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1.
van Beek JH Kendler KS de Moor MH Geels LM Bartels M Vink JM van den Berg SM Willemsen G Boomsma DI 《Behavior genetics》2012,42(1):40-56
Relatively little is known about how genetic influences on alcohol abuse and dependence (AAD) change with age. We examined
the change in influence of genetic and environmental factors which explain symptoms of AAD from adolescence into early adulthood.
Symptoms of AAD were assessed using the four AAD screening questions of the CAGE inventory. Data were obtained up to six times
by self-report questionnaires for 8,398 twins from the Netherlands Twin Register aged between 15 and 32 years. Longitudinal
genetic simplex modeling was performed with Mx. Results showed that shared environmental influences were present for age 15–17
(57%) and age 18–20 (18%). Unique environmental influences gained importance over time, contributing 15% of the variance at
age 15–17 and 48% at age 30–32. At younger ages, unique environmental influences were largely age-specific, while at later
ages, age-specific influences became less important. Genetic influences on AAD symptoms over age could be accounted for by
one factor, with the relative influence of this factor differing across ages. Genetic influences increased from 28% at age
15–17 to 58% at age 21–23 and remained high in magnitude thereafter. These results are in line with a developmentally stable
hypothesis that predicts that a single set of genetic risk factors acts on symptoms of AAD from adolescence into young adulthood. 相似文献
2.
The aim of this multi-informant twin study was to determine the relative role of genetic and environmental factors in explaining variation in trait resilience in adolescents. Participants were consenting families (N = 2,638 twins in 1,394 families), from seven national cohorts (age 12–18 years, both sexes) of monozygotic and dizygotic twins reared together. Questionnaire data on the adolescents’ Ego-resilience (ER89) was collected from mothers, fathers and twins, and analysed by means of multivariate genetic modelling. Variance in trait resilience was best represented in an ADE common pathways model with sex limitation. Variance in the latent psychometric resilience factor was largely explained by additive genetic factors (77% in boys, 70% in girls), with the remaining variance (23 and 30%) attributable to non-shared environmental factors. Additive genetic sources explained more than 50% of the informant specific variation in mothers and fathers scores. In twins, additive and non-additive genetic factors together explained 40% and non-shared environmental factor the remaining 60% of variation. In the mothers’ scores, the additive genetic effect was larger for boys than for girls. The non-additive genetic factor found in the twins’ self ratings was larger in boys than in girls. The remaining sex differences in the specific factors were small. Trait resilience is largely genetically determined. Estimates based on several informants rather than single informants approaches are recommended. 相似文献
3.
Edwards AC Sihvola E Korhonen T Pulkkinen L Moilanen I Kaprio J Rose RJ Dick DM 《Behavior genetics》2011,41(4):476-487
Depressive symptoms and alcohol use are frequently positively associated during adolescence. This study aimed to assess the
heritability of each phenotype across adolescence; to assess potential shared liabilities; to examine changes in the nature
of shared liabilities across adolescence; and to investigate potential causal relationships between depressive symptoms and
alcohol use. We studied a longitudinally assessed sample of adolescent Finnish twins (N = 1,282) to test hypotheses about
genetic and environmental influences on these phenotypes within and across ages, using data from assessments at ages 12, 14,
and 17.5 years. The heritability of depressive symptoms is consistent across adolescence (~40–50%), with contributions from
common and unique environmental factors. The heritability of alcohol use varies across time (a2 = .25–.44), and age 14 alcohol use is heavily influenced by shared environmental factors. Genetic attenuation and innovation
were observed across waves. Modest to moderate genetic (rA = .26–.59) and environmental (rC = .30–.63) correlations between phenotypes exist at all ages, but decrease over time. Tests for causal relationships between
traits differed across ages and sexes. Intrapair MZ difference tests provided evidence for reciprocal causation in girls at
ages 14 and 17.5. Formal causal models suggested significant causal relationships between the variables in both boys and girls.
The association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use during adolescence is likely due to a combination of shared genetic
and environmental influences and causal influences. These influences are also temporally dynamic, complicating efforts to
understand factors contributing to the relationship between these outcomes. 相似文献
4.
Thought Problems from Adolescence to Adulthood: Measurement Invariance and Longitudinal Heritability
Abdellaoui A de Moor MH Geels LM van Beek JH Willemsen G Boomsma DI 《Behavior genetics》2012,42(1):19-29
This study investigates the longitudinal heritability in Thought Problems (TP) as measured with ten items from the Adult Self
Report (ASR). There were ~9,000 twins, ~2,000 siblings and ~3,000 additional family members who participated in the study
and who are registered at the Netherlands Twin Register. First an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the
underlying factor structure of the TP-scale. Then the TP-scale was tested for measurement invariance (MI) across age and sex.
Next, genetic and environmental influences were modeled on the longitudinal development of TP across three age groups (12–18,
19–27 and 28–59 year olds) based on the twin and sibling relationships in the data. An exploratory factor analysis yielded
a one-factor solution, and MI analyses indicated that the same TP-construct is assessed across age and sex. Two additive genetic
components influenced TP across age: the first influencing TP throughout all age groups, while the second arises during young
adulthood and stays significant throughout adulthood. The additive genetic components explained 37% of the variation across
all age groups. The remaining variance (63%) was explained by unique environmental influences. The longitudinal phenotypic
correlation between these age groups was entirely explained by the additive genetic components. We conclude that the TP-scale
measures a single underlying construct across sex and different ages. These symptoms are significantly influenced by additive
genetic factors from adolescence to late adulthood. 相似文献
5.
Previous research suggests that both genetic and environmental influences are important for antisocial behavior across the
life span, even though the prevalence and incidence of antisocial behavior varies considerably across ages. However, little
is known of how genetic and environmental effects influence the development of antisocial behavior. A total of 2,600 male
and female twins from the population-based Swedish Twin Registry were included in the present study. Antisocial behavior was
measured on four occasions, when twins were 8–9, 13–14, 16–17, and 19–20 years old. Longitudinal analyses of the data were
conducted using structural equation modeling. The stability of antisocial behavior over time was explained by a common latent
persistent antisocial behavior factor. A common genetic influence accounted for 67% of the total variance in this latent factor,
the shared environment explained 26%, and the remaining 7% was due to the non-shared environment. Significant age-specific
shared environmental factors were found at ages 13–14 years, suggesting that common experiences (e.g., peers) are important
for antisocial behavior at this age. Results from this study show that genetic as well as shared environmental influences
are important in antisocial behavior that persists from childhood to emerging adulthood. 相似文献
6.
The study investigated the genetic and environmental etiology of schizotypal personality traits in a non-selected sample of
adolescent twins, measured on two occasions between the ages of 11 and 16 years old. The 22-item Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-
Child version (SPQ-C) was found to be factorially similar to the adult version of this instrument, with three underlying factors
(Cognitive-Perceptual, Interpersonal-Affective, and Disorganization). Each factor was heritable at age 11–13 years (h
2 = 42–53%) and 14–16 years old (h
2 = 38–57%). Additive genetic and unique environmental influences for these three dimensions of schizotypal personality acted
in part through a single common latent factor, with additional genetic effects specific to both Interpersonal-Affective and
Disorganization subscales at each occasion. The longitudinal correlation between the latent schizotypy factor was r = 0.58, and genetic influences explained most of the stability in this latent factor over time (81%). These longitudinal
data demonstrate significant genetic variance in schizotypal traits, with moderate stability between early to middle adolescence.
In addition to common influences between the two assessments, there were new genetic and non-shared environmental effects
that played a role at the later assessment, indicating significant change in schizotypal traits and their etiologies throughout
adolescence. 相似文献
7.
D. J. A. Smit M. Boersma C. E. M. van Beijsterveldt D. Posthuma C. J. Stam E. J. C. de Geus 《Behavior genetics》2010,40(2):167-177
We examined the longitudinal genetic architecture of three parameters of functional brain connectivity. One parameter described
overall connectivity (synchronization likelihood, SL). The two others were derived from graph theory and described local (clustering
coefficient, CC) and global (average path length, L) aspects of connectivity. We measured resting state EEG in 1,438 subjects from four age groups of about 16, 18, 25 and 50 years.
Developmental curves for SL and L indicate that connectivity is more random at adolescence and old age, and more structured in middle-aged adulthood. Individual
variation in SL and L were moderately to highly heritable at each age (SL: 40–82%; L: 29–63%). Genetic factors underlying these phenotypes overlapped. CC was also heritable (25–49%) but showed no systematic
overlap with SL and L. SL, CC, and L in the alpha band showed high phenotypic and genetic stability from 16 to 25 years. Heritability for parameters in the beta
band was lower, and less stable across ages, but genetic stability was high. We conclude that the connectivity parameters
SL, CC, and L in the alpha band show the hallmarks of a good endophenotype for behavior and developmental disorders. 相似文献
8.
Though behavioral genetic studies of aggression have implicated heritable and environmental factors, there is limited understanding of how these factors influence aggression across different settings and over time. Ratings for 732 twins were collected from parents and teachers during middle childhood and early adolescence. Total aggression scores on the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF) were examined at each age, across both settings, and developmentally. In this sample, aggressive behavior was moderately to largely heritable at each age within the home (.76–.84) and school (.42–.61). Across each age, ratings by parents and teachers were moderately correlated (.19–.36). Genetic and environmental effects that were limited to a particular setting were important etiological factors for aggressive behavior consistently within each setting, while only genetic factors influenced levels of aggression across both settings. Stability during these ages was due to genetic effects common to each age and the persistence of child-specific environmental experiences within each setting. These results suggest that genetic and environmental influences on children’s aggressive behavior are largely setting specific. Levels of aggression seen consistently across both settings are due to genetic influences. Developmentally stable levels of aggressive behavior result from genetic influences common to all ages and individual environmental influences whose effects persist across ages.Edited by Danielle Posthuma 相似文献
9.
This study is concerned with mathematical modelling of the fundamental relationship which exists between the current density
and the overpotential across the metalsolution interface in the linear range using methods of system theory enhanced by ‘fractal’
concepts. A primer for both 1/f-type scaling and ‘anomalous’ relaxation/dispersion concepts is provided, followed by a brief
review of the research history pertinent to the metal electrode polarization dynamics. Next, the ‘fractal relaxation systems’
approach is introduced to characterize, systems which attenuate with a fractional power-low dependence on frequency through
a ‘scaling exponent’. The ‘singularity structure’ which is a scaling, rational system function is proposed to expand fractal
systems in terms of basic subsystems individually representing elementary exponential relaxations and collectively exhibiting
scaling properties. We stress that the ‘singularity structure’ carries scaling information identical to the conventional ‘distribution
of relaxation times’ function. ‘Structure scale’ and ‘view scale’ concepts are presented in the due course to streamline the
analysis of scaling phenomena in general and the polarization impedance in particular. System theory-wise, the notable result
is that the fractional power function attenuation, or equivalently, the logarithmic nature of the distribution function translates
into the ‘self-similar’ pattern replication of the system singularities in the s-plane. The singularity arrangement is governed
by a recursive rule solely based on the knowledge of the fractional power factor or the scaling exponent. 相似文献
10.
We analyzed the genetic architecture of prepubertal development of relative weight to height in 216 monozygotic and 159 dizygotic
complete Japanese twin pairs (52% girls). Ponderal index at birth (kg/m3) and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) from 1 to 11 years of age were used. Additive genetic factors explained the major proportion (52–74%) of the variation of
BMI from 1 to 11 years of age. Environmental factors common to both co-twins also showed some effect (7–28%), but at most
ages this was not statistically significant. Strong genetic tracking was found for BMI from 1 to 11 years of age, but there
was also evidence for a persistent effect of common environmental factors. Our results suggest that the genetic architecture
of BMI development in the Japanese population is generally similar to that found in previous twin studies in Caucasian populations. 相似文献
11.
Jocilyn E. Bergin Michael C. Neale Lindon J. Eaves Nicholas G. Martin Andrew C. Heath Hermine H. Maes 《Behavior genetics》2012,42(6):867-874
This study sought to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) fluctuation and cardiovascular disease phenotypes, diabetes, and depression and the role of genetic and environmental factors in individual differences in BMI fluctuation using the extended twin-family model (ETFM). This study included 14,763 twins and their relatives. Health and Lifestyle Questionnaires were obtained from 28,492 individuals from the Virginia 30,000 dataset including twins, parents, siblings, spouses, and children of twins. Self-report cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression data were available. From self-reported height and weight, BMI fluctuation was calculated as the difference between highest and lowest BMI after age 18, for individuals 18–80 years. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between BMI fluctuation and disease status. The ETFM was used to estimate the significance and contribution of genetic and environmental factors, cultural transmission, and assortative mating components to BMI fluctuation, while controlling for age. We tested sex differences in additive and dominant genetic effects, parental, non-parental, twin, and unique environmental effects. BMI fluctuation was highly associated with disease status, independent of BMI. Genetic effects accounted for ~34 % of variance in BMI fluctuation in males and ~43 % of variance in females. The majority of the variance was accounted for by environmental factors, about a third of which were shared among twins. Assortative mating, and cultural transmission accounted for only a small proportion of variance in this phenotype. Since there are substantial health risks associated with BMI fluctuation and environmental components of BMI fluctuation account for over 60 % of variance in males and over 50 % of variance in females, environmental risk factors may be appropriate targets to reduce BMI fluctuation. 相似文献
12.
Ortega-Alonso A Pietiläinen KH Silventoinen K Saarni SE Kaprio J 《Behavior genetics》2012,42(1):73-85
BMI increases progressively from adolescence to young adulthood. The aims of the present study were firstly, to investigate
the extent to which genetic and environmental influences account for differences in BMI trajectories during this period, and
secondly to examine whether boys and girls show divergences in these influences, as their BMI normally start differing across
adolescence. The study sample consisted of 4,915 monozygotic and like- and unlike-sex dizygotic twins, born between 1975 and
1979. Data on BMI was gathered when twins were on average 16.1, 17.1, 18.6 and 24.4 years old. Genetic and environmental influences
on the BMI trajectories were modeled using a latent growth curve approach. The results showed that the heritability of BMI
decreased slightly after the adolescence period, from ≈80 to 70%. BMI transition from adolescence to young adulthood was best
described by a quadratic trajectory that was highly accounted (61.7–86.5%) for by additive genetic influences. Genetic influences
on BMI level showed a low correlation with those on the trend in BMI with age indicating that different sets of genes underlie
the change of BMI during this period. Importantly, the analyses also evidenced that different genetic and environmental influences
may underlie boys and girls evolution. In conclusion, our results suggested specific genetic influences accounting for the
BMI rate-of-change from adolescence to young adulthood. This indicates that the specific genes behind BMI level may not be
the same as the genes affecting BMI change which should be taken into account in further efforts to identify these genes. 相似文献
13.
Jonathan Parouty Hani Al Haddad Marc Quod Pierre Marie Leprêtre Said Ahmaidi Martin Buchheit 《European journal of applied physiology》2010,109(3):483-490
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on sprint swimming performance in simulated
competition conditions. Ten well-trained swimmers (5 males, 5 females; 19.0 ± 3.9 years) performed two 100-m swimming sprints
(S1 and S2) interspersed with a 30-min passive recovery period, during which athletes were randomly assigned to 5 min of CWI
(14°C) or an out-of-water control condition (CON 28°C). During tests, sprint times, heart rate (HR), pre- and post-race parasympathetic
activity via HR variability (natural logarithm of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between
adjacent normal R–R intervals; Ln rMSSD) and blood lactate accumulation ([La]ac) and clearance ([La]cle) were recorded. Rates of perceived recovery (RPR) and exertion (RPE) were evaluated before and after each sprint. CWI was
associated with a ‘likely’ decrease in swimming performance [1.8% (90% CI 0.2, 3.5)], as well as ‘likely’ lower peak HR [−1.9% (−3.6, −0.2)]. CWI was also associated with a ‘likely’ smaller decrease in Ln rMSSD after the first sprint [−16.7% (−30.9, −4.1)]. RPR was ‘likely’ better [+27.2% (−3.7, 68.0)] following CWI. ‘unclear’ effects were observed for [La]ac [+24.7% (−13.4, 79.5)], [La]cle [−7.6% (−24.2, 12.7)] or RPE [+2.0% (−12.3, 18.5)]. Following CWI, changes in sprint times were ‘largely’ correlated with changes in peak HR (r = 0.80). Despite a subjective perception of improved recovery following CWI, this recovery intervention resulted in slower
swimming times in well-trained athletes swimming in simulated competition conditions. 相似文献
14.
A Twin Study of the Genetics of High Cognitive Ability Selected from 11,000 Twin Pairs in Six Studies from Four Countries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Claire M. A. Haworth Margaret J. Wright Nicolas W. Martin Nicholas G. Martin Dorret I. Boomsma Meike Bartels Danielle Posthuma Oliver S. P. Davis Angela M. Brant Robin P. Corley John K. Hewitt William G. Iacono Matthew McGue Lee A. Thompson Sara A. Hart Stephen A. Petrill David Lubinski Robert Plomin 《Behavior genetics》2009,39(4):359-370
Although much genetic research has addressed normal variation in intelligence, little is known about the etiology of high
cognitive abilities. Using data from 11,000 twin pairs (age range = 6–71 years) from the genetics of high cognitive abilities
consortium, we investigated the genetic and environmental etiologies of high general cognitive ability (g). Age-appropriate psychometric cognitive tests were administered to the twins and used to create g scores standardized within each study. Liability-threshold model fitting was used to estimate genetic and environmental parameters
for the top 15% of the distribution of g. Genetic influence for high g was substantial (0.50, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.41–0.60). Shared environmental influences were moderate (0.28,
0.19–0.37). We conclude that genetic variation contributes substantially to high g in Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Edited by Dick Rose. 相似文献
15.
We analyzed genetic and environmental determinants of self-rated health and its change from adolescence to early adulthood.
Questionnaires were mailed to Finnish twins born 1975–1979 at ages 16, 17, and, on average, 25 years of age (N = 2465 complete twin pairs). The data were analyzed using quantitative genetic methods for twin data by the Mx statistical
package. Heritability of self-rated health was greatest at age 16 (63%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 56–67%, men and women
together) and declined steadily to age 25 (33%, 95% CI 25–41%). The residual variation was due to unshared environments. Health
ratings at different ages were modestly correlated (r = 0.33–0.61). These correlations were mainly due to genetic factors, but unshared environment also contributed to them. An
important challenge for further research is to identify environmental influences contributing to self-rated health independently
of, or in interaction with, genetic factors.
Edited by Peter McGuffin and John Hewitt 相似文献
16.
Pataky TC Latash ML Zatsiorsky VM 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2007,179(2):301-312
The purpose of this study was to characterize finger interactions during radial/ulnar deviation, including interactions with
flexion movements. Subjects performed single-finger and multi-finger maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and maximal forces
and various indices of interaction among the fingers were quantified. MVCs in radial/ulnar deviation were 50–80% as strong
as in flexion. Along with the ‘master’ fingers (i.e., those explicitly instructed to produce force), substantial force production
was also observed in ‘slave’ fingers (i.e., those not explicitly instructed to produce force), a phenomenon termed: force
‘enslaving’. In addition, a drop in MVC during multi-finger tasks as compared to single finger tasks (force ‘deficit’) was
also observed. A previously unreported phenomenon that we term: ‘preferred direction enslaving’ was also apparent; both master
and slave fingers produced force in the instructed direction with a non-zero perpendicular component. Due to the architectural
separation of the involved muscles, preferred direction enslaving provides strong evidence that enslaving results from neural
rather than biomechanical factors. A final new phenomenon: ‘negative deficit’, or force ‘facilitation’ was observed in 46.4%
of the trials in 21 out of 23 subjects during multi-finger lateral efforts and was further demonstrative of extensive interconnection
among neurons serving hand muscles. The data were modeled with high accuracy (∼4% mean square error) using a linear neural
network with motor ‘commands’ as inputs and finger forces as outputs. The proposed network, equivalent to linear regression,
can be used to determine the extent to which finger forces are influenced by peripheral constraints during functional prehensile
activities. 相似文献
17.
The aim of this study was to examine the direction and the etiology of the association between different parenting styles
(parental emotional overinvolvement [EOI] and parental criticism) and internalizing behavior from adolescence to early adulthood.
A longitudinal genetically informative cross-lagged design was applied to a population-based sample of Swedish twins contacted
at age 16–17 (n = 2369) and at age 19–20 (n = 1705). Sex-limitation modelling revealed different effects for boys and girls. For girls, genetic influences on internalizing
problems at age 16–17 independently explained 2.7% of the heritability in parental EOI at age 19–20. These results suggest
that emotionally overinvolved and self-sacrificing parental behavior stems in part from daughters (but not sons) genetic predisposition
for internalizing behavior. These findings highlight the importance of genetically influenced child-driven effects underlying
the parenting-internalizing association, and clarify that the role of such effects may differ depending on sex, type of parenting
and developmental period. 相似文献
18.
Bouchard M Gillet PC Shumikhina S Molotchnikoff S 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》2008,188(2):289-303
The modular layout of striate cortex is arguably a hallmark of all cortical organization. Neurons of a given module or domain
respond optimally to very few specific properties, such as orientation or direction. However, it is possible, under appropriate
conditions, to compel a neuron to respond preferentially to a different optimal property. In anesthetized cats, prepared for
electrophysiological recordings in the visual cortex, we applied a spatial frequency (SF) that differs (by 0.25–3.0 octaves)
from the optimal one for 7–13 min without interruption. This application shifted the tuning curve of the cell mainly in the
direction of the imposed SF. Indeed, results indicate an attractive push occurring more frequently (50%) than a repulsive
(30%) shift in cortical cells. The increase of responsivity is band-limited and is around the imposed SF, while flanked responses
remained unmodified in all conditions. We hypothesize that the observed reversible plasticity is obtained by a modulation
of the balance between the strengths of the respective synaptic inputs. These changes in preferred original optimal spatial
frequencies may allow a dynamic reaction of cortex to a new environment and particularly to ‘‘zoom’’ cellular activity toward
persistent stimuli in spite of the tuning inherited from genetic programming of response properties and environmental conditions
during critical periods in new born animals. 相似文献
19.
Marino C Mascheretti S Riva V Cattaneo F Rigoletto C Rusconi M Gruen JR Giorda R Lazazzera C Molteni M 《Behavior genetics》2011,41(1):67-76
Converging evidence indicates that developmental problems in oral language and mathematics can predate or co-occur with developmental
dyslexia (DD). Substantial genetic correlations have been found between language, mathematics and reading traits, independent
of the method of sampling. We tested for association of variants of two DD susceptibility genes, DCDC2 and DYX1C1, in nuclear
families ascertained through a proband with DD using concurrent measurements of language and mathematics in both probands
and siblings by the Quantitative Transmission Disequilibrium Test. Evidence for significant associations was found between
DCDC2 and ‘Numerical Facts’ (p value = 0.02, with 85 informative families, genetic effect = 0.57) and between ‘Mental Calculation’ and DYX1C1 markers -3GA
(p value = 0.05, with 40 informative families, genetic effect = −0.67) and 1249GT (p value = 0.02, with 49 informative families, genetic effect = −0.65). No statistically significant associations were found
between DCDC2 or DYX1C1 and language phenotypes. Both DCDC2 and DYX1C1 DD susceptibility genes appear to have a pleiotropic
role on mathematics but not language phenotypes. 相似文献
20.
Jelenkovic A Ortega-Alonso A Rose RJ Kaprio J Rebato E Silventoinen K 《American journal of human biology》2011,23(6):764-773
Objectives: Human growth is a complex process that remains insufficiently understood. We aimed to analyze genetic and environmental influences on growth from late childhood to early adulthood. Methods: Two cohorts of monozygotic and dizygotic (same sex and opposite sex) Finnish twin pairs were studied longitudinally using self‐reported height at 11–12, 14, and 17 years and adult age (FinnTwin12) and at 16, 17, and 18years and adult age (FinnTwin16). Univariate and multivariate variance component models for twin data were used. Results: From childhood to adulthood, genetic differences explained 72–81% of the variation of height in boys and 65–86% in girls. Environmental factors common to co‐twins explained 5–23% of the variation of height, with the residual variation explained by environmental factors unique to each twin individual. Common environmental factors affecting height were highly correlated between the analyzed ages (0.72–0.99 and 0.91–1.00 for boys and girls, respectively). Genetic (0.58–0.99 and 0.70–0.99, respectively) and unique environmental factors (0.32–0.78 and 0.54–0.82, respectively) affecting height at different ages were more weakly, but still substantially, correlated. Conclusions: The genetic contribution to height is strong during adolescence. The high genetic correlations detected across the ages encourage further efforts to identify genes affecting growth. Common and unique environmental factors affecting height during adolescence are also important, and further studies are necessary to identify their nature and test whether they interact with genetic factors. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献