急性心肌梗塞伴室间隔穿孔的围手术期处理

８例急性心肌梗塞伴室间隔穿孔并发心源性休克７例，采用主动脉内球囊反搏６例，７例置人Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ导管监测血流动力学。３例经调整心功能１～２周后手术，５例经积极处理病情无明显缓解趋势于入院４８小时内急诊手术。处理好围手术期间诸环节是手术成功的关键；Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ导管用于指导治疗以及术前长时间主动脉内球囊反搏支持循环对减少手术早期死亡率有重要意义。     

先天性心脏病术后完全性房室传导阻滞的防治

目的探讨１７５４例先天性心脏病直视术后１０例完全性房室传导阻滞（ＣＡＶＢ）的发生原因和转归，提出正确的防治方案。方法手术中立即发生ＣＡＶＢ８例；其中６例立即再次阻断主动脉重新修补，２例使用心外膜起搏和异丙肾上腺素处理，其中１例术后第７天再次手术重新修补缺损；手术后３～４天由于ＣＡＶＢ发生心源性昏厥２例，均安置临时心内膜起搏器。结果全组患者无住院死亡，全部康复出院未留置永久性心内膜起搏器。结论ＣＡＶＢ的发生与房间隔缺损（ＡＳＤ）、室间隔缺损（ＶＳＤ）的位置和手术操作有关；正确认识房室传导组织的解剖是防止损伤的关键，术中一旦发生ＣＡＶＢ应果断拆除原修补缝线，重新修补缺损；术后安置心外膜或心内膜临时起搏器对防止心源性昏厥非常有效。     

急性心肌梗死心源性休克反复室颤紧急冠状动脉搭桥2例

我们对２例急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）、心源性休克、反复室颤病人施行心肺复苏和紧急冠状动脉搭桥（ＣＡＢＧ）手术,效果满意。例１　男,４０岁。急性广泛前壁心梗伴心源性休克、脑梗塞。置入主动脉内球囊反搏（ＩＡＢＰ）,冠脉造影示左冠状动脉主干（ＬＭ）狭窄大于９５％,直接送手术室,２次发生室颤,经胸外挤压配合药物及胸外电除颤转复。紧急建立体外循环（ＣＰＢ）,用大隐静脉行冠状动脉搭桥２支。开放升主动脉后心脏自动复跳,病人顺利脱机。术后第５天再次脑梗塞,经治疗２５天基本恢复,术后１个月康复出院。例２　男,５７岁。…     

室间隔缺损修补术后继发左室—右房通道2例

室间隔缺损修补术后继发左室—右房通道２例詹秋鹏张镜方吴若彬室间隔缺损修补术后形成左室—右室通道较少见，现报道２例如下：例１男，８．５岁。６年前在我院行动脉导管结扎和室间隔缺损修补术，术中见直径１．８ｃｍ缺损位于室上嵴下，用涤纶补片修补。术后仍有心悸、...     

修补术加PGV与修补术加奥美拉唑方案治疗十二指肠溃疡穿孔的疗效对比

目的研究十二指肠溃疡穿孔的两种不同疗法——穿孔修补术加近侧胃迷走神经切断术（ＰＧＶ）与穿孔修补术加奥美拉唑方案的临床疗效。方法将１９９４年１月－１９９６年１２月相继入院的４８例十二指肠溃疡穿孔患者随机分为Ａ、Ｂ两组。Ａ组（２１例）在穿孔修补术的基础上，加行ＰＧＶ。Ｂ组（２７例）仅作穿孔修补术，术后辅予奥美拉唑方案（即口服奥美拉唑加羟氨苄青霉素加灭滴灵）。术后定期随访。随访结果按Ｖｉｓｉｃｋ标准分级。结果Ａ组术后半年和２年疗效优良者（ＶｉｓｉｃｋⅠ加Ⅱ级）分别为１８例（８５．７％）和１７例（８１．０％），溃疡复发者（ＶｉｓｉｃｋⅣ级）分别为１例（４．８％半年）和２例（９．５％２年）。Ｂ组术后半年和２年疗效优良者分别为１９例（６６．７％）和１０例（３７．０％），溃疡复发者分别为５例（１８．５％）和１２例（４４．５％）。Ａ组疗效优于Ｂ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｈｐ检测，Ａ组术后半年和两年的Ｈｐ阳性率分别为８１．０％和８５．７％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；Ｂ组分别为１８．５％和５１．９％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论十二指肠溃疡穿孔在施行修补术后，应同时加行ＰＧＶ，以提高对溃疡病的根治效果     

700例冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床回顾

作者对阜外医院７００例冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＣＡＢＧ）患者的临床资料和手术结果，按时间分Ａ、Ｂ两组进行对比分析，结果显示合并糖尿病、高血脂症、心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、左主干病变、广泛三支病变等在患者中所占比例近三年有显著的增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；合并高血压病（４１．３％）、陈旧性心肌梗塞（６５．０％）、有左室室壁瘤（２４．３％）、术后需使用ＩＡＢＰ（９．４％）发生率高，但两组间无显著性差异。心肌保护方法的改进、冠状动脉充分再血管化技术的提高和内乳动脉的广泛采用，使术后早期死亡率（Ｂ组９．６％，Ａ组２．７％）及围术期心梗发生率（Ｂ组９．０％、Ａ组３．２％，Ｐ＜０．００５）明显下降。     

室间隔缺损合并主动脉瓣关闭不全的病理解剖和外科治疗

室间隔缺损（ＶＳＤ）合并主动脉瓣关闭不全（ＡＩ）是较常见的心脏复合畸形。我们自１９８０年３月至１９９５年８月手术治疗４１例（同时合并感染性心内膜炎者未列入）。现总结讨论如下：临床资料本组４１例中男２８例，女１３例。年龄５～２８岁，平均１３．５岁。全组...     

冠状动脉旁路移植术及室壁瘤切除术

本文报道冠状动脉旁路移植术和室壁瘤切除术５１例。全组中３４例为不稳定心绞痛，２５例多支病变，５例左主干狭窄，２４例陈旧性心肌梗死，１０例合并高血压，左室射血分数０．１４～０．７９，小于０．３者６例。均在常规体外循环和心脏停搏下手术，共架血管桥１０１支。全组１０例同期作了室壁瘤切除术，后者还同时修补室间隔穿孔和间隔瘤各１例。附加手术有心脏瓣膜替换术，冠状动脉内膜切除术和激光心肌再血管化各４例，术中冠脉腔内成形术２例及三尖瓣成形术１例。手术死亡７例，均与术前高危因素及左室功能差有关。随访６～１０８个月，３１例心绞痛消失，４例偶有轻度心绞痛，７例仍有劳力性心绞痛；晚期死亡２例，分别死于重症乙型肝炎和心律失常。重点讨论了手术病例选择，冠状动脉内膜切除术，室壁瘤切除修复术以及架桥与换瓣同期手术问题。     

急性心肌梗死室间隔破裂的外科治疗

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死后室间隔破裂的发病特点、手术时机及治疗效果。方法 自１９８５年￣１９９９年共收治２０例急性心肌梗死后室间隔破裂患者,其中１４例行手术治疗,６例内科治疗,分析２组临床资料及治疗结果,并对手术治疗组进行随访４个月￣１４年。结果 ６例内科治疗的患者,于室间隔破裂后６ｈ￣７ｄ内全部死亡;１４例手术治疗的患者中,４例采用折叠每缝合修补室间隔破裂,１０例行补片修补,全部同期行室壁瘤切除,     

1,6—二磷酸果糖对内毒素休克犬TNF,MDA,SOD的影响

目的：观察１，６－二磷酸果糖对内毒素休克犬血浆ＴＮＦ，ＭＤＡ水平和ＲＢＣ－ＳＯＤ活性的影响，为ＦＤＰ治疗ＥＴ休克提供实验依据。方法：１２只犬随机分成两组，内毒素休克组和内毒素休克１，６－二磷酸果糖治疗组，每组６例，外周静脉注射灭活大肠杆菌３０分钟、９０分钟后、ＦＤＰ组输入７．５％ＦＤＰ３７５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ＥＴ组输入等容量平衡盐液。注ＥＴ前及注后２、４、６、８小时测ＣＯ及血浆ＴＮＦ、ＭＤＡ水平和ＲＢＣ     

Post infarction ventricular septal rupture: Repair by endoventricular patch plasty with infarct exclusion—Vijaya Heart Foundation Technique

Background Surgical repair of a postinfarct ventricular septal rupture (VSR) remains a difficult surgical challenge associated with a significant operative mortality. Materials and Methods We introduce a new operative procedure of infarct exclusion with polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) patch and closure of ventriculotomy without pledged or felt. There were 8 men and 2 women with age range of 47 to 71 years. All of them were in the acute phase of the myocardial infarction and 6 were in cardiogenic shock at the time of operation. In 8 patients the VSR was anterior and one of the two patients with posterior VSR had concomitant transventricular mitral valve replacement. Results There was one postoperative death. Multi organ failure was the only independent predictor of operative mortality and 2 patients developed renal failure. Patients have been followed up for a mean of 18 months. There have been no late deaths. In follow-up assessment of ventricular function by echocardiography all patients had normal right ventricular function and mild or moderate impairment of left ventricular function and none had a residual ventricular septal defect. Conclusion Deferral of operation for patient in cardiogenic shock after VSR represents a failed therapeutic strategy. Conversely, repair of acute postinfarction ventricular septal defect by endocardial patch plasty avoids additional damage to the right ventricle, remodels the acutely infarcted left ventricle, and enhances survival.     

Urgent surgical repair of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture: early and late outcome

AIM: This retrospective analysis focuses on predictive factors of operative mortality and long-term survival after surgical repair of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture (VSR). METHODS: Sixty-seven patients (43 males, 24 females) with VSR underwent surgical repair between December 1977 and December 1995. The site of the rupture was anterior in 44 patients and posterior in 23. The mean interval between myocardial infarction (MI) and VSR was 3.6+/-4.1 days. Clinical condition on admission was critical in 63 patients (49 in cardiogenic shock). An intra-aortic balloon pump was inserted preoperatively in 54 patients. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 25% (17 patients). The main cause of death was cardiac failure. Factors influencing early deaths in univariate analysis were preoperative hemodynamic status (cardiogenic shock present in 30%; absent in 8%; p = 0.001), the location of the MI (anterior in 11.6%, posterior in 45.4%), the interval between infarction and surgery (<1 week was 33%, >1 week was 6.2%), and the response to initial active therapy. All patients were available for follow-up. The actuarial survival rates at 1 and 5 years are 74.6%+/-5.3% and 66.2%+/-6.2%, respectively. There were 12 late deaths and 40% were cardiac related. Two patients presented residual VSD (one reoperation). The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was mildly impaired in 9 patients. Three patients had moderate mitral insufficiency and two had moderate tricuspid insufficiency. CONCLUSION: Repair of the postinfarction VSR remains a challenge. Improvement should be rendered possible by optimizing techniques. Postoperative morbidity is high, and these patients require intensive hospital resources. The late results have been satisfactory.     

急性心肌梗死行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术的手术时机与方式探讨

目的总结对急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术（E-CABG）的治疗效果,探讨手术时机和手术方法。方法回顾性分析孙逸仙心血管医院自1999年6月至2009年12月行E-CABG患者21例的临床资料,其中男14例,女7例;年龄24~81岁。AMI发生时间〈6 h 6例,6 h~3 d 7例,3~30 d 8例,包括心源性休克8例,室间隔破裂穿孔合并心源性休克1例,经皮冠状动脉球囊扩张术致冠状动脉破裂2例,不稳定型心绞痛、频发性室性心律失常8例,发生心室颤动、心脏停搏1例,心脏外伤术后1例,10例安放主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）;采用体外循环CABG（on-pump）12例,非体外循环CABG（off-pump）5例,体外循环下心脏不停跳CABG（on-pump-beating）4例。结果早期死亡5例,病死率23.8%,E-CABG的病死率明显高于CABG总体病死率（23.8%vs.3.1%,χ2=21.184,P〈0.05）,其中AMI发生时间〈6 h者死亡2例,6 h~3 d者死亡2例,3~30 d者死亡1例,病死率分别为33.3%、28.6%和12.5%。3 d后的病死率明显较低（P〈0.05）。死亡的主要原因为低心排血量综合征、围术期心肌梗死（MI）和败血症,其中行off-pump和on-pump-beating手术患者中各死亡1例。出院16例,随访6个月~10年,晚期死亡6例,5例死于心力衰竭合并肺部感染,1例死于非心脏因素;生存10例,其中5例生活质量较差。结论 AMI发生3 d以内行E-CABG病死率高,如果通过IABP等支持治疗,待AMI发生3 d后手术,合理采用off-pump和on-pump-beating手术方法,将有利于提高手术的成功率。     

Surgical repair of postinfarction ventricular septal perforation by endocardial patch with infarction exclusion]

We evaluated the surgical results of postinfarction ventricular septal perforation by endocardial patch with infarction exclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 8 patients complicating AMI who underwent surgical treatment at our institution from July 1997 to August 2000 (6 males, 2 females, mean age 73.9 +/- 9, range 57-87). The localization of AMI and VSP was anterior in 6 patients, inferior in 2. All patients had coronary angiography preoperatively. And 7 patients had the percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of the infarct artery. RESULTS: There were 2 hospital deaths due to cerebral infarction and pulmonary hemorrhage. All deaths occurred in patients with cardiogenic shock. CONCLUSION: Good results were obtained by infarction exclusion technique. Better operative results may be expected with the preoperative coronary angioplasty of the infarct artery.     

Intraaortic balloon pump therapy facilitates posterior vessel off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in high-risk patients

Background. Displacement of the heart to expose posterior vessels during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) without cardiopulmonary bypass (off-pump CABG, or OPCAB) may impair cardiac function. We used the intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) preoperatively to reduce operative risk and to facilitate posterior vessel OPCAB in high-risk patients with left main coronary artery disease (> 75% stenosis), intractable resting angina, postinfarction angina, left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction < 35%), or unstable angina.

Methods. One hundred and forty-two consecutive patients who underwent multivessel OPCAB including posterior vessel revascularization were studied prospectively. The patients were divided into group I (n = 57), which received preoperative or intraoperative IABP, and group II (n = 85), which did not receive IABP. In group I, there were 34 patients with left main coronary artery disease, 24 patients with intractable resting angina, 8 patients with left ventricular dysfunction, 5 patients with postinfarction angina, and 40 patients with unstable angina. Seven patients received intraoperative IABP support owing to hemodynamic instability during OPCAB.

Results. There was no operative mortality in group I and 1 death in group II. The average number of distal anastomoses was not different between group I and group II (3.4 ± 0.9 versus 3.5 ± 0.9, p = not significant). There were no significant differences in the number of posterior vessel anastomoses per patient. There were no differences in ventilator support time, length of stay in the intensive care unit, hospital stay, and morbidity between the two groups. There was one IABP-related complication in group I.

Conclusions. IABP therapy facilitates posterior vessel OPCAB in high-risk patients, and surgical results are comparable with those in lower-risk patients.     

急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔的外科治疗

目的总结急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔的外科治疗经验,探讨外科手术治疗的时机和方法。方法自1999年1月至2008年12月,外科治疗22例急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔患者,其中男17例,女5例;年龄39～78岁,平均年龄61.77岁。前室间隔穿孔18例,后室间隔穿孔4例,均合并室壁瘤。22例患者均行室间隔穿孔修补术及室壁瘤切除术,16例患者同期接受冠状动脉旁路移植术,移植血管2.11±1.57支。结果围术期死亡2例（9.09%）,其中1例术后死于严重低心排血量综合征,1例死于大面积脑栓塞。其余20例患者均治愈出院,出院时心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅲ级4例,Ⅱ级12例,Ⅰ级4例。超声心动图检查提示：未发现有室间隔残余分流,有轻度二尖瓣反流2例。术后左心室舒张期末内径（LVEDD）与术前比较明显减小（50.27±5.33mmvs.57.94±6.79mm,t=4.437,P=0.000）。随访16例,随访时间3～24个月（13.9±6.5个月）,失访4例。随访期间无晚期死亡,无心血管事件发生。心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅱ级11例,Ⅰ级5例。超声心动图提示：LVEDD与术前比较明显缩小（49.50±4.66mm vs.57.94±6.79mm,t=5.041,P=0.000）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）较术前明显提高（55.08%±6.72%vs.45.57%±11.31%,t=2.719,P=0.013）。结论急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔是急性心肌梗死的严重并发症之一,掌握适当的手术时机、完善的术前准备、积极的围手术期治疗、正确的手术方法和避免术后并发症的发生,能有效地降低患者的病死率,改善其预后。     

Surgical treatment of postinfarction ventricular septal perforation--the difference between a cardiogenic shock group and a congestive heart failure group

Twelve patients with postinfarction ventricular septal perforation (VSP) were divided into 2 groups based upon the preoperative status and the time interval between the operation and the occurrence of VSP after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Group I were in cardiogenic shock unresponsive to either pharmacologic supports or IABP, and needed an emergency repair of VSP. The other group (group II) were in congestive heart failure responding to some extent to pharmacologic supports and IABP, and VSP of this group was repaired on the elective or semiemergency basis. Group I comprised of 7 patients, 5 males and 2 females, with a mean age of 65.9 +/- 12.6 years, and group II included 5 patients, 2 males and 3 females with an averaged age of 72.6 +/- 3.4 years. The mean time duration between AMI and the operation, and between the occurrence of VSP and the operation were 3.1 and 1.6 days in group I and 13.4 and 8.0 days in group II. The operative mortalities were 57% in group I and 0% in group II, a remarkable difference. The reasons why group I had a poor prognosis were analysed and were found as follows: (1) group I sustained a larger AMI of anteroseptal area together with the lateral and/or inferior infarctions more often than group II. (2) Group I had frequently multiple organ failure (MOF) even prior to operation due to cardiogenic shock. (3) Group I had severer right ventricular failure than group II, in which the right atrial pressure was markedly elevated. In group I, the right heart failure remained and was prolonged even after surgery reflected by the RAP/LAP ratio over 1 and finally resulting in MOF. To improve surgical results in group I, the operation should be undertaken on the emergency basis before MOF is completed, and patch reconstruction of the left ventricular free wall is recommended in patients with a wide AMI and a high positioned anterior septal perforation. When RV failure is dominant, not only a LV assist device but also a RV assist device may also improve the results.     

急性心梗后室间隔穿孔的临床特征及外科治疗

急性心肌梗塞后室间隔穿孔(简称VSR)是心梗病人一种较少见的并发症,预后极差。我们自1985年5月至1999年10月对12例VSR进行手术治疗。入院后应用强心利尿扩血管及IABP辅助治疗,并在中度低温体外循环下行穿孔修补术。结果死亡5例,死亡率为41.7％。VSR临床表现以右心衰和心源性休克为特征,及早正确的围术期处理和早期手术是治疗的关键。     

Myocardial revascularization for acute myocardial infarction: benefits and drawbacks of avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with increased mortality compared with CABG in non-AMI patients. Operating without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) might reduce this mortality. METHODS: Between January 1992 and December 1998, 225 patients underwent CABG within 7 days of AMI, 119 with CPB and 106 without. The two groups were similar regarding age, gender, left ventricular dysfunction, and incidence of cardiogenic shock. Mean number of grafts per patient was 3.1 in the CPB group, and 1.7 in the no-CPB group (p < 0.0001). RESULTS: Operative mortality in the CPB group was 12% compared with 3.8% without CPB (p = 0.027). Independent predictors of operative mortality were preoperative use of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP), nonuse of internal thoracic artery (ITA) to the left anerior descending artery, and the use of less than three grafts. Mortality of patients operated on with CPB within 48 hours of AMI was significantly higher (16.5% vs 4.3%, respectively; p = 0.044). However, patients operated on after 48 hours had similar mortality (5.8% vs 3.4%, respectively). Follow-up ranged from 6 to 84 months. Five-year survival (Kaplan-Meier) of both groups was similar (81%). Patients operated on with CPB had similar rates of recurrent angina; however, they had lower prevalence of reinterventions (0.8% vs 6.3%; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that CPB can be used safely for most patients referred for CABG within the first week of AMI. However, for emergency patients operated on within the first 48 hours of symptom onset, we advocate avoiding CPB because it is associated with lower operative mortality.