.4%、主动脉缩窄0.6%、原发性醛固酮增多症0.4%、柯兴氏综合征0.3%、噬铬细胞瘤0.1%.     

肾上腺、膀胱疾病的微创治疗——山东省立医院泌尿微创中心新技术简介

高血压病是最常见的心血管疾病之一。高血压分继发性高血压和原发性高血压，能寻到病因者，叫做继发性高血压或症状性高血压。也称可治愈的高血压，占高血压的10%-20%，其中由于肾上腺疾病引起的继发性高血压占很大比例，如嗜铭细胞瘤，原发性醛固酮增多症，皮质醇增多症等，     

Prospective study on the prevalence of secondary hypertension among hypertensive patients visiting a general outpatient clinic in Japan.

Secondary hypertension (SH) including endocrine hypertension has been reported to be uncommon. We estimated the prevalence of SH among hypertensive patients. We prospectively studied 1,020 hypertensive patients. As an initial screening, we measured plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, serum cortisol concentration and plasma catecholamine concentration and conducted abdominal ultrasonography (US). As a secondary screening, we performed furosemide plus upright test, captopril renography, dexamethasone suppression test, 24-h urine catecholamine measurement and abdominal CT. Finally, primary aldosteronism with the exception of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, and Cushing's syndrome were diagnosed by histopathological examination of surgical specimens. Idiopathic hyperaldosteronism was clinically diagnosed by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated adrenal venous sampling and renovascular hypertension by renal arteriography. There were 61 patients with primary aldosteronism, 5 with renovascular hypertension, 11 with Cushing's syndrome, 10 with preclinical Cushing's syndrome and 6 with pheochromocytoma, and the prevalence of SH was 9.1% among 1,020 hypertensive patients. In 76 (82%) of 93 patients with SH, hypertension was cured or improved after unilateral adrenalectomy, transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. With the exception of US and CT, all initial and secondary screening tests were found to be sensitive and specific for differentiating SH from essential hypertension (EH). In conclusion, the measurement of various hormone concentrations was very sensitive for ruling out SH--a condition for which, in the present study, there were few specific signs or symptoms--while CT and US examinations were not always useful for differentiating SH from EH. The prevalence of curable SH among hypertensive subjects was higher in this study, which was conducted by our simple method of screening tests, than in previous reports. Hypertensive patients should be screened for SH and the underlying disease treated appropriately to avoid long-term use of antihypertensive drugs and risks of atherosclerotic complications.     

Obstructive sleep apnea: the most common secondary cause of hypertension associated with resistant hypertension

Recognition and treatment of secondary causes of hypertension among patients with resistant hypertension may help to control blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk. However, there are no studies systematically evaluating secondary causes of hypertension according to the Seventh Joint National Committee. Consecutive patients with resistant hypertension were investigated for known causes of hypertension irrespective of symptoms and signs, including aortic coarctation, Cushing syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, drugs, pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism, renal parenchymal disease, renovascular hypertension, and thyroid disorders. Among 125 patients (age: 52±1 years, 43% males, systolic and diastolic blood pressure: 176±31 and 107±19 mm Hg, respectively), obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index: >15 events per hour) was the most common condition associated with resistant hypertension (64.0%), followed by primary aldosteronism (5.6%), renal artery stenosis (2.4%), renal parenchymal disease (1.6%), oral contraceptives (1.6%), and thyroid disorders (0.8%). In 34.4%, no secondary cause of hypertension was identified (primary hypertension). Two concomitant secondary causes of hypertension were found in 6.4% of patients. Age >50 years (odds ratio: 5.2 [95% CI: 1.9-14.2]; P<0.01), neck circumference ≥41 cm for women and ≥43 cm for men (odds ratio: 4.7 [95% CI: 1.3-16.9]; P=0.02), and presence of snoring (odds ratio: 3.7 [95% CI: 1.3-11]; P=0.02) were predictors of obstructive sleep apnea. In conclusion, obstructive sleep apnea appears to be the most common condition associated with resistant hypertension. Age >50 years, large neck circumference measurement, and snoring are good predictors of obstructive sleep apnea in this population.     

Screening for Primary Aldosteronism is Underutilized in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

BackgroundResistant hypertension is common in patients with primary aldosteronism and in those with obstructive sleep apnea. Primary aldosteronism treatment improves sleep apnea. Despite Endocrine Society guidelines’ inclusion of sleep apnea and hypertension co-diagnosis as a primary aldosteronism screening indication, the state of screening implementation is unknown.MethodsAll hypertensive adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea (n = 4751) at one institution between 2012 and 2020 were compared with a control cohort without sleep apnea (n = 117,815). We compared the association of primary aldosteronism diagnoses, risk factors, and screening between both groups. Patients were considered to have screening if they had a primary aldosteronism diagnosis or serum aldosterone or plasma renin activity evaluation.ResultsObstructive sleep apnea patients were predominantly men and had higher body mass index. On multivariable analysis, hypertensive sleep apnea patients had higher odds of drug-resistant hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 2.70; P < .001) and hypokalemia (OR 1.26; P < .001) independent of body mass index, sex, and number of antihypertensive medications. Overall, sleep apnea patients were more likely to be screened for primary aldosteronism (OR 1.45; P < .001); however, few patients underwent screening whether they had sleep apnea or not (pre-guideline publication 7.8% vs 4.6%; post-guidelines 3.6% vs 4.6%; P < .01). Screening among eligible sleep apnea patients remained low prior to and after guideline publication (4.4% vs 3.4%).Conclusions: Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with primary aldosteronism risk factors without formal diagnosis, suggesting screening underutilization and underdiagnosis. Strategies are needed to increase screening adherence, as patients may benefit from treatment of concomitant primary aldosteronism to reduce sleep apnea severity and its associated cardiopulmonary morbidity.     

Diagnostic of secondary hypertension in clinical practice

Arterial hypertension is a common worldwide disease with a prevalence of approximately 26%. Secondary cause is known in 5-10% of patients with hypertension. We should think of secondary hypertension in all patients with resistant hypertension, in patients with sudden deterioration in the control of hypertension and in patients with laboratory and clinical signs of diseases associated with secondary hypertension. It is important to distinguish between secondary hypertension and pseudo-resistance (noncompliance to treatment, white coat syndrome). Secondary causes of hypertension can be divided into endocrine (primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, hypercortisolism, hyperparathyreoidism), renal - renovascular and renal parenchymal hypertension, and other causes as sleep apnoe syndrome, hypertension in pregnancy, coarctation of the aorta and intracranial tumors.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and active renin in hypertension of adrenal origin

There are limited data regarding the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in arterial hypertension. The aim of the present study was to determine some markers of vascular function, including VEGF, active renin and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in patients with endocrine hypertension. The study comprised: 30 patients with primary aldosteronism; 32 patients with active Cushing's syndrome; 19 patients with pheochromocytoma; 22 patients with essential hypertension and 24 healthy volunteers. VEGF was significantly elevated in all groups of patients as compared to the controls. VEGF levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome were significantly higher than those in patients with essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. We did not find significant differences in VEGF levels between patients with Conn adenomas and idiopathic aldosteronism as well as between patients with Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome. PGE2 levels were not significantly different among the groups. Active renin was significantly the lowest in patients with primary aldosteronism and significantly the highest in those with pheochromocytoma compared to controls. The level of active renin in patients with primary aldosteronism was significantly lower than in patients with Cushing's syndrome and pheochromocytoma. In conclusion, VEGF levels were significantly elevated in patients with endocrine hypertension due to glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and/or catecholamine excess. The highest VEGF levels were detected in patients with Cushing's syndrome. The latter is associated with accelerated development of atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk. VEGF might contribute to the cardiovascular risk in this disease. This effect was not likely to be PGE2 mediated.     

Diurnal blood pressure variation in pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome

We examined circadian blood pressure (BP) variation (expressed as a relative night-time BP decline) in subjects with primary aldosteronism (78 patients), pheochromocytoma (n=45) and Cushing's syndrome (n=18). Subjects with aldosterone-producing adenoma (n=21) and pheochromocytoma (n=27) were also investigated after the tumour removal. In all, 65 patients with essential hypertension served as a control group. The night-time BP decline was significantly attenuated in all three forms of endocrine hypertension compared to the control group (primary aldosteronism P<0.0001, pheochromocytoma P<0.0001 for systolic and diastolic BP and Cushing's syndrome P<0.0001/<0.001 vs essential hypertension). In the case of pheochromocytoma, the absence of the night-time BP decrease was more prominent compared to the primary aldosteronism group (P=0.003/0.001) and for the diastolic BP also in comparison with the Cushing's syndrome group (P=0.03). Tumour removal led in both groups to the restoration of the previously altered circadian rhythm (aldosterone-producing adenoma: P=0.0005/0.0009; pheochromocytoma: P=0.001/0.0007). Our study demonstrates a blunted circadian BP variation in all forms of adrenal hypertension in comparison with essential hypertension. This reduction of the night-time BP decrease was more prominent in pheochromocytoma than in primary aldosteronism or Cushing's syndrome.     

Diagnosing and Managing Primary Aldosteronism in Hypertensive Patients: a Case-Based Approach

Primary aldosteronism with a prevalence of 8 % of hypertension and 20 % of pharmacologically resistant hypertension is the most common secondary cause of hypertension. Yet, the diagnosis is missed in the vast majority of patients. Current clinical practice guidelines recommend screening for primary aldosteronism in patients with sustained elevation of blood pressure (BP) ≥150/100 mmHg if possible prior to initiation of antihypertensive therapy, and in patients with resistant hypertension, spontaneous or diuretic-induced hypokalemia, adrenal incidentaloma, obstructive sleep apnea, a family history of early onset of hypertension or cerebrovascular accident <age 40, and first-degree relatives of patients with primary aldosteronism. Clinical and laboratory methods of screening, confirmatory testing, subtype classification, and medical and surgical management are systematically reviewed and illustrated with a clinical case.