广西沿海5县区孕妇及哺乳妇女碘营养状况调查分析

目的了解和正确评价广西沿海地区孕妇及哺乳期妇女的碘营养状况,切实做好广西碘缺乏病防治工作。方法在2008年度广西碘盐监测中碘盐三率低于90%的5个沿海县区的18个乡镇,每乡镇抽2个行政村,对其中10~15户家庭的孕妇和哺乳期妇女进行尿碘检测及家庭食盐含碘情况调查。结果共调查5个县区213名孕妇及哺乳期妇女,其尿碘平均水平为123.4μg/L,仅有21.6%的孕妇及哺乳妇女尿碘浓度在150~250μg/L之间的适宜范围;5个县区孕妇及哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数在78.6~168.8μg/L之间,高于150μg/L的仅有海城区,不足100μg/L的有铁山港区和银海区;妇女家庭食盐无碘率高达49.8%,5个县区妇女家庭食盐无碘率在31.6%~68.6%之间,无碘率最高的是铁山港区达68.6%,北海市银海区和钦州市钦南区无碘率均在50%以上。结论广西5个沿海县区中孕妇及哺乳期妇女整体上未达碘营养适宜水平,该人群有超过半数的碘营养水平明显偏低;该地区的非碘盐率普遍较高,建议广西沿海县区将孕妇及哺乳妇女的碘营养监测纳入常规监测,加强健康宣传教育,落实碘盐防治措施,打击非碘盐冲销市场,提高碘盐覆盖率。     

2011-2014年广西沿海地区碘缺乏病调查

目的 掌握广西沿海碘缺乏病高危地区的病情现状和消长趋势,为采取科学的防治措施提供依据.方法 于2011-2014年选择广西沿海地区5个碘缺乏病高危县区,进行新发克汀病病人搜索,检测8～10岁儿童尿碘、甲状腺肿大率、育龄妇女家庭食盐及尿碘等指标.结果 在5个高危县区连续监测4年,共监测儿童4 640名,儿童甲状腺肿大率为0.84％(39/4 640),尿碘中位数为127.0μg/L;搜索病区村192个,目标儿童77 212名,未发现新发地方性克汀病病例.1 161名育龄妇女的尿碘中位数为71.0 μg/L,家庭食盐含碘率为42.46％(493/1 161).结论 本次调查的广西沿海地区儿童碘营养处于适宜水平,孕妇及哺乳妇女碘营养严重不足.     

2013—2015年许昌市碘缺乏病监测结果分析北大核心

为了解许昌市2012年执行食盐碘含量新标准后的碘缺乏病消长情况,根据《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》和《河南省重点人群碘营养调查方案》要求,于2013—2015年在该市开展碘盐监测、8~10岁儿童甲状腺监测及重点人群碘营养监测。结果显示,2013—2015年许昌市居民户碘盐合格率分别为92.37%,87.09%,94.17%,合格碘盐食用率分别为90.17%,85.83%,91.50%;8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数和甲状腺肿大率范围分别为143.5~218.2μg/L和0%~1.08%;哺乳期妇女和0~2岁婴幼儿尿碘中位数均>100μg/L;孕妇尿碘中位数为150~249μg/L;新婚育龄妇女尿碘中位数为100~199μg/L。提示许昌市人群碘营养处于适宜水平,现行碘盐浓度可满足绝大多数人群的碘营养需求,但仍存在非碘盐和不合格碘盐。     

2015年济南市孕妇及哺乳期妇女碘营养水平调查

目的了解食盐中碘浓度调整后济南市孕妇及哺乳期妇女碘营养状况。方法通过随机抽样方法,在城区郊县按照东、西、南、北、中划5个抽样片区,每个片区随机抽取1个乡镇,每个乡镇按照随机抽样方法,采集孕妇、哺乳期妇女尿样,测定尿中碘化物;同时采集监测对象家庭食用盐,定性检测含碘情况。结果孕妇、哺乳期妇女家庭用碘盐覆盖率分别为98.17%,99.16%。孕妇尿中碘化物中位数为177.3μg/L,哺乳期妇女尿中碘化物中位数为193.5μg/L。结论济南市孕妇、哺乳期妇女食用碘盐覆盖率较高;尿碘水平总体适宜,但地区差异较大,部分地区超过适宜量,但不过量;部分地区碘营养水平不足。     

2014年中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养水平调查

目的 了解中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养现状和特征。方法 采用单纯随机抽样方法,对中山市孕妇、哺乳期妇女尿碘和居民食用盐碘进行检测。结果 中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数分别为108.0μg/L和98.6μg/L,所有被调查人员中,69.6%孕妇尿碘值<150μg/L,52.0%哺乳期妇女尿碘值<100μg/L。居民碘盐合格率、碘盐覆盖率、合格碘盐食用率分别为99.33%、99.33%和98.67%。结论 中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养水平总体处于不足状态,应将孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养监测列入常规监测内容,市场供应孕妇、哺乳期妇女专用碘盐。     

2014年中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养水平调查

目的 了解中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养现状和特征。方法 采用单纯随机抽样方法,对中山市孕妇、哺乳期妇女尿碘和居民食用盐碘进行检测。结果 中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数分别为108.0μg/L和98.6μg/L,所有被调查人员中,69.6%孕妇尿碘值<150μg/L,52.0%哺乳期妇女尿碘值<100μg/L。居民碘盐合格率、碘盐覆盖率、合格碘盐食用率分别为99.33%、99.33%和98.67%。结论 中山市孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养水平总体处于不足状态,应将孕妇和哺乳期妇女碘营养监测列入常规监测内容,市场供应孕妇、哺乳期妇女专用碘盐。     

龙岩市不同人群碘营养状况调查

目的了解碘盐标准下调后龙岩市不同人群碘营养状况,为碘缺乏病防治策略提供依据。方法选择新罗区中城街道和漳平市双洋镇分别作为城市和农村调查点。按相关标准调查日人均食盐摄入量,检测食盐碘含量以及儿童、成人、哺乳期和孕期妇女的尿碘水平。结果共调查63户居民,日人均食盐摄入量均数8.7g,农村较高。碘盐覆盖率100%,碘盐合格率和合格碘盐食用率均为98.4%,盐碘中位数25.7mg/kg。尿碘中位数儿童261.5μg/L、成人221.0μg/L、哺乳期妇女135.0μg/L、孕妇143.0μg/L,各人群尿碘中位数均农村较高,但除成人组外,其他组差异均无统计学意义。结论龙岩市哺乳期妇女碘营养适宜,儿童和成人大于适宜量,孕妇碘营养不足。     

江苏省泗洪县2011-2015年碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的了解2011-2015年泗洪县碘缺乏病防治情况,为碘缺乏病防治工作提供科学依据。方法随机抽取居民户家中食用盐测定盐碘含量,对全县村级以上所有集中式供水末稍水测定水碘含量,随机抽取18~48岁育龄妇女和8~10岁在校学生检测即时尿样尿碘含量,并抽样检查8~10岁儿童甲状腺肿。结果居民户饮用水碘2.10~122.40μg/L,岗地丘陵地区9个乡镇部分居民户饮用水碘含量偏低,其中2个乡镇属缺碘地区;居民户食用盐碘盐覆盖率98.05%、碘盐合格率98.01%、合格碘盐食用率96.10%;8~10岁儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数分别为194.7~274.2μg/L、119.3~208.7μg/L、112.5~201.3μg/L,孕妇尿碘水平呈下滑趋势;8~10岁儿童甲状腺肿率0.93%。结论 2011-2015年该县达到碘缺乏病消除标准,孕妇、哺乳期妇女等重点人群碘营养水平适宜,综合防治成效显著。但仍存在碘缺乏地区及大量低碘水源,应坚持以食盐加碘为主的防治策略,采取补碘策略抑制孕妇碘营养水平下滑。     

新疆南部碘缺乏病高危地区重点人群碘营养状况评价

目的评价新疆南部碘缺乏病地区重点人群碘营养水平,防止新生儿克汀病和儿童智力残疾的发生制定科学防控措施提供依据。方法按照国家《碘缺乏病监测方案》要求开展重点人群碘营养水平的评价。结果高危重点地区合格碘盐食用率95.02%,碘盐覆盖率92.87%,8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数为195.2μg/L、B超法检测8~10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率2.47%;育龄期妇女尿碘水平孕妇为175.20μg/L、哺乳期妇女为189.40μg/L,尿碘均值低于50μg/L、20μg/L的比例分别为10.02%和3.06%。结论实施应急补碘和免费发放碘盐后,重点人群碘营养水平得到显著改善,碘营养水平已经基本达到国家基本消除标准。     

2015年洛阳市涧西区重点人群尿碘监测结果分析

目的掌握洛阳市涧西区重点人群的碘营养状况,为防治碘缺乏病提供科学依据。方法根据《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》采样监测,采用WS/T107-2006砷铈催化分光光度测定法检测尿碘浓度。结果 0岁~2岁婴幼儿尿碘中位数为237.1μg/L,8岁~10岁儿童尿碘中位数为261.4μg/L,孕妇尿碘中位数为124.9μg/L,哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数为147.3μg/L,育龄妇女尿碘中位数为161.7μg/L,孕妇尿碘中位数偏低。结论婴幼儿儿童及育龄妇女的碘营养水平适宜,孕妇及哺乳期妇女的碘营养水平偏低。建议孕妇及哺乳期妇女通过合理膳食,科学补碘;同时有关部门要加强对该人群的尿碘水平监测工作。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.