酵母呈现SARS冠状病毒S蛋白受体结合区及其鉴定

目的获得能在酵母表面正确折叠的SARS病毒S蛋白的受体结合区。方法通过PCR技术从pVAX1／S质粒扩增出编码S蛋白318至520氨基酸残基的cDNA,酶切后克隆到酵母表面呈现载体pYD1,构建pYD1-RBD重组质粒,转化酵母细胞,流式细胞仪检测所呈现的RBD片段。结果通过流式细胞仪检测到酵母细胞表面有RBD片段的表达,并且此表面呈现的RBD片段与针对RBD不同表位的2株单抗均能结合,SAPS病毒免疫的小鼠血清抗体也能与该片段结合。结论酵母表面呈现的RBD保持了天然RBD分子的构象,为基于RBD的药物筛选和疫苗设计提供物质基础。     

SARS冠状病毒S蛋白高保守性C区重组核酸疫苗肌肉免疫和黏膜免疫的研究

构建含SARS冠状病毒S蛋白基因高保守性C区基因的真核表达重组质粒pCDNA Sc作为DNA疫苗 ,其中C区位于SARS冠状病毒S蛋白S1亚基基因片段的 811～ 12 2 1bp区域的病毒外部羧酸端多肽肽段。将重组真核表达载体注射入实验小鼠肌肉 ,10 0 μl/只 ,疫苗滴鼻免疫组 ,每次以脂质体 -质粒混合液适量滴入鼻内 ,3次 /d ,连续 1周。抗SARS病毒S蛋白的特异性IgG滴度用ELISA法测定 :免疫后的小鼠分别在 15、30和 4 5d后采血并分离血清 ,用纯化SARS CoV全病毒裂解液抗原包被的微孔板进行ELISA测定血清抗SARS CoVIgG的效价 ,结果显示 :…     

SARS冠状病毒棘突蛋白的S1蛋白诱导小鼠产生中和抗体的研究

目的 研究SARS冠状病毒棘突蛋白受体结合部位S1的免疫原性，为SARS的实验诊断和新型疫苗的研究提供依据。方法 用克隆有哺乳动物细胞密码子优化的SARS-CoV S1基因的质粒pcDNA3．1／S1或P-S1Ig转染293T细胞，用细胞的上清液纯化S1蛋白。以pcDNA3．1／S1质粒对BALB／c小鼠进行2次基因免疫，以纯化的S1蛋白进行加强免疫。用ELISA法检测小鼠抗SARS-CoV的特异性IgG抗体，并在Vero E6细胞上做体外中和实验，检测中和抗体。结果 S1蛋白诱导小鼠产生抗SARS-CoV的特异性抗体；1：1499．68稀释的S1蛋白免疫的小鼠血清可保护50％的细胞对1000TCID50的病毒攻击，而阴性对照血清不能保护细胞对病毒的感染。结论 SAPS冠状病毒棘突蛋白受体结合部位S1能有效诱导机体产生具有高效保护作用的中和抗体免疫反应，可望发展成为理想的SARS棘突蛋白亚单位疫苗。     

SARS病毒N蛋白的表达与DNA疫苗的构建

目的：在大肠杆菌中表达SARS冠状病毒核衣壳N蛋白，并构建其DNA疫苗。方法：构建含N基因的原核表达载体pQEN，并在大肠杆菌M15中表达N蛋白。采用NP亲和层析法纯化目的蛋白。将N基因克隆入真核表达载体pSecTagB中，构建真核重组质粒pSecN。以其免疫小鼠制备抗血清，并用ELISA法检测其与大肠杆菌中表达的重组N蛋白及天然全病毒N蛋白的反应性。结果：重组N蛋白能与DNA疫苗免疫的小鼠血清以及SARS患者血清发生特异性反应；SARS—CoV病毒颗粒也可与DNA疫苗免疫的小鼠血清发生特异性反应。结论：重组N蛋白保留了病毒的一些特异性抗原表位，可作为用ELISA法检测SARS—CoV的抗原。构建的DNA疫苗可在小鼠体内产生高效价的抗SARS病毒N蛋白的特异性抗体，从而为该疫苗的开发奠定了基础。     

SARS冠状病毒S蛋白C端片段基因的克隆及其DNA疫苗的免疫学研究

目的：构建抗原基因为SARS冠状病毒（Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus，SARS-CoY）S蛋白C端片段基因的DNA疫苗，采用肌注和滴鼻的方法接种小鼠后观察肌肉注射途径和黏膜途径免疫使机体产生免疫应答的情况。方法：将S蛋白C端片段克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（-），随之将重组质粒进行小鼠肌肉和黏膜免疫，定期检测外周血中抗SARS-CoV的病毒特异性抗体水平，流式细胞仪观察其淋巴细胞表型变化，免疫组化检测抗原表达分布，脾细胞增殖实验评价CTL效果。结果：疫苗注射后15天就能在血清中检测出病毒特异性抗体。随着时问的延续，抗体水平逐步升高，至30天后达到稳定，以CTL为主的CD8^＋T淋巴细胞的百分比含量增加极显著，引起强大的体液免疫和细胞免疫；疫苗滴鼻后45天可在鼻黏膜检测到抗原表达；而空载体质粒对照组未检测出明显的特异性免疫应答。结论：以S蛋白C端片段基因为抗原基因的DNA疫苗通过肌注和滴鼻能诱导小鼠针对SARS病毒强大的免疫应答。     

SARS病毒S1蛋白的克隆、表达及其重组蛋白免疫学特性的鉴定

目的：研究SARS病毒感染后机体产生保护性免疫应答的规律和可能机制。方法：通过生物信息学分析，在原核表达系统中表达了SARS病毒S1蛋白。利用SARS流行前正常人血清和6份SARS患者恢复期的血清，对纯化的重组S1蛋白进行血清学分析。结果：研究中克隆表达的重组蛋白序列与公布的SARS病毒S1蛋白的序列相同。6份SARS患者恢复期的血清均能识别重组S1蛋白，而6份SABS流行前的正常人血清则不能与重组蛋白反应。结论：获得的重组S1蛋白具有与天然SARS病毒s1蛋白相同的序列，并具有与之相似的血清学反应性，为研究SARS病毒感染免疫应答的过程及其机制和制备SARS病毒的重组疫苗提供了良好的物质基础。     

SARS病毒S1蛋白重组C端片段免疫效果的实验研究

为获得纯化的重组SARS病毒S1蛋白C端 ,研究其刺激机体产生针对SARS病毒免疫应答的规律和机制 ,将编码SARS病毒S1蛋白C端 311个氨基酸残基的基因克隆 ,并在原核表达系统中表达 ,纯化获得了的重组蛋白。利用SARS患者恢复期的血清 ,对纯化的重组S1蛋白进行血清学分析。结果表明 ,本研究中克隆表达的重组蛋白序列与公布的SARS病毒S1蛋白C端的序列相同 ,其编码的重组蛋白相对分子质量约为 5 90 0 0Mr。SARS患者恢复期的血清均与重组蛋白反应 ,在5 9 0 0 0Mr处形成特异性的反应条带 ,而来自SARS流行前的正常人对照血清则不能与重组蛋白反应。在本研究中获得的重组蛋白可以为研究SARS病毒识别宿主细胞受体的过程及其机制提供条件。     

SARS冠状病毒spike基因DNA疫苗的初步研究

目的　构建SARS病毒spike基因片段真核表达质粒DNA疫苗;检测spike基因片段的免疫原性;筛选SARS病毒疫苗构建的理想靶抗原。方法　采用RT PCR从SARS冠状病毒北京0 1(BJ0 1)株cDNA获取了spike基因cDNA的全长D12、编码N末端氨基酸的cDNA片段D14和编码C末端氨基酸的cDNA片段D2 3;构建重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3 /D12、pcDNA3 D14、pcDNA3 D2 /3;用3种重组质粒和pcDNA3空质粒载体(对照)DNA皮下注射免疫Wistar大鼠;ELISA检测免疫后大鼠血清S蛋白特异性抗体IgG的产生;同位素51 Cr实验检测特异性CTL应答;ELISPOT检测单细胞水平IFN -γ分泌。结果　pcDNA3 /D2 3疫苗免疫组大鼠血清有S蛋白阳性抗体IgG产生、抗体滴度>10 0 0 ;脾淋巴细胞可诱导特异的CTL应答和IFN γ分泌,pcDNA3 /D2 3疫苗组与其它组之间统计分析P <0 .0 5。结论SARS冠状病毒S蛋白的C末端具有较强的免疫原性,是疫苗构建的理想候选靶抗原,本研究结果为SARS病毒的疫苗研究提供了资料。     

从噬菌体库中筛选抗SARS病毒S蛋白的Fab中和活性抗体研究

目的 从SARS病毒噬菌体抗体库中筛选出具有中和活性的抗S蛋白Fab片段抗体。方法ELISA方法对抗体库进行富集筛选及人源抗体克隆结合活性的测定，竞争ELISA初步筛选有中和活性的抗体，中和试验进一步确定中和活性，进而对其序列进行测定和分析。结果特异性富集了抗S蛋白噬菌体抗体，竞争ELISA筛选出两株抗体可部分阻断中和抗体2C5与S蛋白的结合，中和试验确定其具有一定巾和活性，编号为M1A和P8A，测序结果表明它们为两株不同的抗体克隆。结论筛选获得了两株抗体可部分中和SARS病毒活性，它们的获得为探索SARS病毒感染的被动免疫治疗打下了一定基础。     

SARS病毒S蛋白片段与细胞结合作用分析

目的研究SARS冠状病毒(SARSCoV)S蛋白片段与SARSCoV敏感细胞Vero的相互作用,明确S蛋白的受体结合位点。方法在E.coli中表达S蛋白第260～600位氨基酸(S260600)和397～796位氨基酸(S397796)片段,通过Westernblot对蛋白表达进行确认,用NiSepharose螯合层析对重组蛋白进行纯化。将纯化的S260600和S397796蛋白与Vero细胞4℃共同孵育1h后,先后与SARS患者血清及FITC标记的抗人IgG作用,通过流式细胞仪检测蛋白与细胞表面受体的结合情况。结果成功构建了原核表达质粒pET30a/S260600和pET30a/S397796,并表达、纯化出S260600和S397796重组蛋白。分别用SARS患者血清和抗6×His单克隆抗体进行Westernblot检测,证实重组蛋白得到正确表达。流式细胞仪分析显示S260600和S397796重组蛋白均可与Vero细胞发生结合,但S397796的结合力要弱于S260600。同时发现S260600重组蛋白与SARSCoV非敏感细胞NIH3T3细胞不能结合,进一步证明S260600重组蛋白与Vero细胞表面受体的结合是特异性的。结论重组蛋白S397796和S260600具有受体结合能力,尤其S260600包含了重要的受体结合位点,对进一步研究介导SARSCoV感染的细胞表面受体、开展疫苗和抗病毒药物的筛选均具有重要意义。     

Production of a monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV spike protein with single intrasplenic immunization of plasmid DNA

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a highly infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the SARS-CoV are vital for early diagnosis and pathological studies of SARS. Direct intrasplenic inoculation of plasmid DNA encoding antigen is an effective and fast approach to generate specific mAb when the protein antigen is difficult to prepare or dangerous in use. In this study, we selected one fragment of SARS-CoV spike protein (S1-₃) as antigenic determinant by immunoinformatics. Single intrasplenic immunization of plasmid DNA encoding S1-₃ induced anti-spike protein antibodies. We established one hybridoma cell line secreting specific mAb and evaluated this mAb with murine leukemia virus pseudotyped with SARS-CoV spike protein (MLV/SARS-CoV). The mAb could recognize the spike protein on the MLV/SARS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells albeit with no neutralizing effect on the infectivity of the pseudotype virus. Our results show that a single-shot intrasplenic DNA immunization is efficient for the production of specific mAb against SARS spike protein, and a linear epitope of the spike protein is recognized in this study.     

Endocytosis of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein together with virus receptor ACE2

Cell entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is mediated by the viral spike (S) protein. Amino acids 319-510 on the S protein have been mapped as the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which mediates binding to the SARS-CoV receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on SARS-CoV susceptible cells. In this study, we expressed a fusion protein containing the human codon-optimized RBD of the SARS-CoV spike protein linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1 (named RBD-Fc) in HEK293 cells. The RBD-Fc protein was purified by affinity chromatography. The flow cytometry assay showed that the purified RBD-Fc protein could bind to ACE2. We demonstrated that the RBD spike protein alone could be internalized into SARS-CoV susceptible cells together with ACE2. We also showed that the removal of N-glycans from the RBD spike protein did not abolish this phenomenon. Our discoveries may have some implications for the development of the SARS vaccine.     

Recombinant receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein expressed in mammalian, insect and E. coli cells elicits potent neutralizing antibody and protective immunity

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerging infectious disease. The potential recurrence of the disease from animal reservoirs highlights the significance of development of safe and efficient vaccines to prevent a future SARS epidemic. In this study, we expressed the recombinant receptor-binding domain (rRBD) in mammalian (293T) cells, insect (Sf9) cells, and E. coli, respectively, and compared their immunogenicity and protection against SARS-CoV infection in an established mouse model. Our results show that all rRBD proteins expressed in the above systems maintained intact conformation, being able to induce highly potent neutralizing antibody responses and complete protective immunity against SARS-CoV challenge in mice, albeit the rRBD expressed in 293T cells elicited stronger humoral immune responses with significantly higher neutralizing activity (P < 0.05) than those expressed in Sf9 and E. coli cells. These results suggest that all three rRBDs are effective in eliciting immune responses and protection against SARS-CoV and any of the above expression systems can be used for production of rRBD-based SARS subunit vaccines. Preference will be given to rRBD expressed in mammalian cells for future evaluation of the vaccine efficacy in a non-human primate model of SARS because of its ability to refold into a native conformation more readily and to induce higher level of neutralizing antibody responses than those expressed in E. coli and insect cells.     

Immune responses against SARS-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein induced by DNA vaccine

The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the key protein for the formation of the helical nucleocapsid during virion assembly. This protein is believed to be more conserved than other proteins of the virus, such as spike and membrane glycoprotein. In this study, the N protein of SARS-CoV was expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha and identified with pooled sera from patients in the convalescence phase of SARS. A plasmid pCI-N, encoding the full-length N gene of SARS-CoV, was constructed. Expression of the N protein was observed in COS1 cells following transfection with pCI-N. The immune responses induced by intramuscular immunization with pCI-N were evaluated in a murine model. Serum anti-N immunoglobulins and splenocytes proliferative responses against N protein were observed in immunized BALB/c mice. The major immunoglobulin G subclass recognizing N protein was immunoglobulin G2a, and stimulated splenocytes secreted high levels of gamma interferon and IL-2 in response to N protein. More importantly, the immunized mice produced strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and CD8(+) CTL responses to N protein. The study shows that N protein of SARS-CoV not only is an important B cell immunogen, but also can elicit broad-based cellular immune responses. The results indicate that the N protein may be of potential value in vaccine development for specific prophylaxis and treatment against SARS.     

Recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing the receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein elicits neutralizing antibodies: Implication for developing SARS vaccines

Development of an effective vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) remains to be a priority to prevent possible re-emergence of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We previously demonstrated that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV S protein is a major target of neutralizing antibodies. This suggests that the RBD may serve as an ideal vaccine candidate. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has been proven to be an effective system for gene delivery and vaccine development. In this study, a novel vaccine against SARS-CoV was developed based on the rAAV delivery system. The gene encoding RBD was cloned into a pAAV-IRES-hrGFP plasmid. The immunogenicity induced by the resulting recombinant RBD-rAAV was evaluated in BALB/c mice. The results demonstrated that (1) a single dose of RBD-rAAV vaccination could induce sufficient neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV infection; (2) two more repeated doses of the vaccination boosted the neutralizing antibody to about 5 times of the level achieved by a single dose of the immunization and (3) the level of the antibody continued to increase for the entire duration of the experiment of 5.5 months. These results suggested that RBD-rAAV is a promising SARS candidate vaccine.     

Conserved amino acids W423 and N424 in receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV are potential targets for therapeutic monoclonal antibody

SARS-CoV causes an acute infection making targeted passive immunotherapy an attractive treatment strategy. We previously generated human mAbs specific to the S1 region of SARS-CoV S protein. These mAbs bind epitopes within the receptor binding domain (RBD) or upstream of the RBD. We show that mAbs recognizing epitopes within the RBD inhibit infection by preventing viral attachment to the cellular receptor. One mAb binds upstream of the RBD and prevents viral entry by inhibiting a post-binding event. Evaluation of several mAbs demonstrated varying ability of the mAbs to select escape mutants when used individually. However, a mixture of antibodies could effectively neutralize a range of mutant viruses. These data strongly suggest that a mixture containing antibodies recognizing distinct regions and targeting more than one step in viral entry is likely to be more effective in neutralizing the virus and suppressing the generation of escape mutants, and thus potentially constitute a highly effective passive immunotherapy.     

新型冠状病毒刺突蛋白的变异及其对中和活性的影响

2019年底发生的COVID-19疫情迅速传播至世界各地, 使全球公共卫生体系面临严峻考验。随着疫情的持续, 新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrane coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)变异株正在不断涌现。特别是病毒刺突蛋白的突变, 可以引起病毒感染性和抗原性改变, 从而导致病毒传染性增加, 以及现有疫苗保护效力的下降, 由此引起了流行毒株的替换。这也是目前疫情未得到有效控制的原因之一。目前主要的流行变异株都出现了一定程度的特性改变, 部分变异株与原始株相比对中和单抗、免疫血清及恢复期血清的中和敏感性出现了一定程度的下降。变异株的产生既与病毒本身特点有关, 也与传播宿主改变、免疫低下人群的慢性感染有关。应密切关注和监测不断出现的变异株, 并对其功能特性进行系统研究, 为疫苗研发和免疫策略的制定提供参考。     

SARS-CoV核衣壳蛋白抗原性鉴定和基因免疫研究

目的　了解SARS冠状病毒 (SARS CoV)核衣壳蛋白 (N蛋白 )的抗原性及其基因疫苗的免疫原性。方法　用大肠杆菌表达SARS CoV的N蛋白 ,用SARS患者恢复期血清对其进行抗原性鉴定。再构建N蛋白基因疫苗 ,肌肉注射接种小鼠 ,检测小鼠血清中的抗N蛋白IgG抗体、脾细胞增殖和迟发型超敏反应。结果　大肠杆菌重组表达的SARS CoVN蛋白具有强抗原性 ,其基因疫苗能在小鼠有效诱导N蛋白特异性抗体和CD4 、CD8 T淋巴细胞免疫应答。结论　SARS CoV的N蛋白可作为重要的SARS血清学诊断抗原 ,并对于SARS的特异性预防和治疗有潜在的应用价值。