脂肪组织来源干细胞与脂肪瘤间充质干细胞特性的比较研究

目的 比较体外培养的脂肪来源干细胞(adipose-derived stem cells,ASCs)与脂肪瘤间充质干细胞(lipoma-derived mesenchymal stem cells,LMSCs)的生物特性,以探讨ASCs移植的安全性.方法 对正常脂肪组织和脂肪瘤组织进行切片染色,分离培养ASCs和LMSCs,观察细胞形态;MTS比色法检测细胞活性并绘制细胞生长曲线;流式细胞仪测定细胞周期及表面分子表达;QRT-PCR检测高迁移率族蛋白2(HMGA2)表达水平;免疫组织化学染色法鉴定端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)的表达.结果 正常脂肪组织和脂肪瘤组织切片差异明显;ASCs细胞形态一致性好,而LMSCs具有不均质性;MTS活性测定ASCs增殖活性要远低于LMSCs细胞(P=0.000);流式细胞仪检测结果显示ASCs与LMSCs在干细胞标志CD29、CD44、CD105上表达类似,而在肿瘤干细胞标志CD133表达上,ASCs(5.35%)要远低于LMSCs(26.87%);细胞周期显示ASCs的增殖能力低于LMSCs;定量PR-PCR显示ASCs中HMGA2平均aQ值为1,远低于在LMSCs中的表达(1.79),两者差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);免疫细胞化学结果:hTERT在ASCs和LMSCs中的累计吸光度A值分别为1 379.597±498.617和3 328.108±902.856,面积分别为132 390.27±35 568.945和238 000.53±49 264.289,平均吸光度A值分别为0.009±0.003和0.014±0.003,ASCs中hTERT表达远低于LMSCs.结论 体外培养的ASCs生物学特性与LMSCs存在显著差异,未发现其恶性转、化为肿瘤干细胞的证据.     

脐带Wharton胶来源MSCs生物学特性及其优越性的研究进展

目的总结脐带Wharton胶来源MSCs(Wharton’s jelly-MSCs,WJ-MSCs)生物学特性及其优越性的研究进展。方法查阅近年来关于WJ-MSCs的生物学特性及其与脐带血MSCs(umbilical cord blood MSCs,UBMSCs)和BMSCs相比较的文献,进行综述分析。结果从脐带Wharton胶中可分离获得大量具有自我复制、自我更新、高度增殖和多向分化潜能的MSCs。与UBMSCs和BMSCs相比较,WJ-MSCs在分离时间、分离成功率、倍增时间、传代数量和扩增潜能等方面均具有优越性。结论 WJ-MSCs具有取材简便、来源丰富、相对纯净、无伦理问题等优点,是细胞移植治疗、基因治疗和组织工程器官构建的理想种子细胞,为组织再生修复与原位重建提供了新思路。     

A comparative analysis of human mesenchymal stem cell response to hypoxia in vitro: Implications to translational strategies

Purpose

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are particularly valuable for structural tissue replacement. We compared the response to hypoxia among human MSCs derived from four different clinically relevant sources as an adjunct to translational developments.

Methods

Immunophenotypically indistinguishable human MSC lineages derived from bone marrow (bmMSCs), adipose tissue (adMSCs), amniotic fluid (afMSCs), and umbilical cord blood (cbMSCs) were submitted to either room air or 1% O₂, under otherwise standard culture conditions. Cell expansion and quantitative RT-PCR data were obtained at different time points. Statistical analysis was by two-way mixed model and the F-test (P < 0.05).

Results

The effect of hypoxia on expansion kinetics was dependent on cell source. Only prenatal sources of MSCs – afMSCs (P = 0.002) and cbMSCs (P < 0.001) – proliferated significantly faster under hypoxia than normoxia. Increased HIF1-alpha expression correlated consistently with increased cell expansion only among afMSCs. There were no significant variabilities in Survivin, Oct-4, and VEGF expressions.

Conclusions

Mesenchymal stem cell tolerance to hypoxia in vitro varies with cell source. Prenatal cells, particularly those derived from amniotic fluid, are more robust than their postnatal counterparts. HIF1-alpha may play a role in the amniotic fluid-derived cells’ enhanced response. These findings should inform the choice of mesenchymal stem cells for prospective regenerative strategies.     

骨髓基质干细胞及其应用研究进展

骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)作为一种干细胞，由于具有很强的自我更新能力和多分化潜能，近年来引起了广泛的注意，体内外试验中已发现BMSCs可以分化为骨组织和软骨组织、神经组织等组织的细胞，并且具有修复以上各组织缺损的能力；同时发现BMSCs是一种理想的基因载体，从而达到基因治疗的目的。本文旨在对BMSCs的分离、培养、生物学特性、基因治疗及其组织修复中的应用研究进展作一综述。     

胎盘间充质干细胞与骨髓间充质干细胞分离培养和生物学特性研究

目的探讨兔胎盘间充质干细胞(placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells,PMSCs)和兔骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow-derived MSCs,BMSCs)体外分离培养、增殖,对其生物学性状进行比较观察。方法取足月待产新西兰大耳白兔1只,采用密度梯度离心法及贴壁培养技术从兔胎盘对PMSCs进行分离、纯化和传代培养。取2周龄新西兰大耳白兔1只,采用直接贴壁法从后肢骨髓中对BMSCs进行分离、纯化和传代培养。用倒置相差显微镜观察两种细胞形态。免疫组织化学染色对第3代细胞表面标志(CD44、CD105、CD34、CD40L)进行鉴定。将BMSCs与PMSCs第2代细胞分别与生物衍生骨进行复合培养5d,每条材料接种(1.0~1.5)×106个细胞,苏木素染色观察细胞与材料复合培养情况。扫描电镜观察两种细胞分别与材料复合培养3d和8d的情况。结果在倒置相差显微镜下观察,两种细胞均为贴壁生长,形态为均一成纤维细胞样。PMSCs增殖力强,细胞的增殖能力随传代次数的增加而有所下降,细胞体外培养10代后,生长速度减慢。两种细胞均表达CD44、CD105,不表达CD34、CD40L。复合培养5d,PMSCs和BMSCs在生物衍生骨表面生长,大量黏附,细胞积聚成团,相互连接成网状,孔隙内也可见细胞生长和增殖,并分泌基质。扫描电镜观察:复合培养3d,可见较多量的细胞在生物衍生骨上黏附,呈梭形或多角形;8d两种细胞均已大量增长,呈层状排列,细胞连接紧密,分泌大量基质,细胞周围有较多的网状胶原形成。结论PMSCs与BMSCs有相似的生物学特性,可作为组织工程的另一成体干细胞来源。     

不同组织来源间充质干细胞体外成骨分化能力的比较研究

目的比较成人脂肪间充质干细胞(ASCs)、脐带间充质干细胞(UC-MSCs)和成人骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的成骨能力,选择优势干细胞种类作为应用于骨组织工程治疗骨缺损的种子细胞。方法采用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/Ham’s F-12培养液培养3种MSCs。取3种MSCs的P3代,通过CCK8方法检测其增殖能力;通过流式细胞仪进行鉴定;通过碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和茜素红染色检测骨分化蛋白ALP的分泌和矿化钙结节的沉积,并对钙结节进行定量分析;通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)方法检测骨再生相关基因的表达。结果 3种P3代MSCs在3~5d之间增殖均处于对数生长期;流式鉴定3种细胞的表面标志物阳性率:CD44、CD90和CD105均高于97%,阴性率:CD14、CD34和CD45均低于1%;ALP染色结果显示3种MSCs成骨诱导9d时,细胞内均表达ALP,茜素红染色结果显示成骨诱导18d时,均呈现较好的矿化能力,BMSCs和UC-MSCs成骨诱导后形成的钙结节无显著性差异;RT-q PCR结果显示3种MSCs成骨诱导组相比较于对照组,成骨再生相关基因Osterix、ALP、I型胶原(COL1)和骨钙素(OCN)均显著性高表达;3种MSCs成骨诱导9d时,UC-MSCs实验组的COLI基因表达显著性高于BMSCs,成骨诱导18d时,ASCs实验组的Osterix基因表达显著性高于BMSCs。结论 ASCs和UC-MSCs具有一定的成骨矿化能力,有望成为骨组织工程治疗骨缺损的种子细胞。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对骨髓间充质干细胞定向诱导为角质形成细胞调控作用的实验研究

目的：探讨骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）分化为角质形成细胞的可能性及在此过程中血管紧张素Ⅱ （AngⅡ）对其的调控作用.方法：抽取Wistar大鼠的骨髓,经全骨髓法分离、纯化MSCs,鉴定后建立MSCs细胞模型,用成胶质细胞诱导培养基诱导其为角质形成细胞,显微镜下观察其形态学变化.以添加了AngⅡ 的成角质形成细胞诱导培养基组与单纯成角质形成细胞诱导培养基组在诱导MSCs 7天、10天后行角蛋白10（CKP10）免疫组织化学染色及流式细胞仪检测,并进行对比观察分析.结果：培养的MSCs具有成脂、成骨分化的能力.MSCs可以成功诱导为角质形成细胞,添加Ang Ⅱ的诱导组与对照诱导组CKP10免疫组化染色均有阳性表达,但添加AngⅡ组阳性细胞数高于对照组.流式细胞仪检测显示CKP10阳性细胞百分率,AngⅡ组为80.62％,对照组（32.46％）,两者相差显著（P＜0.05）.结论：MSCs可以诱导分化为角质形成细胞,ANGⅡ对MSC的成角质形成细胞分化有显著的促进作用,这一作用可能是AngⅡ 促进创面愈合的机制之一.     

Stem cells: novel players in the treatment of erectile dysfunction

Stem cells are defined by their capacity for both self-renewal and directed differentiation; thus, they represent great promise for regenerative medicine. Historically, stem cells have been categorized as either embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or adult stem cells (ASCs). It was previously believed that only ESCs hold the ability to differentiate into any cell type, whereas ASCs have the capacity to give rise only to cells of a given germ layer. More recently, however, numerous studies demonstrated the ability of ASCs to differentiate into cell types beyond their tissue origin. The aim of this review was to summarize contemporary evidence regarding stem cell availability, differentiation, and more specifically, the potential of these cells in the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in both animal models and human research. We performed a search on PubMed for articles related to definition, localisation and circulation of stem cells as well as the application of stem cells in both diagnosis and treatment of ED. Strong evidence supports the concept that stem cell therapy is potentially the next therapeutic approach for ED. To date, a large spectrum of stem cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stem cells and muscle-derived stem cells, have been investigated for neural, vascular, endothelial or smooth muscle regeneration in animal models for ED. In addition, several subtypes of ASCs are localized in the penis, and circulating endogenous stem cells can be employed to predict the outcome of ED and ED-related cardiovascular diseases.     

蜕皮甾酮和骨髓间充质干细胞对早期创面抗炎作用的初步研究

目的:研究蜕皮甾酮(EDS)及骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)对烫伤创面的早期抗炎作用.方法:新西兰大耳白兔18只,每只兔用烫伤仪制备4个创面并经病理证实为深Ⅱ度,随机标记为空白对照组(A组)、EDS组(B组)、BMSC(C组)、EDS+BMSC(D组).烫伤后5、10、15 d各处死6只家兔,观察炎性细胞浸润度、创面愈合...     

TGF-β1和bFGFs体外诱导成人骨髓间充质干细胞表达软骨细胞表型的实验研究

目的：从人骨髓中分离间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells，MSCs)，应用流式细胞学技术分析不同细胞因子对细胞增殖分化的影响并观察细胞组织化学特点。结果：MSCs具有独特的表征，即CD29阳性，CD34阴性：TGF—β1(transforming growth faetorsβ1，TGF—β1)、bFGFs(base fibroblast growth faethors，bFGFs)及两者的联合应用可诱导MSCs表达软骨细胞表型向成软骨细胞方向分化：结论：MSCs是一群均一的细胞，具有独特表征，本实验所采用的细胞分离方法为筛选合适的细胞体外扩增及分化提供了有意义的线索。     

Putative heterotopic ossification progenitor cells derived from traumatized muscle

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a frequent complication following combat‐related trauma, but the pathogenesis of traumatic HO is poorly understood. Building on our recent identification of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) in traumatically injured muscle, the goal of this study was to evaluate the osteogenic potential of the MPCs in order to assess the role of these cells in HO formation. Compared to bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a well‐characterized population of osteoprogenitor cells, the MPCs exhibited several significant differences during osteogenic differentiation and in the expression of genes related to osteogenesis. Upon osteogenic induction, MPCs showed increased alkaline phosphatase activity, production of a mineralized matrix, and up‐regulated expression of the osteoblast‐associated genes CBFA1 and alkaline phosphatase. However, MPCs did not appear to reach terminal differentiation as the expression of osteocalcin was not substantially up‐regulated. With the exception of a few genes, the osteogenic gene expression profile of traumatized muscle‐derived MPCs was comparable to that of the MSCs after osteogenic induction. These findings indicate that traumatized muscle‐derived MPCs have the potential to function as osteoprogenitor cells when exposed to the appropriate biochemical environment and are the putative osteoprogenitor cells that initiate ectopic bone formation in HO. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1645–1651, 2009     

低氧对脂肪间充质干细胞向雪旺细胞分化的影响

目的探讨低氧对脂肪间充质干细胞（ADMSCs）向雪旺细胞（SCs）分化能力的影响。方法分离培养SD大鼠ADMSCs并用流式细胞仪、茜素红染色、油红O染色鉴定。将成功分离的ADMSCs随机分为3组：常氧诱导组,在常氧条件下（5％CO2,21％O2,37℃）诱导;低氧处理＋常氧诱导组,低氧处理（5％CO2,0．5％O2,37℃）后在常氧条件下诱导;低氧诱导组,低氧条件下（5％CO2,0．5％O2,37℃）诱导。观察各组细胞形态,MTT法检测细胞增殖情况,免疫荧光染色和Westernblot检测SCs标志物GFAP和S-100的表达。结果细胞分离后,经流式细胞仪分析可见细胞表面CD44阳性、CD45阳性、CD90阳性,茜素红及油红O染色均为阳性。MTT法检测结果：低氧处理＋常氧诱导组A值为0．861±0．039,高于常氧诱导组0．837±0．017,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;低氧诱导组A值为0．931±0．041,均高于常氧诱导组和低氧处理＋常氧诱导组（P均〈0．05）。免疫荧光染色发现常氧诱导组和低氧处理＋常氧诱导组大量细胞GFAP和S-100表达阳性,低氧诱导组仅少量细胞S-100和GFAP表达阳性。Westernblot检测发现常氧诱导组S-100蛋白表达最高,低氧处理＋常氧诱导组GFAP蛋白表达最高,低氧诱导组S-100蛋白、GFAP蛋白表达均最低。结论低氧抑制ADMSCs向SCs的分化,低氧处理后的ADMSCs在常氧条件下仍可向SCs分化。     

间充质干细胞治疗骨质疏松的研究进展和未来展望

目的 过去20年间（2001年至2020年）,间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）已成为许多疾病的潜在治疗方法。然而,目前还没有关于间充质干细胞在骨质疏松症治疗中的研究进展和未来展望的文献计量分析。本文旨在运用文献计量学分析方法,分析过去20年间充质干细胞在骨质疏松症治疗中的研究进展和热点,并预测未来可能的研究趋势。方法 从Web of Science 核心合集（Web of Science Core Collection,WOSCC）中搜索了2001年至2020年所有关于间充质干细胞和骨质疏松症的文献,使用Excel、VOSviewer和CiteSpace软件进行数据分析。分析内容包括：出版物发表趋势、区域分布、作者和机构、关键词分析和热点研究趋势。结果 在过去的20年里,关于MSCs治疗骨质疏松症的文献发表了2 451篇。美国（607篇）和中国（1 154篇）是发表文献和被引用次数最多的国家。大多数发表文献的研究机构都来自中国。排名前五的研究领域集中在组织工程、成骨细胞、衰老、间充质干细胞和核纤层蛋白 A。研究的热点从一开始的体外实验、祖细胞、药物治疗转换到目前的小鼠模型、微小RNA（miRNAs）、支架、骨髓来源的间充质干细胞（BMSCss)、长非编码RNA、细胞外囊泡、外泌体。结论 未来关于MSCs治疗骨质疏松症的研究将继续高速增长,预测未来可能的研究热点是小鼠模型、miRNAs、支架、BMSCs、长非编码RNA、细胞外囊泡和外泌体。     

骨髓间充质干细胞的贴壁培养及内毒素对其增殖活性的影响

目的贴壁法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs),并观察不同浓度内毒素对其增殖活性的影响。方法采用全骨髓贴壁培养法培养大鼠BMSCs,倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,免疫细胞化学方法检测细胞CD44、CD29、CD34的表达,流式细胞术检测细胞周期。加不同浓度的内毒素(0、0.01μg/ml、0.1μg/ml、1μg/ml、10μg/ml、100μg/ml)作用24h,用四唑盐比色法(MTT)检测BMSCs的增殖。结果分离培养的细胞三代以后呈均一的成纤维细胞样形态,高表达CD44,但不表达CD34、CD45。80%以上的第三代BMSCs处于G1期。不同浓度的LPS作用24h后各组的平均吸光度值(A)比较有统计学意义(F=3.598,P=0.007);0.01μg/mlLPS组A值与其余各组相比,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论全骨髓贴壁培养法可以方便、快捷地获得BMSCs,其在形态学、细胞表面标志物表达和多向分化能力方面具有干细胞生物学特性;0.01μg/mlLPS可明显促进BMSCs的增殖。     

The platelet-rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cell milieu: A review of therapeutic effects on bone healing

Platelet-rich plasma is autologous plasma that contains concentrated platelets compared to whole blood. It is relatively inexpensive to produce, can be easily isolated from whole blood, and can be administered while the patient is in the operating room. Further, because platelet-rich plasma is an autologous therapy, there is minimal risk for adverse reactions to the patient. Platelet-rich plasma has been used to promote bone regeneration due to its abundance of concentrated growth factors that are essential to wound healing. In this review, we summarize the methods for producing platelet-rich plasma and the history of its use in bone regeneration. We also summarize the growth factor profiles derived from platelet-rich plasma, with emphasis on those factors that play a direct role in promoting bone repair within the local fracture environment. In addition, we discuss the potential advantages of combining platelet-rich plasma with mesenchymal stem cells, a multipotent cell type often obtained from bone marrow or fat, to improve craniofacial and long bone regeneration. We detail what is currently known about how platelet-rich plasma influences mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, and then highlight the clinical outcomes of administering platelet-rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells as a combination therapy to promote bone regeneration in vivo.     

Dexamethasone inhibition of confluence‐induced apoptosis in human mesenchymal stem cells

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively characterized with respect to their in vitro expansion and differentiation potential, especially with respect to osteogenesis. Dexamethasone (Dex) is a well‐known inducer of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, but little is known about the effect of Dex treatment on apoptosis in MSCs. In this study, apoptosis in MSCs was examined with respect to cell density and Dex supplementation, using DAPI staining and DNA fragmentation ELISA Assay. In MSC cultures initiated at 1.0, 3.0, and 9.0 × 10³ cells per cm², it was found that higher MSC density correlated with increased apoptosis and that this apoptotic effect was diminished in cultures containing 100 nM Dex. MSCs and fibroblasts were co‐cultured, along with empty insert controls, and assayed for apoptosis by ELISA and DAPI counts to determine if soluble factors accounted for the cell density‐related apoptosis. No difference was seen between MSCs cultured with inserts containing either MSCs, fibroblasts, or empty control. To determine cell contact effects, BrdU‐labeled MSCs were cultured alone or with unlabeled chondrocytes at 2× and 8× the number of MSCs, with and without Dex, and apoptosis levels quantified. The results showed increased apoptosis at greater cell densities, and that the amount of apoptosis was greatly diminished in cultures containing Dex. These results show that apoptosis in MSCs is cell density‐related, requires direct cell contact, and that Dex treatment reduces or eliminates this density‐related apoptosis. These results may impact how MSCs should be cultured for clinical applications. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:216–221, 2009     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对去卵巢骨质疏松骨量影响的实验研究

目的 探索骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）移植对去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠骨密度的影响。方法 雌性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组（A组）、模型组（B组）、细胞治疗组（C组）、雷诺昔芬药物治疗组（D组）。通过去卵巢建模成功后，C组通过尾静脉移植BMSCs，D组口服雷诺昔芬抗骨质疏松药物。结果 与A组相比，B组腰椎和股骨骨密度均明显降低（P＜0.01）。MSCs治疗后，C 组中的骨密度得到明显改善，并与B组比较具有统计学差异（P＜0.01），亦优于D组。结论 BMSCs可以有效改善去卵巢大鼠骨质，这为绝经后骨质疏松的治疗提供了一种新的方法，为进一步临床应用提供了实验支持。