肝外伤伴肝后静脉损伤的处理

目的 探讨肝外伤伴肝后静脉损伤的处理方法，以提高肝外伤伴肝后静脉损伤的外科治疗水平。方法 采用分步全肝血流阻断下显露修补、直接压迫下显露修补、缝扎肝静脉、缝合修补肝组织、纱布填塞等5种方法处理肝外伤伴肝后静脉损伤23例。结果 治愈18例(78．3％)，死亡5例(21．7％)。结论 术前合理的急救复苏、术中正确的综合手术治疗，是提高肝外伤伴肝后静脉损伤疗效的关键。     

肝损伤累及肝静脉主干或下腔静脉的救治体会

目的探讨肝损伤累及肝静脉主干或肝后段下腔静脉的救治。方法回顾分析我院2010年4月～2011年11月收治的10例手术治疗外伤性肝破裂(Ⅴ级)临床资料,其中,男性8例,女性2例;年龄19～46岁,平均32岁。致伤原因:道路交通伤6例,重物砸伤1例,马踏伤1例,刀刺伤2例。均属Ⅴ级的严重肝破裂。血管损伤:下腔静脉破裂9例,肝右静脉主干破裂4例,肝左静脉破裂1例,门静脉主干破裂1例;10例均合并有右侧或(和)双侧肋骨骨折;9例有肺挫伤;入院时均呈休克表现。10例均在积极抗休克的同时急诊行手术治疗。结果治愈8例,死亡2例。全肝血流阻断下行下腔静脉破裂+肝破裂修补术2例,肝上下腔静脉局部血流阻断(用血管阻断钳)下腔静脉修补术1例,肝右静脉破裂修补术3例,肝后下腔静脉破裂修补术5例,不规则右肝切除术6例(其中Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段肝切除1例)。结论在严重的外伤性肝破裂(Ⅴ级)救治过程中,需要多科积极配合,缩短术前准备时间,充分游离肝脏,合理阻断肝脏血流,正确的处理肝断面和大血管的损伤,可提高严重肝破裂的救治成功率。     

快速全肝血流控制技术在近肝静脉损伤修复中的应用

近肝静脉损伤（juxtahepatie venous injury，JHVI）是指主肝静脉和肝后下腔静脉的损伤。由于JHVI可引起致命性大出血，病情急，处理难，死亡率高达50％-100％。笔者应用全肝血流控制技术对1例肝破裂伴JHVI进行修复，获得成功。现报告如下。     

肝脏损伤诊治进展

随着影像学诊断和治疗技术的进展,肝脏损伤的非手术治疗越来越多地被接受.但对于有致命性大出血的严重肝脏损伤,尤其伴有肝后静脉损伤时,多予手术治疗,且死亡率和并发症发生率高.按照肝脏损伤的级别合理采用综合手术治疗方法,将明显改善治疗效果,第一肝门阻断(Pringle法)下肝切除是一重要治疗手段.肝后静脉损伤的主要对策是全肝血流阻断或转流下肝切除或肝切开显露和修补肝后静脉;难以耐受此术式时,肝周填塞是明智的选择.     

西宁地区常温下肝门阻断切肝术的临床研究

目的研究西宁地区常温下肝切除术中阻断入肝血流方式、阻断时间对“安全切肝”,尤其是肝癌合并有乙肝、肝硬化者的临床意义。方法选择临床和病理确诊的肝脏肿瘤及肝包虫病人共10例行手术治疗。结果本组10例肝脏手术均获成功(1例术后7天因肝衰死亡),根据病例的不同情况采用了三种肝血流阻断方法。结论采取常温下阻断肝血流的方法,减少肝脏切除术中大出血,同时尽可能减少入肝血流阻断的时间以减少和避免术后发生衰竭,为“安全切肝”提供了有力的技术保障。     

全肝血流阻断时是否应加腹主动脉阻断?

正解答:传统说法是腔静脉阻断时可因回心血量骤减诱发心搏骤停,故主张全肝血流阻断时同时阻断腹主动脉。实际上在肝后静脉损伤患者血容量已从破口大量丢失,阻断下腔静脉前后右房回心血量变化不大,心搏骤停可能性小。不阻断腹主动脉明显缩短手术时间,提高抢救成功率。     

半肝血流阻断在肝肿瘤切除术中的运用

常温下第一肝门血流阻断是目前在肝切除术中运用最为普遍的一种控制肝出血的方法,长时间的入肝血流阻断易引起术后严重的肝功能不全甚至肝功能衰竭。如何合理选择肝血流阻断是减少术中出血、降低术后肝功能衰竭发生率的有效措施之一，我科自2006年3月以来，对28例肝癌伴有肝硬变的病例采取半肝血流阻断行肝癌切除术，取得了满意的临床效果，现报道如下。     

严重肝后静脉创伤填塞治疗

目的采用肝周填塞以改善肝后静脉损伤手术的治疗效果。方法4年间15例严重肝后静脉损伤（Ⅲ－Ⅴ级）,手术采用Pringle法阻断肝蒂后肝内止血或清创切除,或加选择性肝动脉结扎。肝周填塞是处理昨后静脉损伤的主要手段。结果12例严重肝后静脉损伤获救,最大输血量12000毫升;死亡3例,主要死因为合并伤、大失血或并凝血障碍。结论正确操作的肝后填塞和适当的综合措施,对肝后静脉损伤具有明显疗效。     

布-加综合征肾静脉开口以上下腔静脉闭塞介入治疗效果

【摘要】 目的 评价布- 加综合征（BCS）肾静脉开口以上下腔静脉闭塞介入治疗的效果。 方法 回顾性分析28例BCS肾静脉开口以上下腔静脉闭塞患者临床资料。所有患者均经右颈内静脉途径和右股静脉途径行下腔静脉开通治疗；22例经右颈内静脉途径，6例联合经皮经肝途径施行肝静脉开通治疗。术后采用彩色多普勒超声随访，观察下腔静脉和肝静脉畅通情况。 结果 28例患者介入手术均获成功，下腔静脉单纯球囊扩张术16例，支架植入12例。开通1支肝静脉17例，开通2支肝静脉11例。术后造影均显示下腔静脉、肝静脉血流通畅，无血管破裂出血等并发症发生。28例患者随访6～79个月，平均（42.6±24.5）个月。下腔静脉单纯球囊扩张患者再闭塞率为43.8%（7/16），下腔静脉支架植入患者再闭塞率为8.3%（1/12），差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；肝静脉再闭塞率为28.6%（8/28）。 结论 BCS肾静脉开口以上下腔静脉闭塞介入治疗安全有效，下腔静脉长段闭塞支架植入疗效优于球囊扩张。     

Budd-Chiari综合征合并血栓形成的介入治疗

目的　探讨Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)合并血栓形成的介入治疗方法。方法　18例BCS合并血栓形成的患者,2例为肝静脉阻塞合并血栓形成,16例为下腔静脉阻塞合并血栓形成。采用术前抗凝（复方丹参和阿司匹林）或抗凝+尿激酶溶栓治疗,术中分次球囊扩张+支架压迫,术后尿激酶溶栓+抗凝治疗。结果　18例BCS合并血栓形成的患者皆成功地实施了介入开通术,未发生严重并发症。术后下腔静脉压力由（31.82±0.52）cmH     

彩色多普勒超声对布—加氏综合征和门脉性肝硬化的鉴别诊断探讨

目的 探讨彩色多普勒(CDFI)对布-加氏综合症(Budd-Chiari Syndrome)和门脉性肝硬化的鉴别诊断。方法 分别对48例布-加氏综合征(简称第一组)与56例门脉性肝硬化(简称第二组)患者的肝静脉、下腔静脉和门脉系统的血流动力学和肝脾声像图进行检测。结果 第一组:A:肝静脉近端变细,占63.8％(92/144),伴侧枝血管形成,其中7支管腔内有膜状物;B:下腔静脉上段变细占66.6％(32/48);C:门脉血流无异常改变;D:肝测值增大,无结节感;脾正常或轻度增大。第二组:A:肝静脉普遍变细,分支减少,占100％(168/168);B:门脉系统测值增粗,占100％(56/56);C:下腔静脉血流正常;D:肝缩小伴弥漫结节,脾脏肿大。结论 CDFI是布-加氏综合征和门脉性肝硬化诊断与鉴别诊断的首选方法。     

Injuries of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava and the liver

BACKGROUND: Injuries of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava, and the liver have mortality rate up to 71-78%. We presented a patient with combined injury of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava, liver, craniocerebral and thoracic traumas, inflicted in a traffic accident. CASE REPORT: Man, 20 years old has been injured in a traffic accident. At admission, 20 minutes after the injury, the patient was comatose and hypotensive. Bloody content was obtained by abdominal tracer. The patient underwent emergent laparotomy, utilizing trifurcated incision and cell saver device. Abdominal exploration revealed two litres of free blood and massive retroperitoneal hematoma. Manual compression of the liver was done, as well as perihepatic packing, complete hepatic vascular exclusion and mobilization of the right liver lobe. Due to impressive chemodynamic instability supraceliac aortic clamping was performed. Upon exposure of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava and right liver lobe, multiple lacerations of retrohepatic inferior vena cava and right hepatic vein, and right hepatic vein avulsion were found. We also identified an injury of VII and VIII segments of the liver (grade V according to the Moore's classification). Nonexpansive hepatoduodenal ligament hematoma and the injury of II and III segments of the liver group II/III according to Moore were found. Venorrhaphy of the inferior vena cava was done in the area of circumference of the right hepatic vein, a portion of which served as autologous vein patch. Continuous prolene 3/0 venorrhaphy of the distal caval laceration was done. Total caval and aorta clamping time of the inferior vena cava was 41 minutes. Atypical resection, debridment, of hepatic segments was done by using a harmonic scalpel. Hepatoduodenal ligament was declamped after 65 minutes. Flbrin glue was applied on the resectioned area of liver. The patient received 3.2 1 of autologuos blood transfusion with 5 units of packed red blood cells, 6 units of fresh frozen plasma, 13 units of concentrated thrombocytes and 15 units of cryoprecipitates. Due to coagulopathy, factor rVIIa was administered. Bilateral toracal drainage was done. Small bilateral contusions of the frontal part of the brain were noticed but the patient successfully recovered and was dismissed after three weeks. CONCLUSION: Combined injuries of the inferior vena cava and the liver befall into the most complex vascular traumas, thus representing a challenge for any complete medical team to manage them. The patient presented in our study was urgently transported to the hospital, immediately operated on applying modern doctrines of anesthesiology, transfusiology and vascular surgery that, all together, resulted into favorable treatment outcome with no distant complications.     

超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊治中的应用

目的:探讨超声在肝移植术后胆道并发症诊治中的价值.材料和方法: 6例实施肝移植术后临床拟诊胆道并发症的患者,以二维超声检查移植肝及肝周情况,以彩色多普勒超声评估肝动脉、下腔静脉血流,并与其他影像学检查相对比.结果: 胆系梗阻3例(2例合并肝内多发胆汁肿)、胆管内胆泥形成1例、胆漏2例(在超声引导下置管引流).肝动脉血栓2例.肝流出道狭窄合并血栓1例.结论: 超声在肝移植术道并发症的诊治中有着重要的应用价值.     

Liver trauma and transection of the inferior vena cava. Sentinel contrast sign and hepatic perivenous tracking.

CT of a child with severe liver trauma due to a seat belt injury demonstrated avulsion of a portion of the lateral segment of the left lobe of the liver. The location of nondependent extravasated contrast material aided in identification of the visceral fracture site (the sentinel contrast sign). Associated transection of the inferior vena cava was evidenced by hypoattenuating zones adjacent to all the major hepatic veins and vena cava (hepatic perivenous tracking). Recognition of these two signs is important so that the radiologist can help the surgeon select the optimal operative approach.     

中国河南地区Budd-Chiari综合征病变特点的影像分析

目的 探讨中国河南省Budd-Chiari综合征患者肝静脉阻塞和下腔静脉阻塞病变的分布特点.方法 应用3种血管成像技术,彩色多普勒超声、CTA和MRA检查,经DSA证实的Budd-Chiari综合征患者231例,对影像结果进行分析,分析清晰显影的主肝静脉、副肝静脉和下腔静脉走行与阻塞部位分布特点.结果 231例中肝静脉分支都正常的单纯性下腔静脉阻塞5例,占2.2%;下腔静脉正常的单纯性肝静脉阻塞33例,占14.3%;下腔静脉和肝静脉同时阻塞的193例,占83.5%.结论 中国河南地区Budd-Chiari综合征以下腔静脉阻塞合并肝静脉阻塞的复合型病变最多见,而单纯性下腔静脉阻塞最少见.     

超声影像诊断对布-加综合征的价值

目的探讨布-加综合征的二维及彩色多普勒超声特征.材料和方法回顾性分析20例经手术和下腔静脉造影证实的布-加综合征患者的超声影像资料.结果布-加综合征的重要特征是病变段血管管壁增厚,管腔变细,其内血流紊乱,血流方向异常,肝内见侧支静脉形成,超声对肝静脉病变的诊断符合率为10/10,对下腔静脉病变的诊断符合率为16/18,二者与静脉造影结果比较,均无显著性差异(P＞0.05),根据累及血管部位,将布-加综合征分为下腔静脉阻塞型、肝静脉阻塞型和混合型三种.结论超声影像对布-加综合征的诊断符合率很高,根据病变部位进行超声分型对临床治疗方案的选择更有实用意义.     

布加综合征合并肝静脉血栓介入治疗的疗效观察

目的 评价布加综合征合并肝静脉血栓介入治疗的临床效果.方法 25例布加综合征合并肝静脉血栓形成的患者,均施行经导管尿激酶溶栓术、球囊扩张术和(或)支架置入术,术后随访采用肝脏超声检查,观察肝静脉、下腔静脉通畅情况及血栓有无复发.介入治疗前后肝静脉-右心房、下腔静脉-右心房压差的比较采用配对t检验.结果 治疗成功23例,其中血栓完全溶解18例,部分溶解5例,肝静脉及下腔静脉血流通畅,肝静脉-右心房压差由术前平均(29±7)cm H2O(1 cm H2O＝0.098 kPa)下降至术后平均(8±3)cm H2O(t=13.7,P＜0.01),下腔静脉-右心房压差由术前平均(19±4)cm H2O下降至术后平均(5±2)cm H2O(t=13.3,P＜0.01);不成功2例.23例患者随访1～42个月,平均(18±10)个月,死亡1例,肝静脉再狭窄2例,经再次球囊扩张治疗成功,其余20例无肝静脉再狭窄及血栓复发.结论 布加综合征合并肝静脉血栓的介入治疗可取得较好临床效果.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of interventional therapy for Budd-Chiari syndrome with hepatic vein thrombosis. Methods Twenty-five patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome complicated with hepatic vein thrombosis underwent catheter-directed urokinase thrombolysis, balloon dilation and/or stent placement. During follow-up, re-thrombosis and patency of the recanalized hepatic vein and inferior vena cava were evaluated by liver ultrasound. The pressure gradient of hepatic vein-right atrium or inferior vena cava-right atrium before and after interventional treatment was compared with paired t-test. ResultsTechnical success was obtained in 23 patients. Complete resolution and partial resolution of the thrombi were accomplished in 18 cases and 5 cases, respectively. The recanalized hepatic veins and inferior vena cava were patent. The mean pressure gradient of hepatic vein-right atrium dropped from (29±7) cm H2O to (8±3) cm H2O (1 cm H2O＝0.098 kPa) after the interventional treatment (t=13.7,P<0.01). The mean pressure gradient of inferior vena cava-right atrium dropped from (19±4) cm H2O to (5±2) cm H2O after the interventional treatment (t=13.3, P<0.01). Failures occurred in 2 patients. Over the follow-up period of 1 to 42 months[(18±10) months]after interventional treatment in the 23 patients, one late death occurred. Restenoses of hepatic veins were found in 2 patients, which were all redilated successfully. Neither restenosis of hepatic vein nor recurrence of thrombosis was found in the other 20 patients. Conclusion Interventional therapy could be effectively performed for the treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome with hepatic vein thrombosis.     

CT diagnosis of primary Budd-Chiari syndrome--membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava

Five cases with primary Budd-Chiari syndrome due to membranous obstruction of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava were examined by CT. In all cases, CT demonstrated caudate lobe enlargement, reticular low density within the liver parenchyma, splenomegaly, and collaterals via the ascending lumbar veins and azygous system. Pathological study revealed liver cirrhosis or fibrosis in all cases. In two cases, calcification was shown in the region of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava. Our results suggested that the CT appearance of primary Budd-Chiari syndrome was rather characteristic and useful in diagnosis, although membranous obliteration could not be shown directly on CT.     

Budd-Chiari综合征的CT与超声、静脉造影对比研究

目的：评价ＣＴ、超声、静脉造影对Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析４４例Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征的ＣＴ、超声、静脉造影表现,比较三种检查方法显示肝脏的形态、肝静脉、下腔静脉、肝内外的侧枝血管情况。结果：ＣＴ显示肝尾叶增大４２例（９５％）,肝脏密度不均或呈低密度表现,１９例（４３％）显示有肝内侧枝血管,４２例（９５％）见有肝外侧枝血管,其中奇静脉扩张３５例（８０％）,半奇静脉扩张３９例（８９％）,下腔静脉钙化７例（１６％）。超声显示３８例（８６％）有下腔静脉狭窄或阻塞,１６例（３６％）有肝静脉狭窄或阻塞,３７例（８４％）显示有肝内侧枝血管,１６例（３６％）显示有肝外侧枝血管。静脉造影显示下腔静脉狭窄或阻塞２３例（５３％）,肝静脉狭窄或阻塞５例（１１％）,其余１６例（３６％）同时累及下腔静脉和肝静脉,３８例（８４％）显示有肝内侧枝血管,４４例（１００％）见有肝外侧枝血管。结论：ＣＴ对显示肝脏形态、下腔静脉钙化、肝外侧枝血管尤其是奇静脉和半奇静脉扩张有优势,超声则对显示下腔静脉和肝静脉狭窄或阻塞、肝内侧枝血管有优势,ＣＴ、超声和静脉造影相互补充有助于本病的正确诊断