臂丛神经下干不同损伤诱发神经病理性疼痛大鼠后足的痛行为学特征

目的 比较颈胸椎前路和后路臂丛神经下干切断伤与根性撕脱伤诱发神经病理性疼痛大鼠术侧后足的痛行为学特征.方法 18只成年雌性SD大鼠随机接受右侧前路下干切断、前路及后路下干根性撕脱手术(每组6只),另外6只健康大鼠作为对照组.臂丛损伤术前及术后3、7、14和28 d,检测大鼠术侧后足的机械痛缩足阈值、冷刺激诱发痛评分及热刺激缩足潜伏期.结果 对照组与3个损伤组之间术前三项痛行为学指标的差异无统计学意义.与术前相比,前路切断伤组冷刺激诱发痛评分明显增高(P<0.01),机械痛缩足阈值及热刺激缩足潜伏期则无明显变化;前路及后路撕脱伤组术后各时间点机械痛缩足阈值均显著降低(P<0.01),冷刺激诱发痛评分均明显增高(P<0.01),而热刺激缩足潜伏期则无显著变化.与切断伤组相比,两撕脱伤组术后各时间点热刺激缩足潜伏期则无显著差异,而后足机械痛缩足阈值均显著降低(P<0.05),冷刺激诱发痛评分亦显著增高(P<0.01),这种痛行为学的变化可持续至28 d(最长观察期);两撕脱伤组间各痛行为学指标的差异无统计学意义.结论 大鼠前、后入路臂丛下干根性撕脱伤均可作为理想的神经病理性疼痛模型,而臂丛下干切断伤因致痛效果较差则不宜用作神经病理性痛模型.     

臂丛神经下干不同损伤诱发神经病理性疼痛大鼠后足的痛行为学特征

目的 比较颈胸椎前路和后路臂丛神经下干切断伤与根性撕脱伤诱发神经病理性疼痛大鼠术侧后足的痛行为学特征.方法 18只成年雌性SD大鼠随机接受右侧前路下干切断、前路及后路下干根性撕脱手术(每组6只),另外6只健康大鼠作为对照组.臂丛损伤术前及术后3、7、14和28 d,检测大鼠术侧后足的机械痛缩足阈值、冷刺激诱发痛评分及热刺激缩足潜伏期.结果 对照组与3个损伤组之间术前三项痛行为学指标的差异无统计学意义.与术前相比,前路切断伤组冷刺激诱发痛评分明显增高(P<0.01),机械痛缩足阈值及热刺激缩足潜伏期则无明显变化;前路及后路撕脱伤组术后各时间点机械痛缩足阈值均显著降低(P<0.01),冷刺激诱发痛评分均明显增高(P<0.01),而热刺激缩足潜伏期则无显著变化.与切断伤组相比,两撕脱伤组术后各时间点热刺激缩足潜伏期则无显著差异,而后足机械痛缩足阈值均显著降低(P<0.05),冷刺激诱发痛评分亦显著增高(P<0.01),这种痛行为学的变化可持续至28 d(最长观察期);两撕脱伤组间各痛行为学指标的差异无统计学意义.结论 大鼠前、后入路臂丛下干根性撕脱伤均可作为理想的神经病理性疼痛模型,而臂丛下干切断伤因致痛效果较差则不宜用作神经病理性痛模型.     

臂丛神经下干不同损伤诱发神经病理性疼痛大鼠后足的痛行为学特征

目的 比较颈胸椎前路和后路臂丛神经下干切断伤与根性撕脱伤诱发神经病理性疼痛大鼠术侧后足的痛行为学特征.方法 18只成年雌性SD大鼠随机接受右侧前路下干切断、前路及后路下干根性撕脱手术(每组6只),另外6只健康大鼠作为对照组.臂丛损伤术前及术后3、7、14和28 d,检测大鼠术侧后足的机械痛缩足阈值、冷刺激诱发痛评分及热刺激缩足潜伏期.结果 对照组与3个损伤组之间术前三项痛行为学指标的差异无统计学意义.与术前相比,前路切断伤组冷刺激诱发痛评分明显增高(P<0.01),机械痛缩足阈值及热刺激缩足潜伏期则无明显变化;前路及后路撕脱伤组术后各时间点机械痛缩足阈值均显著降低(P<0.01),冷刺激诱发痛评分均明显增高(P<0.01),而热刺激缩足潜伏期则无显著变化.与切断伤组相比,两撕脱伤组术后各时间点热刺激缩足潜伏期则无显著差异,而后足机械痛缩足阈值均显著降低(P<0.05),冷刺激诱发痛评分亦显著增高(P<0.01),这种痛行为学的变化可持续至28 d(最长观察期);两撕脱伤组间各痛行为学指标的差异无统计学意义.结论 大鼠前、后入路臂丛下干根性撕脱伤均可作为理想的神经病理性疼痛模型,而臂丛下干切断伤因致痛效果较差则不宜用作神经病理性痛模型.     

神经移位治疗臂丛上干根性撕脱伤

目的 阐明神经移位治疗臂丛上干根性撕脱伤的疗效。方法 1990年3月至1998年2月,对14例臂丛干根性撕脱伤患者,将同侧胸前外侧神经直接移位于腑神经,胸背神经直接移位于肌皮神经,以重建三角肌、肱三头肌功能。结果 术后随访1年以上,三角肌肌力8例恢复至M4,4例M3,2例为M3－;肱二头肌肌力14例均恢复至M4。结论 运用同侧胸前外侧神经、胸背神经移闰的方法治疗臂丛上干根性撕脱伤,疗效较好;对原有的臂丛中、下干神经的主要功能无明显影响。     

健侧C_7与下干直接吻合治疗创伤性臂丛撕脱伤的中期疗效

目的 探讨健侧C_7神经根经椎体前通路移位与患侧下干直接吻合治疗创伤性臂从撕脱伤的中期疗效.方法 2004年5月至2009年4月,采用健侧C_7与下干直接吻合治疗创伤性臂丛撕脱伤患者220例,其中64例获得3年以上的来院随访,男59例,女5例;年龄7～51岁,平均26岁.伤后到手术时间1～18个月,平均3.7个月.全臂丛撕脱伤60例,中、下干撕脱伴上干不全损伤2例,中、下干撕脱而上干正常2例.健侧C_7与下干直接吻合56例,与内侧束直接吻合8例.30例行肱骨短缩截骨,截骨长度2.6～5.8 cm,平均3.9 cm.结果 术后随访36～57个月,平均44个月.41例屈指肌力恢复到4级,3级12例,2级10例,0级1例,优良率为64.1%(41/64);34例拇长屈肌肌力为4级,3级14例,2级14例,0级2例,优良率为53.1%(34/64);47例尺侧屈腕肌力为4级,3级9例,2级7例,0级1例,优良率为73.4%(47/64);32例掌长肌肌力为4级,3级20例,2级11例,0级1例,优良率为50%(32/64).结论 健侧C_7与患侧下干直接吻合较传统的手术方法缩短了神经再生的距离及减少了一个吻合口,可显著提高其重建屈指、屈腕功能效果.     

Effect of ipsilateral C7 nerve root transfer on restoration of rat upper trunk muscle and nerve function after brachial plexus root avulsion

The effects of ipsilateral cervical nerve root transfer on the restoration of the rat upper trunk muscle and nerve brachial plexus root avulsion were studied. After simulated root avulsion of the upper trunk brachial plexus, 120 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: (A) ipsilateral C7 root transfer group; (B) Oberlin group; (C) phrenic nerve group; and (D) no axillary nerve restoration group. At 3, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively, Ochiai score, Barth feet overreaching test, Terzis grooming test, and indices of neurotization were determined in 10 rats from each group. Twelve weeks postoperatively, nearly all the behavioral, neuroelectrophysiological, and histological outcomes of the axillary nerve and deltoid muscle and some of the indices of musculocutaneous nerve and biceps brachii function in the ipsilateral C7 group were superior to those in the other 3 groups. No significant difference was found between the ipsilateral C7 group and the other 3 groups in recovery rate of wet biceps muscle weight. No significant difference was found between the ipsilateral C7 group and the Oberlin group in the recovery of the axillary nerve compound muscle action potential and biceps brachii cell size. No significant difference was found between the ipsilateral C7 group and the phrenic nerve and no axillary nerve restoration groups in amplitude recovery rate of musculocutaneous nerve compound muscle action potential. No significant difference was found between the ipsilateral C7 and the Oberlin groups in the early recovery of musculocutaneous nerve compound muscle action potential, but recovery was significantly better in the ipsilateral C7 group at 12 weeks. Ipsilateral C7 root transfer can improve the quality of restoration of muscle and nerve function in the rat upper trunk after brachial plexus root avulsion.     

膈神经移位修复下干后股重建臂丛撕脱伤伸肘及伸指功能的中期随访

 目的 观察膈神经移位修复下干后股重建臂丛神经撕脱伤伸肘、伸指、伸拇功能的效果。方法 2005年6月至2008年12月采用膈神经移位修复下干后股重建43例臂丛神经撕脱伤患者的伸肘及伸指功能,男36例,女7例;年龄4~44岁,平均(23.5±9.9)岁。受伤至手术时间1~12个月,平均(3.7±1.9)个月。其中全臂丛神经撕脱伤32例,中下干撕脱伴上干部分损伤或正常5例,C6~T1神经根撕脱伴C5椎孔外断裂或部分损伤6例。取锁骨上、下臂丛神经探查联合切口,显露下干后股,向近端干支分离后切断。将后侧束、桡神经向远端游离,切断后侧束的其他分支。将下干后股、后侧束及桡神经上提,膈神经在胸廓上口内切断,将膈神经与下干后股吻合。膈神经与下干后股直接吻合33例,通过腓肠神经桥接10例。结果 全部病例获得随访,随访时间36~73个月,平均(39.7±7.1)个月。伸肘、伸指、伸拇肌力达到3或以上的比例分别为81.6%、41.9%、39.5%。结论 膈神经移位修复下干后股,其伸肘功能恢复满意,伸指、伸拇功能的恢复仍需进一步改善。     

Intercostal nerve cross-anastomosis and DREZ-tomy in a patient with brachial plexus avulsion

An 18-year-old male with a right brachial plexus injury caused by a motorcycle accident was admitted on October 13, 1988. A detailed examination revealed that the brachial plexus was totally injured. The axon reflex test suggested that the lesion sites were postganglionic in the C5 and C6 nerves, and preganglionic in the C7, C8 and Th1. On December 14, 1988, intercostal nerve cross-anastomosis was performed in the hope that a lost motor function of the right upper extremity could be restored as a first step. An electromyogram 6 months after this anastomotic operation demonstrated synkinesis between the biceps brachialis and the intercostal muscles during deep inspiration. Fifteen months after this operation, active voluntary muscle discharges which were higher than before in amplitude, were provoked. The right elbow flexion was gradually restored independently of respiration. On the other hand, intractable pain with a persistent severe tingling sensation appeared approximately one week after the injury on the lesioned upper extremity. The pain rapidly increased in severity. The DREZ-tomy from C5 to Th1 was performed on March 7, 1989. This has brought complete relief of the intractable pain. A brief discussion was given concerning some aspects of the brachial plexus avulsion and DREZ-tomy.     

联合尺神经束支和臂丛外神经移位治疗臂丛损伤

目的 观察联合尺神经束支和臂丛外神经移位治疗臂丛损伤的临床效果.方法 臂丛损伤6例,其中单纯上干损伤4例;上中干为主,合并下干部分损伤2例.伤后平均2.8个月接受手术.术式包括尺神经部分束支转位至肌皮神经肱二头肌肌支,膈神经或者副神经斜方肌支转位至肩胛上神经,桡神经肱三头肌长头肌支转位修复腋神经肌支.用肱二头肌、岗上肌和三角肌肌力,肩外展和上举角度,尺神经功能损失等指标对手术方式和效果进行评估.结果 6例中5例得到随访,平均随访时间18个月,肱二头肌均在术后3～4个月开始恢复肌力.随访时间18个月以上的4例屈肘M_4~+～M_5;随访时间4个月的1例屈肘M_3~+.其中3例行外展功能重建,单用膈神经修复的病例上臂可上举至180°,外展肌力M_4~+;联合副神经和肱三头肌长头肌支修复的病例上肢可外展90°,肌力M_4~-;单用副神经修复的病例上肢可外展80°,肌力M_3~+.3例手部握持力与术前相同,2例增强.4例手部尺神经供区功能无明显影响,1例小指掌侧皮肤感觉减退,第一骨间背侧肌萎缩.结论 尺神经部分束支转位修复肱二头肌支可以有效的恢复臂丛损伤后屈肘功能;用膈神经修复肩胛上神经可能取得更好的肩外展和上举效果;本组臂丛下干部分损伤的病例受伤均在3个月内,采用此术式同样恢复了肱二头肌功能,未加重原有的手功能障碍.     

同侧颈7神经根移位治疗臂丛上千根性撕脱伤的实验研究

目的 实验性比较同侧C7神经根全根移位与其他3种方法治疗臂丛上千根性撕脱伤的疗效.方法 120只SD大鼠建立上千根性撕脱伤模型后随机等分为4组,每组30只.(1)A组:同侧C7移位至上千+副神经至肩胛上神经;(2)B组:Oberlin手术(尺神经一束移位至肱二头肌支)+副神经至肩胛上神经+桡神经肱三头肌长头支至腋神经前支;(3)C组:膈神经移位至上千前股+副神经至肩胛上神经+颈丛运动支至上千后股;(4)D组:膈神经移位至上千前股+副神经至肩胛上神经,不作腋神经修复.术后3、6和12周每组取10只大鼠作Ochiai评分、Barth足错步试验、Terzis梳头试验及神经再生指标的榆测.结果 术后3周,A组3项行为学检测指标与3个对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.017),腋神经电生理指标均显著优于3个对照组,其余各项腋神经及三角肌组织学指标均显著优于C组和D组,但与B组比较差异无统计学意义.A组除肌皮神经再生有髓神经纤维通过率显著优于C组外,其余肌皮神经及肱二头肌的电牛理与组织学检测指标与3个对照组比较差异无统计学意义.12周时,A组各项行为学观察、几乎全部腋神经和三角肌的电生理与组织学检测以及部分肌皮神经和肱二头肌的电生理与组织学检测指标均已显著优于3个对照组.结论 同侧C7神经根移位对治疗臂丛上千根性撕脱伤的实验性疗效显著.     

健侧C7神经经椎体后通路治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的解剖学研究

目的通过解剖学研究,探讨健侧C7神经经椎体后通路移位治疗对侧臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的可行性。方法取10具甲醛固定的成人尸体标本,其中男7具,女3具,标本均无明显畸形,组织无缺损,颈部中立位。模拟臂从神经损伤手术探查方式,将C₇神经根的前、后股向远端行干支分离使其长度增加后再切断,同时测量C₇神经根自椎间孔发出至分股处长度及其前、后股长度;模拟颈椎后路手术入路,充分暴露C₇颈椎及T₁棘突,并于其间靠近椎体侧钻孔,测最经椎体后通路达对侧臂丛神经上干与下干距离。结果 C₇神经根长度为（58.62±8.70）mm,加后股长度为（65.15±9.11）mm,加前股长度为（70.03±10.79）mm。经椎体后通路C₇神经根至对侧臂丛神经上干距离为（72.12±10.22）mm,至对侧臂丛神经下干距离为（95.21±12.50）mm。结论健侧C₇神经可以经椎体后通路移位至对侧,不需要或仅需一小段桥接神经,该通路能有效避免经椎体前路损伤血管、神经等并发症,可能成为治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的有效入路。     

儿童创伤性臂丛神经撕脱伤的屈指功能重建

目的 观察健侧C_7,经椎体前通路移位与下干直接吻合,重建儿童创伤性臂从神经撕脱伤屈指功能的效果.方法 健侧C_7,在其前后股的远端切断,向近端游离至椎间孔,经椎体前通路牵至患侧.游离患侧臂丛下干及内侧束,切断下干后股及胸前内侧神经.将正中神经、尺神经及前臂内侧皮神经自内侧束的起始处一直游离到上臂中段.息肩前屈、内收至0°位,肘关节屈曲90°,上提患侧下干并与健侧C_7,直接吻合.2004年8月至2008年3月对20例患儿进行了健侧C_7,与患侧下干或内侧束直接吻合术.其中男16例,女4例;年龄5-18岁,平均13岁;伤后到手术时间1-11个月,平均4.6个月.全臂丛撕脱伤13例,中、下干撕脱伤7例.为减少吻合口张力,11例进行了肱骨短缩,短缩长度2.5-4.5 cm,平均(3.1±0.7)cm.结果 术后患者随访时间12-51个月,平均 27.4个月.屈指肌力4级18例,2级2例;屈拇长肌力4级10例、3级8例、2级2例.小指展肌肌力3级l例,2级1例;拇短展肌肌力3级1例.结论 健侧C_7,与患侧下干直接吻合,由于只有一个吻 合口及缩短了神经再生的距离,其重建屈指、屈拇功能的效果满意,并可恢复手内在肌的部分功能.     

同侧颈7神经根选择性移位术治疗臂丛上干根性撕脱伤

目的 针对臂丛上干根性撕脱伤合并膈神经损伤病例,采用新的同侧颈_7神经根选择性束组移位方法,并证实其科学性、可行性与实用性,方法 自96年6月～99年2月,运用同侧颈_7神经根选择性束组移位术12例。其中臂丛上干撕脱伤10例,臂丛上干根性撕脱伤合并中干颈_7神经根部分损伤2例。全麻下行同侧选择性颈_7神经根前股前外侧份移位,直接与上干前股显微缝合。术后随访9例,并进行疗效评价。结果 7例颈_7神经根前股外侧份移位至上于前股有明显疗效,术后2月肌电检查证实有移位神经长入;术后4～7月即见肱二头肌恢复屈肘动作,而原颈_7神经根支配肌肉功能均无明显功能障碍。结论 同侧选择性颈_7神经根纤维束组移位不仅不影响颈_7神经根原有支配肌的运动功能,而且提供动力神经源,不失为一种新的切实可行的手术治疗方法。     

健侧C7神经根移位对修复全臂丛根性撕脱伤术后运动皮层重塑的影响

目的 探讨大鼠全臂丛根性撕脱伤行健侧C7神经根移位术后运动皮层重塑的变化,比较不同术式对运动皮层重塑的影响.方法 建立幼年Sprague-Dawley大鼠左侧全臂丛根性撕脱伤模型90只,随机采用三种不同术式健侧C7神经根移位术治疗,包括健侧C7神经根移位至上干前股(A组,30只),移位至正中和肌皮神经(B组,30只)以及移位至正中神经(C组,30只).分别于术后1.5、3、6、9、12个月,以微电极刺激技术检测各组大鼠患肢支配区在双侧大脑运动皮层的分布.另取6只成年SD大鼠为空白对照组.结果 术后1.5个月,各实验组大鼠患肢支配区仅位于同侧运动皮层;术后3和6个月,患肢支配区均位于双侧运动皮层;术后9个月,A组大鼠患肢支配区已达对侧运动皮层;术后12个月,各实验组大鼠患肢支配区均位于对侧运动皮层,B组运动皮层重塑程度优于C组.结论 幼年大鼠健侧C7神经根移位术后运动皮层患肢支配区可实现由同侧皮层到双侧再到对侧皮层的跨大脑半球功能重翅.健侧C7神经根移位术受体神经的类型影响术后运动皮层重塑,移位至臂丛上干前股或同时移位至正中和肌皮神经更有利于实现运动皮层的跨半球重塑.     

Dorsal root entry zone lesions for the treatment of brachial plexus avulsion injuries: a follow-up study

Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesions have been shown to yield short term relief from the pain associated with a brachial plexus avulsion injury. Because of the propensity of pain to recur after neuroablative procedures, 39 patients with pain after a brachial plexus avulsion injury were observed for 14 months to 10 years after DREZ lesions were made. Fifty-four per cent of these patients were afforded good pain relief. Of 21 patients who had multiple small lesions made within the DREZ, 15 (72%) were afforded good pain relief.     

Valproic acid protection against the brachial plexus root avulsion‐induced death of motoneurons in rats

In this study, the role of valproic acid (VPA) in protecting motoneuron after brachial plexus root avulsion was investigated in adult rats. Sixty rats were used in this study, and underwent the brachial plexus root avulsion injury, which was created by using a micro‐hemostat forceps to pull out brachial plexus root from the intervertebral foramen. The animals were divided into two groups, VPA group administered with VPA dissolved in drinking water (300 mg/kg) daily, and control group had drinking water every day. The spinal cords (C5‐T1) were harvested at day 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 28 for immunohistochemistry analysis, TUNEL staining, Nissl staining, and electron microscopy, respectively. The results showed that with VPA administration, the survival of motoneurons was promoted and the cell apoptosis was inhibited. The number of c‐Jun and Bcl‐2 positive motoneurons was increased immediately after avulsion both in control and VPA group, however, the percent of c‐Jun positive motoneurons was decreased and the percent of Bcl‐2 positive motoneurons was increased by VPA treatment significantly. Our results indicated that motoneurons were protected by VPA against cell death induced by brachial plexus root avulsion through c‐Jun inhibition and Bcl‐2 induction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:551–559, 2013.     

健侧C7 神经根经椎体前移位修复臂丛上干损伤的中期临床随访

目的 观察健侧C7 神经根经椎体前通路移位修复臂丛上干损伤重建肩外展、屈肘功能的中期效果.方法 健侧C7 神经根经椎体前通路移位修复臂丛上干损伤患者15例,男14例,女1例;年龄15～43岁,平均30岁.全臂丛撕脱伤7例,上、中干撕脱伴下干不全损伤6例,上、中干损伤2例.健侧C7 神经根经椎体前通路移位到患侧臂丛上干的距离平均(7.6±1.7)cm,8例同时行副神经或膈神经移位单独修复肩胛上神经.结果 随访36～63个月,平均50个月.健侧上肢用力内收时,12例患者的肱二头肌、三角肌、胸大肌锁骨部、冈上肌肌力(8例来自副神经或膈神经的支配)均达到4级,大脑皮层运动支配中枢发生临床转化;另3例肌力为3级或以下,尚未发生大脑皮层运动支配中枢的临床转化.健侧上肢用力内收时,8例肩胛上神经单独修复者的肩外展角度平均78.0°,另7例平均43.1..结论 健侧C7 神经根经椎体前通路移位可用于修复臂丛上千损伤,桥接神经的距离短,重建肩外展及屈肘功能的效果良好,大脑皮层运动支配中枢可发生临床转化.     

臂丛神经损伤后期伸腕（指）功能重建

目的探讨臂丛神经损伤后期,不同肌腱移位方法重建伸腕（指）功能的疗效。方法采用Riordan肌腱移位、指浅屈肌腱移位、伸肌腱固定等手术重建不可逆臂丛神经损伤伸腕（指）功能24例,其中全臂丛12例、臂丛上中干9例、臂丛后侧束神经损伤3例,功能重建术距神经损伤或修复后时间为2～12年。结果术后经3～36个月随访,参照肌腱移位术疗效评定标准,优4例,良11例,可5例,差4例,优良率62．5％。结论臂丛神经损伤后期伸腕（指）功能缺失的重建,需根据患肢条件,采用不同肌腱移位方法。可以获得较满意的基本功能。