Two cases of small cell lung cancer presenting an unusual pattern of progression mimicking pleural mesothelioma

We describe 2 cases in which small cell lung cancer presented an unusual pattern of progression that mimicked malignant pleural mesothelioma on diagnostic imaging. The patients were a 74-year-old man and a 69-year-old woman, both of whose chest roentgenograms and CT scans showed irregular right pleural thickening with effusion. Small cell lung cancer had been diagnosed by routine examination in the former patient, but the latter had been given a clinical diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma until postmortem examination, which showed small cell lung cancer. The right lung of each patient was found to be fused to the thorax by a thick layer of tumor cell involvement on postmortem examination.     

Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality

Background:

Quantifying the asbestos-related lung cancer burden is difficult in the presence of this disease''s multiple causes. We explore two methods to estimate this burden using mesothelioma deaths as a proxy for asbestos exposure.

Methods:

From the follow-up of 55 asbestos cohorts, we estimated ratios of (i) absolute number of asbestos-related lung cancers to mesothelioma deaths; (ii) excess lung cancer relative risk (%) to mesothelioma mortality per 1000 non-asbestos-related deaths.

Results:

Ratios varied by asbestos type; there were a mean 0.7 (95% confidence interval 0.5, 1.0) asbestos-related lung cancers per mesothelioma death in crocidolite cohorts (n=6 estimates), 6.1 (3.6, 10.5) in chrysotile (n=16), 4.0 (2.8, 5.9) in amosite (n=4) and 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) in mixed asbestos fibre cohorts (n=31). In a population with 2 mesothelioma deaths per 1000 deaths at ages 40–84 years (e.g., US men), the estimated lung cancer population attributable fraction due to mixed asbestos was estimated to be 4.0%.

Conclusion:

All types of asbestos fibres kill at least twice as many people through lung cancer than through mesothelioma, except for crocidolite. For chrysotile, widely consumed today, asbestos-related lung cancers cannot be robustly estimated from few mesothelioma deaths and the latter cannot be used to infer no excess risk of lung or other cancers.     

Magnitude of asbestos-related lung cancer mortality in Italy

An ecological study, based on a data set containing all lung and pleural cancer deaths in each Italian municipality in the period 1980-2001, was performed. The pleural to lung cancer ratio was estimated to be 1 : 1 and 3% (around 700) of all male lung cancer deaths were found to be asbestos-related.     

Accuracy of pleural biopsy using thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of histologic subtype in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma

BACKGROUND: Promising results with trimodality therapy combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been obtained in the management of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). However, the histologic subtype has to be taken into account because of its influence on prognosis. The aim of the current study was to analyze retrospectively the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of preoperative thoracoscopy for diagnosis of the histologic subtype of MPM. METHODS: The histologic reports from all consecutive patients undergoing 'intent-to-treat' surgery from 3 institutions as well as the initial pathologic diagnosis obtained using thoracoscopy were reviewed and compared after institutional review board approval. All cases of MPM were confirmed by a panel of pathologists. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients were included in the current study. Of these 95 patients, 75 underwent extrapleural pneumonectomy, 9 patients underwent pleurectomy/decortication, and 11 patients underwent pleurectomy. Of the 95 patients with a final diagnosis of MPM, 80 (84.2%) were classified as having epithelial and 15 (15.8%) as having biphasic subtype. Among the 87 patients classified as having MPM of epithelial subtype after the initial thoracoscopy, 75 cases (86.2%) were confirmed to be a true histologic diagnosis and 12 cases (13.8%) were found to be of biphasic subtype at final diagnosis. One patient with a biphasic subtype at initial thoracoscopy was found to have MPM of epithelial subtype after surgery. The sensitivity and specificity values of an epithelial subtype diagnosis after thoracoscopy were 94% and 20%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 86% and a negative predictive value of 37%. Conversely, the sensitivity and specificity values of a biphasic subtype diagnosis after thoracoscopy were 20% and 98%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 75% and a negative predictive value of 87%. CONCLUSIONS: Pleural biopsy performed using thoracoscopy is considered to be the cornerstone of the diagnosis and pleural staging of MPM. However, this procedure appears to be less efficient in diagnosing the histologic subtype as either epithelial or biphasic.     

98例肺癌患者伴嗜酸细胞增多性胸腔积液探讨

目的探讨肺癌伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多性胸腔积液（EPE）的特点,以期为临床决策提供一定参考。方法以胸腔积液中嗜酸性粒细胞是否增多为标准,对312例经纤维支气管镜、痰液脱落细胞学、肺CT确诊肺癌患者进行分组。结果肺癌伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多与不伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多性胸腔积液的淋巴细胞数、Rivalta试验、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、癌胚抗原（CEA）均有差异（P〈0．05）。结论胸腔积液中嗜酸性细胞增多不要忽视恶性肿瘤的可能。     

结核及肺癌所致胸腔积液中MCP-1、RANTES的表达水平及临床意义

目的：探讨结核以及肺癌所致的胸腔积液中单核细胞超化蛋白-1（MCP-1）和分泌因子（RANTES）的表达水平及临床意义。方法对74例结核性胸腔积液以及64例肺癌致胸腔积液患者进行回顾性分析。对所有患者胸腔积液中MCP-1、RANTES浓度进行检测并进行比较。结果结核组胸腔积液总蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、腺苷酸脱氨酶（ADA）、癌胚抗原（CEA）与肺癌组相比差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）;结核组胸腔积液MCP-1浓度、RANTES浓度分别为（2304.9±294.0）pg/ml、（301.5±61.7）pg/ml,均高于肺癌组（P﹤0.05）;不同病理类型肺癌患者胸腔积液MCP-1、RANTES浓度比较,差异均无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）。结论 MCP-1、RANTES浓度对于区分结核与肺癌致胸腔积液有着较高的临床价值,但不能区分肺癌的不同病理类型。     

153例经外科干预的非小细胞肺癌伴胸膜播散患者的预后研究

  目的  探讨经不同外科治疗方式干预的非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）伴胸膜播散患者的预后。  方法  回顾性分析2002年5月至2011年5月153例在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院胸外科接受外科手术并于术中或术后确诊NSCLC伴胸膜播散患者的临床资料。  结果  全组患者,3年和5年生存率分别为38.5%和24.2%,中位生存时间29.0个月。其中31例接受胸膜结节活检术,122例接受原发肿瘤切除术,两组患者5年生存率分别是16.1%和26.2%,中位总生存时间分别为24.0个和29.0个月,两组间生存差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。122例接受原发肿瘤切除术患者中,是否行淋巴结清扫和转移结节切除,以及行部分肺叶或肺叶切除对患者预后影响无显著性差异（P>0.05）。  结论  NSCLC伴胸膜播散患者预后较差,行不同外科干预方式生存未显示出显著性差异,外科干预的主要作用是除外及证实胸膜播散以明确病理诊断,指导后续治疗,肿瘤切除应慎重,其意义有待进一步探讨。      

Modified intrapleural cisplatin treatment for lung cancer with positive pleural lavage cytology or malignant effusion

OBJECTIVES: We evaluate the efficacy and safety of the modified intrapleural cisplatin treatment for lung cancer patients with positive pleural lavage cytology or malignant effusion. METHODS: The treatment was performed for seven patients with malignant effusion and 18 patents with positive pleural lavage cytology. After pulmonary resection, the pleural cavity was filled with cisplatin with a normal saline solution for 30 min. Complications and survival of the patients were evaluated. RESULTS: The chest tube duration were significantly prolonged in the treatment (CDDP) group (5.7 +/- 3.6 vs. 2.8 +/- 2.6 days). We had one operative death that developed a bronchial fistula; however, the other complications were not severe. The mortality rate was 4% and the morbidity rate was 60%. We experienced two carcinomatous pleuritis in the CDDP group. The median survival time of the CDDP group was 47.0 +/- 11.1 months and the 3- and 5-year survival rate was 52.6% and 11.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to perform this treatment for these advanced lung cancer patients, which had the preventive effect of carcinomatous pleuritis. This therapy shows the possibility of a treatment that might lead to an improvement in the prognosis of these patients, without causing severe complications.     

奈达铂腔内灌注治疗肺癌胸腔积液的临床观察

目的：观察奈达铂胸腔灌注治疗肺癌胸腔积液的临床疗效及安全性.方法：确诊为肺癌恶性胸腔积液的患者56例,分为2组.采用中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流排尽胸水后,治疗组29例,给予胸腔灌注奈达铂治疗,对照组27例,给予胸腔灌注顺铂治疗.胸腔内注射间歇5-7天1次,共计不超过3次.结果：治疗组控制胸水的有效率68.9%,对照组59.2%（P＞0.05）.治疗组生活质量的有效率72.4%,对照组59.2%（P＜0.05）.毒副反应方面,治疗组在恶心、呕吐,胸痛,疲乏感方面的发生率低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论：奈达铂腔内灌注治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液,疗效可靠,不良反应较轻,安全性较高.     

贝伐珠单抗联合顺铂治疗肺癌恶性胸水的临床疗效

目的：比较贝伐珠单抗联合顺铂与单药顺铂两组方案治疗肺癌恶性胸水的安全性和有效性。方法：选取2014 年11月至2017 年11 月葫芦岛市医院肿瘤内科27 例确诊为肺癌恶性胸水的患者,其中14 例采用贝伐珠单抗联合顺铂治疗方案、13 例采用顺铂方案,比较两组临床疗效及不良反应。结果：治疗前两组患者的一般情况比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;贝伐珠单抗联合顺铂组患者的近期疗效优于顺铂组（92.9% vs 61.5%,P<0.05）。治疗过程中不良反应主要为骨髓抑制和消化道不适反应等,两组患者不良反应发生率相近,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：与单药顺铂方案相比,应用贝伐珠单抗联合顺铂方案治疗肺癌恶性胸水患者具有更好的近期疗效,两种方案的不良反应相当。     

恶性胸膜间皮瘤15例临床分析

目的:探讨恶性胸膜间皮瘤的临床特点、诊断、治疗和预后。方法:回顾分析我院1994年10月至2005年11月收治的15例恶性胸膜间皮瘤患者的临床资料。结果:恶性胸膜间皮瘤的主要症状为胸闷、气促、咳嗽、胸痛;CT和X线主要表现为胸腔积液、胸膜不规则增厚、肺转移;胸水以渗出液为主,胸水LDH≥500u/L,葡萄糖<3.35mmol/L,血清CEA升高,血清CA125升高;主要依据手术后病检、胸膜穿刺活检、胸水细胞学检查确诊。结论:恶性胸膜间皮瘤以胸闷、胸痛、气促、咳嗽为主要表现,胸膜活检及胸水细胞学为主要确诊方法。有手术机会,多学科综合治疗者,预后较好。     

ADx-ARMS方法检测晚期非小细胞肺癌患者胸水标本癌细胞基因突变的临床意义

目的:探讨应用ADx-ARMS方法检测非小细胞肺癌患者胸水标本癌细胞基因突变应用于指导小分子EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKIs）治疗的可行性与临床意义。方法:ADx-ARMS检测24例非小细胞肺癌患者胸水标本EGFR基因第19、20和21外显子突变与KRAS基因第2外显子突变。统计分析胸水标本与前期检测过的非小细胞肺癌组织中的EGFR、KRAS突变率差异。结果:24例胸水标本中,EGFR突变与KRAS突变分别为14例（58.3%）和1例（4.2%）。前期检测过的非小细胞肺癌组织EGFR和KRAS突变率分别为47.6%和4.5%。EGFR和KRAS突变率在胸水标本与前期肺癌组织中差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:对失去手术机会而难以获得组织标本的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者,可应用ADx-ARMS方法选择胸水标本筛查EGFR、KRAS基因突变,从而指导EGFR-TKIs的临床应用。     

EGFR突变与肺癌伴恶性胸腔积液患者生物学行为的相关性研究

目的 探讨表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变与肺癌伴恶性胸腔积液患者生物学行为之间的关系.方法 选取肺癌患者100例,其中伴恶性胸腔积液者43例作为观察组,不伴胸腔积液者57例作为对照组,观察两组患者EGFR基因突变情况.结果 观察组EGFR总突变率为72.09%,高于对照组的19.30%(P﹤0.05);观察组高分化、中分化和低分化患者的EGFR突变率分别为69.23%、71.43%和77.78%,均高于对照组高分化、中分化和低分化患者(P﹤0.05);不同性别、年龄、吸烟情况及分化程度的观察组患者EGFR基因突变率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);胸腔积液与活检组织标本EGFR基因检测结果的Kappa值为0.466(P﹤0.05),一致性中等.结论 肺癌伴恶性胸腔积液患者EGFR突变率较高,但EGFR突变与肺癌伴恶性胸腔积液患者的性别、年龄、吸烟情况及分化程度无关.     

吉非替尼联合胸腔内化疗治疗伴有恶性胸水的非小细胞肺癌的临床研究

目的:探讨吉非替尼联合胸腔内化疗治疗伴有恶性胸水的非小细胞肺癌的疗效和安全性.方法:26例伴有中、大量恶性胸水的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者,采用胸腔置管引流尽量放干胸水后,胸腔内注射化疗药物顺铂(DDP)40mg/m2、香菇多糖2mg、地塞米松10mg,从胸腔内化疗后的第3天口服吉非替尼250mg/d,直到病变进展或其他原因停药.每3个月对病灶进行1次CT检查.结果:第3个月CT复查结果显示:全组胸水控制有效率为69.2%(18/26),肿瘤病灶治疗有效率为34.6%(9/26),疾病控制率73.1%(19/26),临床受益反应为88.5%(23/26).中位疾病进展时间(TTP)为8.2个月(95%可信区间:1.8-14.2月),中位生存期(MST)为12.4个月(95%可信区间:3.1-37.4月),1年生存率为46.2%(12/26).主要不良反应是Ⅰ、Ⅱ度皮肤毒性.结论:吉非替尼联合胸腔内化疗治疗伴有恶性胸水的非小细胞肺癌具有较好的疗效和安全性.     

恶性胸膜间皮瘤远期疗效的影响因素分析

背景与目的:恶性胸膜间皮瘤(malignant pleural mesothelioma,MPM)是一种少见的恶性肿瘤,但预后差。本文分析MPM的治疗效果,探讨影响其预后的因素。方法:1988年1月～2001年12月中山大学肿瘤医院收治的经病理组织学或细胞学确诊的MPM24例,其中12例单纯接受以DDP为基础的方案化疗1～6个疗程,7例接受手术治疗和以DDP为基础的术后化疗1～6个疗程,5例接受手术治疗和术后放射治疗。用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,用log-rank法比较各组的生存率,应用Cox模型进行多因素分析。结果:24例患者1、3、5年生存率分别为37.5%、20.8%和4.2%,中位生存期9.0个月。单纯化疗组12例患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为16.7%、0和0,中位生存期为5.0个月;手术加化疗组7例患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为28.6%、14.3%和0,中位生存期为10.0个月;手术加放疗组5例患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为100.0%、80.0%和20.0%,中位生存期为42.0个月。3组生存率比较有显著性差异(χ2=11.93,P=0.00)。影响MPM预后的因素有临床分型(P=0.04)和治疗方法(P=0.00)。结论:临床分型和治疗方法是影响MPM预后的独立因素。     

培美曲塞与顺铂化疗联合苦参治疗胸膜间皮瘤18例报道

目的:评价培美曲塞与顺铂静脉化疗同时联合苦参注射液胸腔灌注治疗恶性胸膜间皮瘤(MPM)合并胸腔积液的疗效与安全性。方法:回顾性分析18例经胸腔镜确诊MPM合并胸腔积液患者,使用培美曲塞500mg/m2,d1;顺铂75mg/m2,d1-3;每21天重复。同时胸腔闭式引流术引流尽胸腔积液,苦参注射液40ml胸腔注入,每隔4天重复注射。结果:18例患者中,CR 4例,PR 8例,SD 4例,PD 2例。总有效率为66.67%,疾病控制率为88.89%,肿瘤进展时间为7.2个月,中位生存期为12.3个月,1年生存率为43.85%。16例(88.89%)胸腔积液得到控制。主要毒副反应为骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应、发热、胸痛及皮疹等,对症支持处理后均可恢复。结论:培美曲塞与顺铂静脉化疗同时苦参注射液胸腔灌注治疗MPM合并胸腔积液有较好的疗效,毒副反应轻,值得临床推广应用。     

奈达铂腔内灌注联合热疗治疗肺癌胸腔积液的临床观察

目的：观察奈达铂胸腔灌注联合热疗治疗肺癌胸腔积液的疗效、生活质量和不良反应。方法：确诊为肺癌恶性胸腔积液的患者50例,随机分成两组,采用中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流排尽胸水后,A组（26例）给予胸腔灌注奈达铂化疗,随后进行患侧胸腔深部热疗;B组（24例）只给予胸腔灌注奈达铂化疗。结果：A组控制胸水的有效率为88.4%,B组为62.5%（P〈0.05）;A组与B组的生活质量好转率分别为84.6%和50.0%（P〈0.05）。结论：采用热疗联合奈达铂胸腔灌注治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液疗效确切,不良反应小,安全性高。     

力比泰联合顺铂治疗30例恶性胸膜间皮瘤的疗效观察

目的：探讨力比泰（培美曲塞）联合顺铂治疗恶性胸膜间皮瘤（MPM）的疗效和毒副作用。方法：30例恶性胸膜间皮瘤患者采用力比泰联合顺铂全身化疗，其中力比泰500mg／m^2第一天静脉点滴，顺铂20mg／m^2，第1—5天静脉点滴，21天为1周期，一般3—4周期。观察近期疗效、远期疗效、毒副作用、中位缓解期和中位生存期。结果：30例患者中，CR4例，PR13例，SD7例，NC6例。总有效率56．7％（17／30），中位缓解期6．8个月，中位生存期11．9个月，毒副作用：白细胞减少发生率为30％（9／30），Ⅲ度-Ⅳ度10％（3／30），血小板减少发生率10％（3／30），皮疹发生率30％（9／30），低热发生率20％（6／30），口腔炎发生率为20％（6／30），其它尚包括恶心、呕吐、疲劳、嗜睡和厌食等。所有毒副作用经对症处理和支持治疗后均恢复正常。结论：力比泰联合顺铂治疗恶性胸膜间皮瘤疗效较好，毒副作用较轻，值得临床推广。     

Comparison of pleuropneumonectomy and limited surgery for lung cancer with pleural dissemination

The role of surgery in the management of lung cancer with pleural dissemination is controversial. We performed a retrospective analysis of our patients with lung cancer and pleural dissemination who were treated surgically. Between 1973 and 1993, 1,206 patients with lung cancer underwent pulmonary resection at Kanazawa University Hospital. Among them, 40 (3.3%) had pleural dissemination without pleural effusion. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates for 38 patients (except 2 patients undergoing exploratory thoracotomy alone) were 51.5%, 19.4%, and 19.4%, respectively. The 1-year survival rate in the 10 patients who underwent pleuropneumonectomy was only 20%, and 9 of these patients died within 18 months postoperatively (1 patient has survived for 25 months). In contrast, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates for the 14 patients who underwent resection of the primary tumor plus parietal pleurectomy were 85.1%, 35.5%, and 35.5%, respectively, a significantly better outcome (P < 0.01). Seven patients are still alive (the longest survival time is 65 months with the disease). The average survival time in the seven fatal cases was 18 months. In patients with lung cancer accompanied by pleural dissemination, it is quite possible that local excision plus pleurectomy will be justified. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

奈达铂腔内灌注联合热疗治疗肺癌胸腔积液的临床观察

目的:观察奈达铂胸腔灌注联合热疗治疗肺癌胸腔积液的疗效、生活质量和不良反应。方法:确诊为肺癌恶性胸腔积液的患者50例,随机分成两组,采用中心静脉导管胸腔闭式引流排尽胸水后,A组(26例)给予胸腔灌注奈达铂化疗,随后进行患侧胸腔深部热疗;B组(24例)只给予胸腔灌注奈达铂化疗。结果:A组控制胸水的有效率为88.4%,B组为62.5%(P<0.05);A组与B组的生活质量好转率分别为84.6%和50.0%(P<0.05)。结论:采用热疗联合奈达铂胸腔灌注治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液疗效确切,不良反应小,安全性高。