Retinoic acid receptor-beta mRNA expression during chemoprevention of hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis by garlic

The effect of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) mRNA expression was investigated in male Syrian hamsters during 12-dimethyl enz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis. RARbeta mRNA expression was analysed by slot blotted hybridization with radiolabelled RAR-beta probe. In DMBA-induced HBP tumours, decreased expression of RARbeta mRNA was observed. Administration of garlic (250mg/kg body weight) to animals painted with DMBA restored RARbeta mRNA expression to normal pattern suggesting that this may be one of the mechanisms by which garlic exerts its chemopreventive effects.     

Effects of packaging, equipment, and storage time on energy used for reheating beef stew.

Energy used to reheat 3 kg of a standard beef stew to 74 degrees C was measured to determine (a) the benefits of a retort pouch packaging processing system that keeps food microbially safe at room temperature compared with a system that packages food in a plastic bag that requires refrigerated storage; (b) the most economical form for reheating (in bulk in bags, in bulk out of bags, or in portions); (c) the most economical equipment for reheating (convection oven, infrared oven, microwave oven, compartment steamer, or steam-jacketed kettle); and (d) the influence of storage time (7, 28, or 85 days). Energy used for reheating the retort product was 18,883.7 British thermal units (BTU) compared with 31,035.6 BTU for the plastic bag product. Reheating in portions used 6,857 BTU; reheating in bulk out of bag used 23,419 BTU; and reheating in bulk in bag used 64,247 BTU. The order of least to greatest energy use for equipment was microwave oven, 324 BTU; infrared oven, 5,406 BTU; convection oven, 11,399 BTU; steam-jacketed kettle, 30,713 BTU; and steamer, 51,412 BTU. Storage time in the plastic bag significantly (P less than .05) affected initial product temperature and the energy required for reheating; this was not true for the retort product. Our findings indicate that microwave heating, heating in portions rather than in larger quantities, refrigerated storage of 7 days instead of 28 days, and use of retort pouch products achieve the least energy cost in reheating a product such as beef stew.     

Effect of Heat-Treated Garlic (Allium sativum L.) on Growth Parameters,Plasma Lipid Profile and Histological Changes in the Ileum of Atherogenic Rats

Dietary supplementation with raw garlic has a preventive and healing effect in cardiovascular diseases, but it could also damage the intestinal mucosa, resulting in impairment of nutrient absorption. Garlic processing, including heat treatment, changes the content and biological activity of garlic, so it is crucial to find food-processing methods that will preserve the health-promoting properties of garlic while minimizing its negative impact on the digestive system. Therefore, in this study, the effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on growth parameters, plasma lipid profile, and morphological parameters in the ileum of Wistar rats subjected to various types of heat treatment (90 s blanching garlic, 10 min boiling in water, 10 min pan frying without fat, microwave heating fresh garlic, 90 s blanching and microwave heating garlic, 10 min boiling in water and microwave heating garlic, and 10 min pan frying without fat and microwave heating garlic) was determined in an atherogenic diet (containing 1% addition of cholesterol). In the conducted research, it was found that the diet supplemented with heat-treated garlic used in the atherogenic diet improved the consumption and growth parameters of rats, depending on the type and time of its use. The highest consumption was recorded in atherogenic groups supplemented with garlic subjected to a longer (10 min) heat treatment and was then heated in a microwave oven. Garlic subjected to the shortest heat treatment proved to be most effective, and a significant improvement in the lipid profiles of rats’ plasma with atherogenic was observed. Extending the time of heat treatment of garlic and, additionally, its microwaving significantly weakened the action of garlic in the body, but still retained its hypolipidemic effect. The greatest influence on the structural changes in the mucosa of the rats’ iliac intestine, manifested by degeneration of the mucosa, shortening the length of the intestinal villi, damage to the brush border, and thus impairment of the intestinal absorption, was exerted by supplementing the atherogenic diet with garlic subjected to short-term heat treatment. Among the processes used, blanching was the least favorable, and the long-lasting thermal processes (cooking, frying for 10 min) had a positive effect on the mucosa of the rats’ intestines. The results obtained in this study confirm that the selection of an appropriate method of thermal processing of garlic may allow for the maintenance of preventive and therapeutic efficacy of garlic in cardiovascular diseases, while ensuring the safety of its long-term use in the context of degenerative changes in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Inhibitory effects of combination of lycopene and genistein on 7,12- dimethyl benz(a)anthracene-induced breast cancer in rats

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Carotenoids and soy isoflavones have been postulated to have breast cancer preventive effects. We investigated the potential preventive effects of lycopene and genistein, alone and in combination, on breast cancer development in female Wistar rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), a carcinogen known to induce breast tumors. Mammary carcinogenesis was initiated by a single, oral gavage of DMBA (80 mg/kg body weight) at 55 days of animal age. Fifty female Wistar rats were divided into 5 experimental groups having 10 animals per group: Group 1 (normal control), Group 2 (DMBA control), Group 3 (DMBA + lycopene), Group 4 (DMBA + genistein), and Group 5 (DMBA + lycopene and genistein). Rats were fed either lycopene (20 mg /kg bw) or genistein (2 mg /kg bw) by oral gavage (3 times per week) starting 2 wk prior to DMBA injection. Treatment was continued for 20 wk. Rats treated with DMBA developed mammary tumors with 100% tumor incidence during the 20-wk study. Inhibition of mammary cancer incidence by lycopene (70%), genistein (60%) and their combination (40%) was observed. Tumor weight decreased by 48%, 61%, and 67%, and mean tumor volume decreased by 18%, 35%, and 65% with lycopene, genistein, and lycopene + genistein, respectively (P < 0.01 for the combination). The proportions of adenocarcinoma masses decreased with lycopene and genistein combination (P < 0.05). Administration of lycopene and genistein combination suppressed breast cancer development and was associated with a decrease in MDA, 8-isoprostane, and 8-OhdG levels and with an increase in serum lycopene and genistein levels. Animals administered DMBA developed breast cancer, which was associated with increased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased expression of Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9 in mammary tissues. Administration of genistein and lycopene in combination was more effective in inhibiting DMBA-induced breast tumors and modulating the expression of apoptosis associated proteins than the administration of each agent alone. Our results suggest that lycopene and genistein are potent antioxidants and, when given in combination, offer maximum protection against DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis.     

S-allylcysteine, a garlic constituent, inhibits 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis

The effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC), a water-soluble garlic constituent, on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis was investigated in male Syrian hamstes. Forty hamsters were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals. The right buccal pouches of the animals in Group I were painted with a 0.5% solution of DMBA in liquid paraffin three times a week. The animals in Group II were painted with DMBA as in Group I and, in addition, received 200 mg/kg body wt p.o. SAC three times a week on days alternate to DMBA application. Group III animals received SAC as in Group II. Group IV animals received neither DMBA nor SAC and served as the control. The hamsters were killed after an experimental period of 14 wk. Measurement of lipid peroxidation, the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, in the buccal pouch mucosa, liver, and circulation was used to monitor the chemopreventive potential of SAC. All hamsters painted with DMBA alone developed tumors identified histologically as well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. In hamsters bearing DMBA-induced buccal pouch tumors, diminished lipid peroxidation in the tumor tissue was accompanied by decreased activities of SOD and catalase, whereas in the liver and circulation, enhanced lipid peroxidation was associated with compromised antioxidant defenses. Administration of SAC suppressed the incidence of DMBA-induced HBP tumors as revealed by the absence of carcinomas. Histologically, only keratosis was observed. SAC modulated DMBA-induced decreased susceptibility of the HBP to lipid peroxidation while simultaneously enhancing SOD and catalase activities, whereas in the liver and circulation, SAC decreased the extent of lipid peroxidation and significantly enhanced antioxidant activities. We suggest that SAC exerts its chemopreventive effects by modulating lipid peroxidation and enhancing antioxidant activities in the target organ as well as in the liver and circulation.     

Protective effects of a mixture of dietary agents against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice

We investigated the effects of pretreatment with tomato, garlic, and turmeric, alone and in combination, against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced genetic damage and oxidative stress in male Swiss mice. Measurement of the incidence of bone marrow micronuclei as well as the extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of the antioxidants reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase in the liver and erythrocytes were used as biomarkers of chemoprotection. In DMBA-treated animals, increased frequency of bone marrow micronuclei was accompanied by enhanced lipid peroxidation and antioxidant depletion. Pretreatment with tomato, garlic, and turmeric alone and a combination of these agents significantly reduced the frequencies of DMBA-induced bone marrow micronuclei as well as the extent of lipid peroxidation. These changes may be mediated by the antioxidant-enhancing effects of the dietary agents. The results of the present study suggest that a diet containing even low levels of different naturally occurring compounds is effective in exerting antigenotoxic effects by inhibiting DMBA-induced oxidative stress.     

Mammary cancer prevention by regular garlic and selenium-enriched garlic.

The anticarcinogenic activities of regular (soil-grown) garlic and selenium-enriched garlic (cultivated in the greenhouse) were evaluated using the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-(DMBA) induced mammary tumor model in rats. In Experiment 1, milled regular garlic powder was added to the basal AIN-76A diet at 20 g/kg. The results from different schedules of supplementation suggested that a continuous treatment, which started before DMBA and persisted for the entire duration of the study, was most effective in tumor suppression. In Experiment 2, selected allyl group-containing sulfides that are normal constituents of garlic extract were given by gavage in three single doses immediately before DMBA. Several structurally related compounds were found to be protective during the initiation phase in the mammary cancer model. Although the present study was not designed specifically to elucidate the structure-activity relationship with respect to sulfur chain length or alkyl versus alkenyl substitution, our data showed that diallyl disulfide was more active than diallyl sulfide or allyl methyl sulfide. In Experiment 3, the anticarcinogenic activity of selenium-enriched garlic (containing 150 ppm Se dry weight from growth in a selenium-fertilized medium) was compared with that of regular garlic as well as selenite. Animals given the selenium-enriched garlic (final concentration 3 ppm Se in the diet) developed the fewest mammary tumors. Tissue selenium levels, however, were lower in these animals than in those fed the same amount of selenium from selenite. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of achieving cancer prevention with the use of a selenium-rich food system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Vitamin B 6 in reheated, held, and freshly cooked turkey breast.

Vitamin B6 content, percentage total moisture, and ether extract of freshly roasted turkey breast muscle; muscle reheated in either an electric or microwave oven; and muscle sliced and held after roasting were evaluated. Reheating times were recorded, and losses were calculated. Reheating time was less (p smaller than 0.01) and total reheating loss greater (P smaller than 0.05) for quarters reheated in the microwave oven. Muscle reheated in the microwave oven had greater volatile (P smaller 0;05) but less drip (P smaller than 0.05) loss than did that reheated in the electric oven. Moisture content was greater (P smaller than 0.05) in freshly roasted muscle. When vitamin B6 was calculated on the basis of cooked weight, no significant differences were observed among treatments. However, when calculation was on a moisture-free and fat-free basis, freshly roasted samples contained the most (P smaller than 0.05) vitamin B6. Although we found significant differences due to treatment variation among birds was greater than among treatments.     

富硒大蒜和洋葱中功能性硒化合物的稳定性研究

本研究设计了几个实验 ,研究富硒大蒜和洋葱中水溶性含硒化合物的稳定性。结果发现 :冷冻干燥加工能保持富硒大蒜中含硒化合物化学性质 ,富硒大蒜室温水提液中Se 甲基 硒半胱氨酸不稳定 ,蒜氨酸酶专一抑制剂盐酸羟胺能有效抑制该含硒化合物丢失 ,提示Se 甲基 硒代半胱氨酸的分解反应可能主要受蒜氨酸酶催化。富硒洋葱中同样含有蒜氨酸酶 ,但其室温水提液中Se 甲基 硒半胱氨酸却能稳定存在。Se 甲基 硒半胱氨酸是富硒大蒜一种主要功能硒组分 ,加工储存过程中应避免它损失 ,以保障富硒大蒜医学功能的发挥。富硒大蒜和洋葱含硒化合物的稳定性差异、分解机理以及分解产物活性等均有待于进一步的研究。     

Inhibitory Effects of Combination of Lycopene and Genistein on 7,12- Dimethyl Benz(a)anthracene-Induced Breast Cancer in Rats

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Carotenoids and soy isoflavones have been postulated to have breast cancer preventive effects. We investigated the potential preventive effects of lycopene and genistein, alone and in combination, on breast cancer development in female Wistar rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), a carcinogen known to induce breast tumors. Mammary carcinogenesis was initiated by a single, oral gavage of DMBA (80 mg/kg body weight) at 55 days of animal age. Fifty female Wistar rats were divided into 5 experimental groups having 10 animals per group: Group 1 (normal control), Group 2 (DMBA control), Group 3 (DMBA + lycopene), Group 4 (DMBA + genistein), and Group 5 (DMBA + lycopene and genistein). Rats were fed either lycopene (20 mg /kg bw) or genistein (2 mg /kg bw) by oral gavage (3 times per week) starting 2 wk prior to DMBA injection. Treatment was continued for 20 wk. Rats treated with DMBA developed mammary tumors with 100% tumor incidence during the 20-wk study. Inhibition of mammary cancer incidence by lycopene (70%), genistein (60%) and their combination (40%) was observed. Tumor weight decreased by 48%, 61%, and 67%, and mean tumor volume decreased by 18%, 35%, and 65% with lycopene, genistein, and lycopene + genistein, respectively (P < 0.01 for the combination). The proportions of adenocarcinoma masses decreased with lycopene and genistein combination (P < 0.05). Administration of lycopene and genistein combination suppressed breast cancer development and was associated with a decrease in MDA, 8-isoprostane, and 8-OhdG levels and with an increase in serum lycopene and genistein levels. Animals administered DMBA developed breast cancer, which was associated with increased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased expression of Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9 in mammary tissues. Administration of genistein and lycopene in combination was more effective in inhibiting DMBA-induced breast tumors and modulating the expression of apoptosis associated proteins than the administration of each agent alone. Our results suggest that lycopene and genistein are potent antioxidants and, when given in combination, offer maximum protection against DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis.     

Inhibition of experimental carcinogenesis by painting with garlic extract

The inhibitory effect of topical garlic extract on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral carcinogenesis in Syrian hamsters was studied to define the local anticarcinogenicity of garlic. Two other chemicals, benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and 5-nitroso-2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (NTP), were also testing materials. All chemicals were applied topically to the cheek pouches of hamsters. The tumorigenesis and architecture of blood vessels on pouch mucosa were examined periodically. The amount of DNA synthesis and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity of the pouch mucosa was detected when the animals were killed. The anticarcinogenicity of garlic and other chemicals was determined by comparing the data obtained from all the examinations with each other and with those shown in the control animals. The apparent local inhibitory effect of garlic on DMBA-induced carcinogenesis was demonstrated, which was even stronger than those of BP and NTP. It suggests that garlic could be developed as a potential chemopreventive agent for oral cancer. This study also disclosed that the examination parameters used were reliable and reproducible. Therefore, they might be utilized for screening the anticarcinogenicity of materials or for early diagnosis of carcinogenesis. The animal model could also be adopted appropriately in evaluating the inhibitory effect of other materials on experimental carcinogenesis because of its comparability.     

Oral glutamine prevents DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis via upregulation of glutathione production

OBJECTIVE: Glutamine is suggested to participate in glutathione synthesis. Furthermore, there is a positive relation between glutathione level and natural killer (NK) cell activity. Previously we demonstrated that supplemental glutamine inhibited tumor growth in an implantable tumor model and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral squamous cell carcinoma model; these reductions were associated with enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity, blood glutathione levels, and/or gut glutathione release. Therefore, we hypothesized that oral glutamine might suppress DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis by upregulation of glutathione production and/or augmentation of NK cell activity. METHODS: Rats were randomized to six groups: DMBA + glutamine, DMBA + Freamine, DMBA + water, oil + glutamine, oil + Freamine, or oil + water. At age 50 d, rats were gavaged with DMBA or sesame oil. Rats also received glutamine, Freamine, or water by gavage from 1 wk before DMBA administration until sacrifice at 1, 2, 4, or 11 wk after DMBA. Tumor appearance, blood, gut mucosa and breast glutamine and/or glutathione concentrations, and NK cell cytotoxicity were measured. The gut extractions, defined as the difference of concentrations across the gut, were calculated. RESULTS: Oral glutamine reduced the tumorigenesis of DMBA by 50% in this model. DMBA altered the difference of glutathione concentrations across the gut; however, oral glutamine maintained the normal gut glutathione release. NK cell activities were lower in DMBA groups at early (week 1) and late (week 11) time points, but oral glutamine recovered the NK cell activity only at week 11. In addition, blood, gut, and breast glutathione concentrations were enhanced by glutamine supplementation. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that one of the mechanisms of dietary glutamine anticancer action is through upregulating gut glutathione metabolism.     

Inhibition of DMBA-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis by garlic oil and inhibition of two tumor-promotion stages by garlic and onion oils

A single 2-mg dose of garlic oil applied 30 minutes before a single carcinogenic dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) inhibited papilloma production in Sencar mice. The three groups were controls (Group 1), garlic oil applied 30 minutes before DMBA (Group 2), and garlic oil applied 30 minutes after DMBA (Group 3). The percents of mice with papillomas at 20 weeks were 94, 72, and 79, respectively. The decreases in Groups 2 and 3 were significant. The number of papillomas per mouse was 4.2 +/- 0.5 (Group 1), 2.3 +/- 0.8 (Group 2), and 3.4 +/- 0.6 (Group 3). The decrease in Group 2 was significant. A single 5-mg dose of garlic oil maximally inhibited DMBA-induced epidermal DNA synthesis by 86% when applied two hours before the carcinogen. Two-stage promotion in DMBA-initiated Sencar mice was achieved by twice-weekly applications of 8.5 nmol of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 2 weeks followed by twice-weekly applications of 8.5 nmol of mezerein for 18 weeks. The oils were applied 30 minutes after each promotion by TPA or mezerein. Single doses of 1 mg onion or garlic oil inhibited the first and second stages of promotion. The groups used were control (Group 1), garlic oil applied after stage 1 (Group 2), onion oil applied after stage 1 (Group 3), propenyl sulfide applied after stage 1 (Group 4), garlic oil applied after stage 2 (Group 5), onion oil applied after stage 2 (Group 6), and propenyl sulfide applied after stage 2 (Group 7). The percent of mice with papillomas was significantly decreased by all agents in Groups 2-7. The data are 81, 83, 91, 68, 96, and 86, respectively. The number of papillomas per mouse was significantly reduced by onion and garlic oils but not by propenyl sulfide. The data are 9.4 +/- 0.8, 6.3 +/- 0.7, 7.4 +/- 0.5, 9.2 +/- 1.2, 3.7 +/- 0.9, 6.2 +/- 0.6, and 9.1 +/- 1.4 for Groups 1-7, respectively. Onion and garlic oils inhibited the TPA-stimulated DNA synthesis when given as single doses of 5 mg one hour before TPA. The inhibition by garlic oil was most effective when given one hour before TPA but was evident when given from two hours before to two hours after TPA. These results, and those of others (AS Sadhana, Cancer Lett, 40, 193-197, 1988), who obtained inhibition of initiation, indicate that onion and garlic oils inhibit all stages of mouse skin tumorigenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Inhibition of DMBA‐induced mouse skin tumorigenesis by garlic oil and inhibition of two tumor‐promotion stages by garlic and onion oils

A single 2‐mg dose of garlic oil applied 30 minutes Before a single carcinogenic dose of 7, 12‐dimethylbenz[a]‐anthracene (DMBA) inhibited papilloma production in Sencar mice. The three groups were controls (Group 1), garlic oil applied 30 minutes before DMBA (Group 2), and garlic oil applied 30 minutes after DMBA (Group 3). The percents of mice with papillomas at 20 weeks were 94, 72, and 79, respectively. The decreases in Groups 2 and 3 were significant. The number of papillomas per mouse was 4.2 ± 0.5 (Group 1), 2.3 ± 0.8 (Group 2), and 3.4 ± 0.6 (Group 3). The decrease in Group 2 was significant. A single 5‐mg dose of garlic oil maximally inhibited DMBA‐induced epidermal DNA synthesis by 86% when applied two hours before the carcinogen. Two‐stage promotion in DMBA‐initiated Sencar mice was achieved by twice‐weekly applications of 8.5 nmol of 12‐O‐tetradecanoytphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) for 2 weeks followed by twice‐weekly applications of 8.5 nmol of mezereinfor 18 weeks. The oils were applied 30 minutes after each promotion by TPA or mezerein. Single doses of 1 mg onion or garlic oil inhibited the first and second stages of promotion.

The groups used were control (Group 1), garlic oil applied after stage 1 (Group 2), onion oil applied after stage 1 (Group 3), propenyl sulfide applied after stage 1 (Group 4), garlic oil applied after stage 2 (Group 5), onion oil applied after stage 2 (Group 6), and propenyl sulfide applied after stage 2 (Group 7). The percent of mice with papillomas was significantly decreased by all agents in Groups 2–7. The data are 81, 83, 91, 68, 96, and 86, respectively. The number of papillomas per mouse was significantly reduced by onion and garlic oils but not by propenyl sulfide. The data are 9.4 ± 0.8, 6.3 ± 0.7, 7.4 ± 0.5, 9.2 ± 1.2, 3.7 ± 0.9, 6.2 ± 0.6, and 9.1 ± 1.4 for Groups 1–7, respectively. Onion and garlic oils inhibited the TPA‐stimulated DNA synthesis when given as single doses of 5 mg one hour before TPA. The inhibition by garlic oil was most effective when given one hour before TPA but was evident when given from two hours before to two hours after TPA. These results, and those of others (AS Sadhana, Cancer Lett, 40, 193–197, 1988), who obtained inhibition of initiation, indicate that onion and garlic oils inhibit all stages of mouse skin tumorigenesis. Inhibition of DNA synthesis may be part of the mechanisms involved.     

移动电话微波辐射对二甲基苯蒽诱发大鼠乳腺癌的影响

目的研究900MHz GSM微波辐射对二甲基苯并蒽（DMBA）诱发的SD大鼠乳腺癌是否有促进作用。方法500只大鼠按体重分为5个实验组,并按35mg／kg体重1次性灌胃给予DMBA。其中,1组为不给予辐照的空白对照组,其余4组的900MHz GSM微波辐照剂量为双盲,比吸收率值分别为：O（假辐照）、0．44、1．33和4．00W／kg。微波辐照开始于给予DMBA后第2天,持续26周,每周辐照5次,每次持续4h,在辐照全部结束后第3至第7天中处死动物,进行病理学和肿瘤发生学研究。结果假辐照组大鼠乳腺癌的发生率为37％（37／100）;辐照剂量分别为0,44、1．33和4．00W／kg的各组大鼠乳腺癌发生率分别为25％（25／100）、34％（34／99）和38％（38／100）,与假辐照组比较,均差异无统计学意义。病理组织形态学观察可见,该模型的乳腺肿瘤有恶性与良性两类,恶性肿瘤有乳腺腺癌和鳞状细胞癌,良性肿瘤有腺瘤、纤维腺瘤和乳腺囊肿。有时几种病理形态可同时出现在1个个体中,其组织病理表现呈多样性。结论在本实验条件下,900MHz的GSM微波辐射对DMBA诱发大鼠乳腺癌的发生无促进作用。     

Retardation of experimental oral cancer development by retinyl acetate

Sixty young adult Syrian hamsters were divided into five groups. Group 1 and Group 2 animals were treated with 0.25% dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), painted on their left buccal pouches thrice weekly for 20 weeks. Starting at 12 weeks, at which time there was clinical evidence of leukoplakia and initial tumor formation, Group 2 animals received 10 mg retinyl acetate 3 times/week in a 5% solution in peanut oil, while Group 1 animals received only peanut oil. Two animals in Group 1 and two animals in Group 2 were sacrificed weekly from week 12 to week 20. Left buccal pouches were examined, tumors were counted, and tumor size was measured. Group 3 animals were untreated controls, Group 4 animals were retinyl acetate controls, and Group 5 animals received only peanut oil. It was found that DMBA‐treated animals receiving retinyl acetate from week 12 to week 20 developed fewer tumors, and their average tumor size was less than that in DMBA ‐treated animals not receiving retinyl acetate. It appears that retinyl acetate, administered systemical‐ly, can retard tumor development even after leukoplakia has been established and tumors have begun to develop.     

Prevention of rat breast cancer by genistin and selenium

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women and the third most common cancer. In this study, we investigated the chemoprevention efficacy of each of soy genistin, selenium or a combination of them against breast cancer. Seventy-five female rats were divided into five groups : control group (I); 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) group (II); DMBA treated with genistin group (III); DMBA treated with selenium group (IV); and DMBA treated with genistin combined with selenium group (V). The treatments were daily administered for 3 months. There were a significant decrease in body weight and serum total antioxidant, while a significant elevation in serum total sialic acid, carcinoembryonic antigen, prolactin, estradiol, nitric oxide, and malondialdhyde of DMBA injected rats compared with control group. Administration of genistin and selenium was associated with decreasing levels of tumorigenicity, endocrine derangement, and oxidative stress. Formation of breast carcinoma in DMBA-induced rats and abnormal changes were ameliorated in the rats treated with genistin/selenium or genistin alone. Supplementation of genistin alone or with selenium provided antioxidant defense with high-potential chemopreventive activity against DMBA-induced mammary tumors more than selenium alone.     

Reduction in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hepatic cytochrome-P450 1A1 expression following soy consumption in female rats is mediated by degradation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Consumption of a soy diet has been found to reduce cancer incidence in animals and is associated with reduced cancer risk in humans. In this study, the effect of consuming soy protein isolate (SPI) on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated signaling pathway was investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-93G diets with (+) or without (-) SPI-bound phytochemicals or casein (CAS) protein and gavaged orally with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) or sesame oil. We found reduced (P < 0.05) DMBA-induced hepatic cytochrome-P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) activity, apoprotein, and mRNA expression along with the reduced binding of AhR-AhR nuclear translocator complex to CYP1A1 gene promoter in SPI(+)-fed rats compared with CAS- or SPI(-)-fed rats. Basal AhR protein expression was lower (P < 0.05) in SPI(+)-fed rats compared with CAS- or SPI(-)-fed groups. AhR levels were reduced (P < 0.05) after rats were fed SPI(+) for >20 d. Experiments in which SPI(+)-fed rats were weaned to CAS diets demonstrated that AhR reduction by SPI(+) is not imprinted metabolically. To determine the molecular mechanisms of SPI(+)-mediated AhR reduction, an ex vivo model was developed using FGC-4 cells treated with serum from CAS- or SPI(+)-fed rats. SPI(+) serum treatment of FGC-4 cells reduced AhR expression and DMBA-induced CYP1A1 expression (P < 0.05). The reduction in AhR expression was in part due to the shorter half-life of AhR protein. Our findings suggest that the cancer preventive effect of soy-based diets is mediated in part by reduction in AhR protein level posttranslationally, which reduces procarcinogen-induced CYP1A1 induction and metabolic activation.     

In vitro starch digestibility and expected glycemic index of pound cakes baked in two-cycle microwave-toaster and conventional oven

Bread baking technology has an important effect on starch digestibility measured as its predicted glycemic index tested in vitro. The aim of this work was to evaluate the changes in predicted glycemic index of pound cake baked in a two-cycle microwave toaster and a conventional oven. The glycemic index was calculated from hydrolysis index values by the Granfeldt method. Non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in hydrolysis index (60.67 ± 3.96 for the product baked in microwave oven and 65.94 ± 4.09 for the product baked in conventional oven) and predicted glycemic index content (60.5 for product baked in microwave oven and 65 for the product baked in conventional oven) in freshly-baked samples. Results clearly demonstrate that the baking pound cake conventional process could be replicated using a two-cycle multifunction microwave oven, reducing the traditional baking time. Further research is required in order to achieve pound cake crumb uniformity.