冷冻时机对冻融胚胎移植结局的影响

【目的】探讨冷冻时机对冻融胚胎移植（FET ）结局的影响。【方法】回顾性分析420个FET周期，按冷冻时机（d2～d4）进行分组，比较不同冷冻时机时的复苏效果和移植结局。【结果】d4的复苏率、种植率、临床妊娠率分别为83．45％、397．90％、61．70％，d2分别为77．91％、27．98％、50．00％），d3 为75．12％、33．33％、52．02％，但各组之间的复苏率、种植率、临床妊娠率、流产率比较无统计学差异（ P ＞ 0．05）。【结论】胚胎发育不同时机进行冷冻，解冻后胚胎的复苏率、种植率、临床妊娠率及流产率无明显差异，提示可根据工作需要及病人情况灵活选用冷冻时间。     

876例新生儿窒息原因分析及治疗体会

【目的】探讨新生儿窒息的原因及治疗方法。【方法】选择近10年新生儿窒息患儿876例,按时间顺序分为A、B两组,A组（2000－2004年）479例,其中轻度359例,重度120例;B组（2005～2009年）397例,其中轻度301例,重度96例;分析两组窒息原因并比较两组复苏的成功率及病死率。【结果】新生儿窒息与胎位及产程异常、胎膜早破、羊水异常、合并内科疾病、胎儿窘迫、脐带异常及剖宫产等因素密切相关;A组、B组轻度窒息患儿复苏成功率均为100％;B组重度窒息患儿复苏成功率显著高于A组重度窒息患儿（P〈0．01）,其病死率显著低于A组重度窒息患儿（P〈0．01）。【结论】了解新生儿窒息的原因,做好围产期保健,正确处理产程,提高新生儿窒息复苏水平是降低新生儿窒息的重要方法。     

冷冻血小板的稳定性研究

目的探讨冷冻血小板融化复苏后的稳定性。方法将血小板分别置于-80℃和-85℃～-120℃保存，观察冷冻血小板融化复苏后纤维蛋白及絮状不可逆聚集的情况。结果-80℃保存血小板纤维蛋白及絮状不可逆聚集率为24．0％，～85℃～-120℃保存血小板纤维蛋白及絮状不可逆聚集率为0。血小板保存温度不同，纤维蛋白及絮状不可逆聚集发生率的差异有显著性（Х^2-243．18，P〈0．01），冷冻血小板冷冻速度和保存温度对血小板质量的影响有显著性。结论冷冻血小板于-85℃～-120℃保存的稳定性更好。     

不同成熟阶段、不同来源的人类卵子冷冻后发育潜能的比较

目的:探索卵子冷冻的成熟阶段及来源。方法:将153个不同来源的生发卵泡期(GV期)人类卵子分为3组,未冷冻组,体外培养至成熟阶段(MⅡ期),行单精子胞浆内注射(intracytoplasmicsperminjection,ICSI);MⅡ期冷冻组,体外成熟至MⅡ期,然后将MⅡ期卵子进行冷冻,解冻后将存活的卵子行ICSI;GV期冷冻组,将GV期卵子进行冷冻,解冻后体外培养至MⅡ期,然后再行ICSI。观察解冻后卵子存活情况、体外成熟情况、受精情况及胚胎发育情况。结果:(1)冷冻对卵子具有一定程度的损伤,但GV期冷冻组的存活率、受精率显著高于MⅡ期冷冻组。(2)促排周期来源的卵子的体外成熟率高于孕期及自然周期来源的卵子,孕期来源的未成熟卵子冷冻后具有一定的发育潜能。结论:在GV期进行冷冻可降低冷冻对卵子的伤害;孕期来源的未成熟卵子冷冻后具有一定的发育潜能。     

腹腔镜下局部应用甲氨蝶呤治疗输卵管妊娠的临床观察

【目的】探讨输卵管妊娠行腹腔镜保守手术时局部应用甲氨蝶呤的疗效。【方法1248例确诊为输卵管妊娠未破裂型的患者随机分成4组：A纽腹腔镜下清除病灶后局部注射生理盐水；B组腹腔镜下不行局部注射，而是立即行单次肌注甲氨蝶呤（MTX）50mg；C组腹腔镜下在病灶局部注射MTX20mg；D组腹腔镜下在病灶局部注射MTX50mg。观察术后持续性异位妊娠（PEP）发生率、血清β-绒毛膜促性腺激素（pHCG）水平变化、输卵管通畅情况及药物不良反应。【结果】A组PEP发生率为16．1％，B组为8．06％；C组和D组均为1．61％，A组明显高于其余组（P〈0．05），B组高于C组和D组（P〈0．05）；A组β-HCG水平在各个时点均高于其他各组（P〈0．05），C组和D组较B组下降更快，在术后3d、7d及12d均低于B组（P〈0．05）；A组手术侧通畅率59．7％，B组74．2％，C组91．9％，D组90．3％，A组通畅率低于其余组（P〈0．05），C组和D组通畅率高于B组（P〈0．05）；B组、C组和D组MTX不良反应无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。局部注射效果优于单次肌注，局部注射20mg与50mg无统计学差异。【结论】腹腔镜保守手术联合局部应用MTX20mg是要求保留生育功能的输卵管妊娠患者的适宜选择。     

肝癌氩氦刀冷冻对丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉深度的影响

目的探讨肝癌氩氦刀冷冻治疗对丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉（TIVA）深度的影响。方法40例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级肝癌患者择期在丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉下行氩氦刀冷冻治疗术，随机分为两组：A组（n=20）和B组（n=20）。A组维持脑电双频指数（BIS）在同一水平，B组丙泊酚靶控浓度保持恒定，记录各时间段血压（BP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、体温（T）、统计BIS值、丙泊酚用量及麻醉苏醒时间。结果A组丙泊酚用量减少、苏醒快（P〈0．05）；B组冷冻期体温下降、BIS值显著降低、血压下降、心率减慢、苏醒时间延长（P〈0．01）。结论肝癌氩氦刀冷冻治疗术中体温降低可引起麻醉深度改变及丙泊酚用量减少。     

卵子玻璃化冷冻在体外受精-胚胎移植取精失败周期中的应用

目的探讨卵子玻璃化冷冻在体外受精一胚胎移植（IVF—ET）取精失败周期中的应用。方法2010年8月至2012年8月,在解放军第174医院生殖医学中心进行IVF—ET治疗的5例患者,取卵日因男方因素无法进行受精者,在知情同意后对部分卵子进行玻璃化冷冻保存。结果5例患者均解冻了取卵日实施全部冷冻保存的卵子。共复苏卵子35枚,存活24枚,复苏率68．57％;有24枚MⅡ卵子行显微授精（ICSI）,受精22枚,受精率91．67％;形成19枚胚胎,卵裂率86．36％,获可用有效胚胎16枚。5个移植周期移植胚胎13枚,临床妊娠2例,分娩2个健康婴儿,胚胎种植率15．38％,活产率40％。剩余3枚胚胎冷冻保存。结论卵子的玻璃化冷冻保存可以获得一定的临床妊娠率,对IVF—ET治疗中取精失败患者可作为临床治疗的一个供选择的方法。     

冷冻保存对人卵母细胞纺锤体及发育潜能的影响

背景:卵子冷冻技术的发展为人类辅助生殖技术带来重大的突破,但卵子冷冻的效果并不理想.目的:研究冷冻保存对不同成熟时期人卵母细胞纺锤体及发育潜能的影响.设计、时间及地点:随机对照细胞学体外实验,于2005-04/2006-05在重庆市妇幼保健院完成.材料:体外受精-胚胎移植和卵胞浆内单精子显微注射治疗周期中剩余的未成熟卵子(GⅤ期和MⅠ期).方法:将未成熟卵子随机分为对照组、MⅠ/GⅤ卵冷冻组和体外成熟后MⅡ卵冷冻组,用慢冻速融的方法对MⅠ/GⅤ卵和体外成熟的MⅡ卵进行冷冻和解冻,应用Polscope对卵子的纺锤体进行观察,并观察卵子的发育潜能.主要观察指标:不同组卵子的纺锤体可见率,体外成熟情况,冷冻不同时期卵子的复苏情况,及后期的受精、卵裂、可用胚胎情况.结果:对照组纺锤体可见率77.3%,明显高于MⅡ卵冻融组、MⅠ/GV卵冻融组(56.3%,53.8%,P<0.05),冷冻造成了纺锤体的损伤;冷冻后未成熟卵的体外成熟率下降,但无统计学差异;MⅡ期卵、MⅠ期卵和GⅤ期卵复苏率相似;对照组的受精率(81.8%)明显高于MⅡ卵冻融组、MⅠ/GⅤ卵冻融组(62.5%,59.0%,P<0.05),冷冻后的卵子受精能力受到损害;对照组的卵裂率与MⅡ卵冻融组差异无显著性意义(84.4%,72.7%,P>0.05),MⅡ卵冷冻组的卵裂没有受到明显影响;对照组的卵裂率与MⅠ/GⅤ卵冻融组差异有显著性意义(84.4%,52.9%,P<0.05),MⅠ/GⅤ卵冻融后卵裂率明显下降;冷冻组的胚胎质量下降,可用胚胎率明显降低.结论:控制性超排卵周期中剩余的未成熟卵子无论是直接冷冻还是先体外培养成熟后再冷冻,卵子的纺锤体都受到了一定的损伤,对卵子的发育潜能造成了影响.     

常规局部治疗基础上采用表皮生长因子联合高压氧治疗糖尿病足溃疡创面效果观察

【目的】观察常规局部治疗基础上采用表皮生长因子联合高压氧治疗糖尿病足溃疡创面的效果。【方法】125例Wagner分级为2～3级的2型糖尿病足患者随机分为三组：A组（42例）局部清创＋创面外喷生理盐水；B组（40例）在A组基础上＋高压氧治疗；C组（43例）在B组基础上使用表皮生长因子外喷创面。观察各组创面愈合情况、肉芽组织成熟程度。疗程均4周。【结果】A组、B组及C组局部溃疡感染治愈率分别为69．05％、77．50％、93．62％．各组间比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。C组足部溃疡肉芽组织生长情况均优于A组、B组（P〈0．05）。【结论】表皮生长因子联合高压氧治疗能有效促进糖尿病足患者溃疡创面组织再生与修复，加速溃疡愈合。     

中心静脉-动脉血二氧化碳分压差在重症胰腺炎液体复苏中的意义

【目的】探讨中心静脉-动脉二氧化碳分压差（Pcv-aCO2）在重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）急性期液体复苏治疗患者中心静脉血氧饱和度（ScvO2）＞70％情况下,进一步液体复苏评价的临床意义。【方法】选择2013年2～10月间47例入住 ICU病房经早期液体复苏,ScvO2＞70％的 SAP患者。根据患者入组时（T1）的 Pcv-aCO2的值,以6 mmHg为界,分为低Pcv-aCO2组（A组,24例）和高Pcv-aCO2组（B组,23例）。复苏治疗12 h（T2）后再进行一次测量。【结果】T1时 A组患者的乳酸（LA）与 B组患者（3．35±0．49）mmol/L vs（4．46±1．18）mmol/L差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）,但ScvO2值（72．92±2．21）％ vs（74．43±3．94）％差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。T1到T2时段A组的乳酸清除率（LAC）大于B组（P＜0．01）。T1、T2时段的Pcv-aCO2值和LA呈直线相关（r＝0．523、0．537,均P＜0．01）,与LAC也存在良好的负相关（r＝-0．49、0．54,均P＜0．01）。【结论】SAP进行液体复苏的患者,ScvO270％目标值虽已达标,但仍可能存在组织灌注不足。Pcv-aCO2＞6 mmHg 可以作为早期液体复苏后 ScvO2达标的 SAP患者进一步液体复苏的指标。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.