超声造影和增强CT对闭合性肾损伤的对比研究

目的 探讨超声造影评价不同级别的闭合性肾损伤的价值.方法 对12只实验兔建立闭合性损伤动物模型,撞击后对肾进行常规灰阶超声、超声造影及增强CT检查,依据Sargent分类诊断标准确定损伤程度,并对上述检查结果进行对照研究.结果 超声造影可清晰显示肾损伤病灶的部位、形态、范围,其显爪肾内损伤区的敏感性为100%(30/30).增强CT敏感性为83.3%(25/30),另5个肾内损伤灶未显示,超声造影显示此5个损伤灶损伤程度Ⅰ为、Ⅱ类.超声造影与增强CT对肾损伤显示的敏感性差异无统汁学意义(P>0.05),而超声造影对细小病灶的显示敏感性高于增强CT(P<0.(15).结论 超声造影可显著提高常规超声对肾损伤的诊断水平,并能有效评价肾损伤的程度,与增强CT比较其在细小病灶和活动性出血的显示方面具有一定的优势.     

微血流成像诊断猪闭合性肝创伤

目的 观察微血流成像(MFI)诊断猪闭合性肝创伤的价值。方法 采用自制撞击器对全麻状态下的15只健康猪撞击其肝脏部位建立闭合性肝创伤猪模型;之后分别以常规超声、MFI及超声造影(CEUS)观察撞击后肝脏损伤部位、范围及程度;最后处死动物并取出肝脏,根据所见评估MFI诊断猪闭合性肝创伤的效能。结果 大体病理显示,撞击共对15只猪造成29处肝创伤。常规超声、MFI及CEUS诊断猪闭合性肝创伤的准确率分别为37.93%(11/29)、82.76%(24/29)及96.55%(28/29),常规超声与MFI及CEUS差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),而MFI与CEUS差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MFI于多数猪肝创伤处未见明显血流信号,于1只创伤处显示“泉涌状”、5只显示散在血流信号。CEUS中,15只猪肝创伤处均表现为低或无灌注区,1只损伤处造影剂呈“喷射状”、5只呈“泉涌状”自肝脏损伤部位溢出并于肝周或腹腔内形成液性暗区。结论 MFI对诊断猪闭合性肝损伤具有一定价值,可与CEUS相媲美。     

超声造影评价不同级别肝脾外伤与CT对照的实验研究

目的利用灰阶超声造影（CEUS）评价不同级别的闭合性肝脾外伤,与增强CT比较,探讨CEUS的诊断价值。方法30只健康杂种犬,建立闭合性肝外伤或脾外伤动物模型,撞击后对肝脾进行常规灰阶超声、CEUS及增强CT检查,依据美国创伤外科协会（AAST）肝脾外伤分级标准及肝脾外伤CT分级确定外伤程度,并对上述检查结果进行对照研究。结果CEUS诊断结果与增强CT比较,两者的符合率分别为93.3%、92.9%。结论CEUS可显著提高肝脾脏闭合性外伤的诊断水平,与增强CT诊断结果一致性好,可以较准确反映肝脾外伤的程度,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

超声造影评价闭合性肾损伤的实验研究

目的 探讨超声造影评价闭合性肾损伤的价值.方法 20只健康杂种犬随机分为两组,每组各10只,随机选择一组进行全身肝素化处理.采用自制小型撞击器对实验犬肾区进行撞击建立动物模型.于撞击前和撞击后进行普通二维超声和超声造影检查.实验结束后处死实验动物并评估伤情,与上述结果对照研究.结果 普通二维声像图：部分可见肾包膜连续性中断,包膜下可见不同程度的积液,肾实质损伤区回声强弱不等,边界不清晰.超声造影：肾损伤伴活动性出血时,不同时相实质呈现不同的增强特征,包膜破裂时可见微气泡自破裂口向肾外移动,肾集合系统严重损伤时可见微气泡自输尿管开口向膀胱＂间歇喷射状＂增强;肾损伤伴血肿形成时,血肿区各时相均无增强.病理结果与超声造影结果相关性好.结论 超声造影能通过微气泡的增强特征实时判断闭合性肾损伤的损伤情况,及其是否存在活动性出血或形成血肿.     

实时灰阶超声造影诊断急性肾损伤的实验研究

目的探讨实时灰阶超声造影在急性肾损伤中的诊断价值.方法在全麻状态下开腹,对18只新西兰大白兔的肾脏分别实施不同程度锐器及钝器损伤,应用常规超声、实时灰阶超声造影观察肾脏变化,并与手术及病理诊断结果对照.结果实时灰阶超声造影判断肾损伤的准确性及不同损伤程度的敏感性,显著高于常规超声(P<0.05).结论实时灰阶超声造影检查能显著提高急性肾损伤的检出率,提高超声诊断敏感性和准确性.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断闭合性肾损伤的价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断闭合性肾损伤的价值。方法　应用彩色多普勒超声对5 8例闭合性肾损伤进行诊断,并与CT扫描和手术病理进行对照。结合声像图和手术病理所见,将闭合性肾损伤分为肾挫伤、肾部分裂伤、肾粉碎伤、肾横断伤和肾撕脱伤等类型,并对各型声像图特征进行回顾性分析。结果　5 8例闭合性肾损伤经CT扫描和手术病理对照,彩色多普勒超声诊断符合率96 .6 % ( 5 6 / 5 8) ,漏诊2例,占3 .4 %( 2 / 5 8)。其中肾挫伤8例、肾部分裂伤2 0例、肾粉碎伤2 4例、肾横断伤5例、肾撕脱伤1例。结论　彩色多普勒超声可明确闭合性肾损伤的程度和范围及肾段动脉供血区缺血情况,起到CT增强扫描和选择性肾动脉造影的同样效果,具有重要的临床价值彩色多普勒超声　CT　病理　闭合性肾损伤     

超声造影在闭合性肝外伤经皮射频凝固治疗的实验研究

目的研究超声造影(CEUS)在经皮射频(PRFA)治疗闭合性肝外伤的价值。方法建立16只猪闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血动物模型,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各8只。采用二维灰阶超声和CEUS对肝损伤程度进行评估,并在CEUS引导下将射频针植入治疗组肝损伤部位。PRFA治疗后,进行CEUS检查,将检查结果与相关的病理结果进行对照研究。结果治疗前,16例经CEUS均清晰显示肝实质损伤的部位和范围并均检出肝活动性出血信号。CEUS准确将射频针引导刺入肝实质损伤区。治疗后,CEUS检出1例仍存在肝活动性出血信号,该例经再次射频凝固治疗后,CEUS检查未见出肝活动性出血信号。病理结果与CEUS结果相关性好。结论CEUS在PRFA治疗闭合性肝外伤方面具有精确引导射频针植入和准确评估疗效的作用。     

超声造影在肾损伤血肿和活动性出血诊断中的应用

目的 探讨超声造影在肾损伤血肿和活动性出血诊断中的应用价值.方法 对28例肾损伤患者分别行常规超声和超声造影检查,其中肾穿刺活检术后损伤24例,闭合性肾损伤4例,计算两种方法对肾损伤血肿及活动性出血的检出率,所有病例均经CT检查或超声随访检查证实.结果 常规超声对肾血肿的检出率为67.86%(19/28),超声造影对肾血肿的检出率为92.86%(26/28),高于常规超声(P＜0.05),且造影后血肿范围更明确.常规超声难以诊断肾损伤血肿内的活动性出血,超声造影诊断26.92%(7/26)肾血肿伴活动性出血.超声造影特征为肾血肿形成时,血肿区始终无造影剂进入;肾血肿伴活动性出血时,造影剂自受损血管溢出,形成不规则的异常增强区.结论 超声造影有助于诊断肾损伤血肿,准确计算血肿范围和判断活动性出血,对发现肾穿刺活检术后合并的血肿及出血具有特殊应用价值.     

超声造影诊断兔闭合性肾外伤肾动脉闭塞的价值

目的 研究超声造影诊断闭合性肾外伤肾动脉闭塞的价值.方法 健康新西兰兔10只,雌雄各半.采用SMS型撞击器自肾外侧向肾门处撞击,建立闭合性肾外伤动物模型.撞击前及撞击后10 min内,分别依次完成灰阶超声、彩色多普勒(CDFI)和超声造影(CEUS)检查.撞击后3h,采用剖腹探查和病理检查进行验证.结果 6只兔肾主动脉发生闭塞,4只段动脉发生闭塞.灰阶超声见肾包膜下可见不同程度的积液,肾实质局部回声增强.CDFI显示6只伤肾血流灌注完全消失,另4只仅见部分肾的血流灌注信息.CEUS显示6只肾全期均无增强,4只呈较大范围的楔形无增强,小部分呈高增强.以上结果经剖腹探查和病理检查证实.结论 CEUS显示整个肾实质无增强是肾主动脉闭塞的重要指标,肾实质呈较大范围的楔形无增强是段动脉闭塞的重要特征.     

超声造影在肾脏外伤分级诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨超声造影(CEUS)评估肾脏外伤分级的临床价值。方法对45例肾脏外伤疑诊患者行CEUS检查,并对肾损伤分级诊断结果与CT或手术分级结果相对比分析。结果45例患者中肾脏外伤43例,CEUS检出40例。CEUS分级为Ⅰ级损伤12例,Ⅱ级损伤11例,Ⅲ级损伤7例,Ⅳ级损伤8例,Ⅴ级损伤2例。CEUS漏诊3例,均为Ⅰ级损伤,另有3例出现分级错误,其中1例将Ⅲ级高估为Ⅳ级,2例将Ⅳ级低估为Ⅲ级。超声造影评价肾损伤的分级与CT或手术分级的一致性指数为0.831(P=0.000),两者的一致性很好。CEUS检出肾脏外伤病灶的敏感性为93.0%,特异性100.0%,准确性93.3%。结论CEUS能较准确判断肾脏损伤的分级,正确指导临床减少对Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级肾损伤患者的不必要手术探查,避免对Ⅳ、Ⅴ级肾损伤患者盲目保守治疗,为保留肾单位的治疗赢得时间。     

兔急性肾损伤灰阶超声造影与病理的对照研究

目的应用灰阶超声造影观察兔急性肾损伤并与病理对照，探索该技术在急性肾损伤中的诊断价值。方法对18只新西兰大白兔的32个肾脏分别实施不同程度锐器及钝器损伤，应用灰阶超声造影观察肾脏造影情况，并与手术及病理诊断结果对照分析。结果26处肾内血肿于动脉期及实质期呈无增强区或不均匀增强区；18处肾包膜下血肿于肾周见弧形无增强区；21处活动性出血于肾内或肾周见异常增强区；2例肾弥漫性挫伤造影增强延迟并减弱。结论灰阶超声造影较清楚地显示肾损伤的部位及程度，在肾血肿、挫伤及活动性出血的表现有所不同，提高了超声对急性肾损伤诊断的准确性。     

灰阶超声造影诊断肾外伤活动性出血的实验研究

目的 探讨灰阶超声造影在诊断肾外伤活动性出血中的应用价值。方法 全麻状态下开腹。于23只全身肝素化的新西兰大白兔肾制造46处活动性出血模型。对损伤后的兔肾行普通二维超声及灰阶超声造影检查。结果 普通二维超声显示26处损伤区回声不均匀、边界不清。灰阶超声造影显示所有活动性出血灶。造影剂从受损血管中溢出。形成不规则的异常增强部分。时间强度定量分析显示。注入造影剂平均85s后。肾内异常增强区的强度明显高于周围正常肾实质。结论 灰阶超声造影能清晰显示肾外伤后的活动性出血，可提高超声对肾外伤的诊断价值。     

超声造影对兔肾缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究

目的 评价灰阶超声造影及其量化分析技术在兔肾缺血再灌注损伤皮质显像中的诊断价值.方法 建立兔肾缺血再灌注模型,15只家兔被分为术前对照I_0组,术后不同缺血时间组(I_1-I_3),用超声造影观察各组肾灌注模式并分析灌注峰值时间 (TP)、灌注峰值强度(A)、曲线上升斜率(β)、曲线下面积(AUC).结果 随着缺血时间增加,超声造影显示肾皮质灌注回声逐渐变弱.灌注参数值中TP呈增加趋势,β逐渐降低,AUC先升后降,A无明显变化;与对照组比较,TP、 AUC、β、A均具有显著差异.结论 超声造影及其量化分析技术可以无创地判断肾缺血再灌注损伤程度.     

超声造影在移植肾血管并发症中的应用

目的 探讨超声造影技术在移植肾血管并发症中的应用价值.方法 对12例肾移植未后血管异常患者的超声造影图像进行观察与分析,全部病例经手术、病理或血管造影证实.结果 移植肾动脉狭窄5例,肾动脉血栓2例,假性动脉瘤3例,假性静脉瘤1例,肾内广泛微血栓1例.12例移植肾血管并发症的超声造影符合率达100%.结论 超声造影无肾毒性损害,是一项很有潜力的诊断移植肾血管并发症的方法 .     

超声造影诊断闭合性胰腺创伤

目的：探讨超声造影（CEUS）技术在诊断闭合性腹部损伤所致胰腺损伤中的应用价值。方法：对29例钝器伤可疑胰腺伤患者行超声造影检查,超声造影的结果与增强CT（CECT）进行比较。结果：在29例可疑胰腺创伤患者中,CEUS诊断22例为胰腺损伤,其中胰颈部损伤8例,胰体部9例,胰尾部4例,胰头部1例,创伤灶表现为边界不规则的无回声或者低回声灌注,CEUS测量的创伤灶大小与CECT相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,CEUS诊断胰腺创伤的准确性、灵敏性及特异性分别为89.3%、90.9%和83.3%。结论：CEUS诊断胰腺创伤的准确率较高,与CECT有较好的一致性。该技术可方便地用于患者床旁,对那些存在严重合并伤难以搬动的患者价值更大。     

Quantitative Evaluation of Renal Cortex Perfusion Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging Parameters in Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Rabbits

The aim of this study was to evaluate blood perfusion of the renal cortex during ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury using quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) parameters. In this experiment, 24 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (N = 6): sham-operated group, 24-h post-operation for I/R injury group (24-h I/R), 3-d post-operation for I/R injury group (3-d I/R) and 5 d post-operation for I/R injury group (5 d I/R). All quantitative CEUS parameters were monitored and included the gradient from the start frame to the peak frame (Grad), area under the curve (Area), time-to-peak (TTP), difference between B(intercept intensity at t=0) and A(the intensity attenuation t= 0) and arrival time (AT). Subsequently, we analyzed the changes in these parameters, as well as the correlation between changes in CEUS parameters and pathological parameters. AT and TTP values peaked 3 d after I/R surgery, which correlated with the most significant pathological changes at the same time point. These parameters (such as AT, TTP and Grad) may be useful in dynamically monitoring the severity of tissue damage at the early stage of I/R injury.     

狼疮肾炎肾小管间质损伤的临床分析

目的:探讨狼疮肾炎肾小管间质损伤的临床病理及患者预后情况。方法:回顾性分析2013年9月～2016年5月在我院肾内科经肾活检确诊为狼疮肾炎300例患者的临床资料。根据2003年国际标准对300例患者重新进行病理分型,分别计算各型狼疮肾炎小管间质损伤类型的发生率,并运用秩和检验分析不同病变类型肾小管间质损伤和发生Ⅳ型病理转型的狼疮肾炎转型前后肾小管间质损伤的差异。结果:间质炎细胞浸润的发生率最高,为86.67%;其次为间质纤维化和肾小管萎缩,发生率分别为67.00%和66.67%;而肾小管上皮细胞变性发生率最低,为55.00%。各类型肾小管间质损伤程度不一,差异有统计学意义,P0.05;Ⅱ型(无TIL及轻度TIL占81.03%)肾小管间质损伤程度明显轻于Ⅲ型(无TIL及轻度TIL占60.00%)和Ⅳ型(无TIL及轻度TIL占48.42%),差异有统计学意义,P0.05;但Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型间的肾小管间质损伤程度相比较,差异无统计学意义,P0.05。结论:各型狼疮肾炎患者都较容易出现肾小管间质损伤,但损伤程度各有差异;肾小管间质损伤程度不会影响Ⅳ型狼疮肾炎的病理转型,且病理转型前后肾小管间质损伤程度改变不明显;肾小管间质损伤可影响患者的预后,损伤程度越重,预后越差。     

Renal Trauma after Blunt Abdominal Injury

Background

The kidney is the third most common solid organ injury in blunt abdominal trauma. The preferred treatment of blunt kidney injury varies according to grade of severity, with a preference for non-operative management in most instances.

Discussion

We examine an unusual case of blunt renal trauma. In this case, our patient presented with severe flank pain and hematuria after a game of softball. Our focused abdominal sonography for trauma revealed fluid in the splenorenal recess concerning for intra-abdominal injury, and subsequent abdominal computed tomography confirmed a grade IV kidney laceration.

Conclusion

Our patient was managed medically despite his high grade of injury. This article reviews the diagnosis and management of blunt renal trauma and highlights the fact that despite significant injury, a patient can go on to do well with conservative management alone.     

Renal Cell Carcinoma and Renal Angiomyolipoma

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in differentiating renal cell carcinoma (RCC) from renal angiomyolipoma (RAML). Methods. One hundred nineteen patients with 126 renal lesions (33 RAMLs and 93 RCCs) who had undergone CEUS were retrospectively studied. All of the lesions were histopathologically or clinical proved. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography was performed using low–acoustic power modes and a sulfur hexafluoride–filled microbubble contrast agent. The baseline sonograms and CEUS images were retrospectively analyzed in consensus by 2 radiologists. The tumor echogenicity, enhancement patterns, and degree of enhancement at different phases were evaluated. The diagnostic efficacy of CEUS in differentiating the two diseases was computed and compared. Results. On CEUS, the features of wash‐out from hyperenhancement or isoenhancement to hypoenhancement over time (observed in 3.0% of RAMLs and 71.0% of RCCs; P < .001), heterogeneous enhancement (observed in 12.1% of RAMLs and 74.2% of RCCs; P < .001), and an enhanced perilesional rim (observed in 3.0% of RAMLs and 79.6% of RCCs; P < .001) achieved significant difference between RCCs and RAMLs. Early wash‐out and heterogeneous enhancement or peritumoral rim enhancement yielded the highest diagnostic capability in differentiating RCC from RAML. The corresponding sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 88.2% (82 of 93), 97.0% (32 of 33), 98.8% (82 of 83), 74.4% (32 of 43), and 90.5% (114 of 126), respectively. Conclusions. The CEUS features of early wash‐out, heterogeneous enhancement, and an enhanced peritumoral rim highly suggest RCC, whereas homogeneous enhancement and prolonged enhancement are characteristic manifestations of RAML. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography is valuable in differentiating RCC from RAML.     

Comparison of Gray-Scale Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography with Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography in Different Grading of Blunt Hepatic and Splenic Trauma: An Animal Experiment

To compare the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) for the detection of different grading of solid organ injuries in blunt abdominal trauma in animals. A self-made miniature tools were used as models to simulate a blunt hepatic or splenic trauma in 16 and 14 anesthetized dogs, respectively. Baseline ultrasound, CEUS and CECT were used to detect traumatic injuries of livers and spleens. The degree of injuries was determined by CEUS according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) scale and the results compared with injury scale based on CECT evaluation. CEUS showed 22 hepatic injury sites in 16 animals and 17 splenic injury sites in other 14 animals. According to AAST scale, 2 grade I, 4 grade II, 3 grade III, 5 grade IV and 2 grade V hepatic lesions were present in 16 animals; 2 grade I, 4 grade II, 6 grade III and 2 grade IV splenic lesions in 14 animals. On CECT scan, 21 hepatic and 17 splenic injuries were demonstrated. According to Becker CT scaling for hepatic injury, 1 grade I, 2 grade II, 4 grade III, 5 grade IV and 2 grade V hepatic injuries were present. On the basis of Buntain spleen scaling, 2 grade I, 5 grade II, 5 grade III, 2 grade IV splenic injuries were showed. After Spearman rank correlation analysis, the agreement of CEUS with CECT on the degree of hepatic and splenic injury is 93.3% and 92.9%, respectively. CT is currently considered as the reference method for grading blunt abdominal trauma, according to experiment results, CEUS grading showed high levels of concordance with CECT. CEUS can accurately determine the degree of injury and will play an important role in clinical application. (E-mail: txiner@vip.sina.com)