2002-2004年东莞市吸毒人群艾滋病监测结果分析

目的 了解东莞市吸毒人群的HIV感染情况及危险因素,预测艾滋病在吸毒人群中的流行趋势,为制定针对吸毒人群的艾滋病防控措施提供依据.方法 对2002-2004年在东莞市强制戒毒所戒毒的3 766名吸毒者检测血清HIV抗体,采用统一问卷搜集每名研究对象的人口学及行为学资料.将所有资料输入EPIDATA 3.0,采用STATA 8.0软件进行统计分析.结果 东莞市吸毒人群的HIV感染率为5.47%,男性吸毒人群的感染率高于女性,流动吸毒人群的感染率高于本地吸毒人群,有共用针具吸毒史者的感染率高于无针具共用史者.吸毒者中注射吸毒率为64.29%,注射吸毒者中针具共用率为44.75%.吸毒者中有商业性性行为者占46.55%,其中坚持每次使用安全套者仅占17.46%.东莞市吸毒人群的HIV感染率有逐年上升趋势.结论 东莞市吸毒人群的感染率有较大幅度上升;吸毒人群中存在着共用针具及商业性性行为等危险因素;应在吸毒人群中尽快推广针具交换、美沙酮替代疗法及100%安全套策略等干预措施.     

社区与戒毒所吸毒人群艾滋病感染及相关因素比较

目的比较东莞市社区招募的吸毒人群与戒毒所哨点监测吸毒人群HIV感染率及相关因素的差别。方法采用同伴推动抽样法(respondent-driven sampling,RDS)招募社区吸毒人群进行面对面的问卷调查,并采集静脉血进行HIV检测;哨点监测按哨点监测方案进行问卷调查和生物学检测。结果共招募和访谈303名社区吸毒人员,采集血样300份;哨点监测400人。社区吸毒人群HIV感染率为8.3%,哨点监测HIV感染率为4.0%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.84,P=0.022)。社区吸毒人群中,广西户籍人口比例、商业性行为比例、商业性行为时经常或总是使用安全套的比例、注射用药率、注射用药者中针具共用率均高于哨点监测。结论社区招募的吸毒人群HIV感染率高于戒毒所哨点监测;东莞市吸毒人群HIV感染处于中等流行水平,应加大对社区吸毒者的干预力度。     

珠海市2006—2012年吸毒人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解珠海市吸毒人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)的感染情况,评价对本地吸毒人员所采取的干预措施的效果,为政府制定防制策略和措施提供参考依据。方法按照国家哨点监测方案的要求,对2006—2012年新进入珠海市某戒毒所的吸毒人员进行高危行为、艾滋病知识知晓情况等内容的问卷调查,并采集血清样本进行HIV抗体检测。结果 2006—2012年珠海市哨点共监测吸毒者2 707人,检出HIV抗体阳性57例,阳性率为2.11%;阳性率从2006年的5.37%(24/447)逐年下降到2012年的0.49%(2/407)(P<0.01)。注射吸毒者的HIV抗体阳性率为3.99%(47/1 178),非注射吸毒者的HIV抗体阳性率为0.65%(10/1 529),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。共用针具注射吸毒者的HIV抗体阳性率为10.7%(44/411),无共用针具的注射吸毒者的HIV抗体阳性率为0.39%(3/767),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2 707名吸毒者中发生商业性行为813人,占30.03%;发生商业性行为时每次都使用安全套者224人,安全套使用率为27.55%。吸毒者艾滋病知识知晓率为85.34%(1 397/1 637)。结论近年珠海市吸毒人群HIV感染率持续下降,但共用针具吸毒和商业性行为等感染HIV的高危因素依然存在。今后在加强对该人群艾滋病防治知识宣传教育同时,应进一步扩大针对该人群的美沙酮维持治疗、清洁针具交换、安全套推广等行为干预的覆盖面。     

珠海市2006-2012年吸毒人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解珠海市吸毒人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）的感染情况,评价对本地吸毒人员所采取的干预措施的效果,为政府制定防制策略和措施提供参考依据。方法按照国家哨点监测方案的要求,对2006--2012年新进入珠海市某戒毒所的吸毒人员进行高危行为、艾滋病知识知晓情况等内容的问卷调查,并采集血清样本进行HIV抗体检测。结果2006--2012年珠海市哨点共监测吸毒者2707人,检出HIV抗体阳性57例,阳性率为2．11％;阳性率从2006年的5．37％（24／447）逐年下降到2012年的0．49％（2／407）（P〈0．01）。注射吸毒者的HIV抗体阳性率为3．99％（47／1178）,非注射吸毒者的HIV抗体阳性率为0．65％（10／1529）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。共用针具注射吸毒者的HIV抗体阳性率为10．7％（44／411）,无共用针具的注射吸毒者的HIV抗体阳性率为0．39％（3／767）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。2707名吸毒者中发生商业性行为813人,占30．03％;发生商业性行为时每次都使用安全套者224人,安全套使用率为27．55％。吸毒者艾滋病知识知晓率为85．34％（1397／1637）。结论近年珠海市吸毒人群HIV感染率持续下降,但共用针具吸毒和商业性行为等感染HIV的高危因素依然存在。今后在加强对该人群艾滋病防治知识宣传教育同时,应进一步扩大针对该人群的美沙酮维持治疗、清洁针具交换、安全套推广等行为干预的覆盖面。     

甘肃省静脉吸毒人员共用针具高危行为及影响因素分析

目的了解甘肃省静脉吸毒人群共用针具的高危行为及其影响因素。方法收集2009年甘肃省吸毒人群综合、省级哨点监测数据,进行共用针具高危行为、艾滋病相关知识及HIV抗体检测等数据分析。结果静脉吸毒人员中共用针具者占37.24%;共用针具静脉吸毒人员HIV总体知晓率为85.80%;不同文化程度的共用针具静脉吸毒人员的HIV相关知识知晓率差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.88,P=0.04);共用针具组丙肝感染率(74.80%)明显高于非共用针具组(28.04%),(χ2=70.31,P=0.00);多因素logistic回归分析表明吸毒者的注射吸毒频率为发生共用针具高危行为的影响因素。结论甘肃省静脉吸毒人员共用针具的高危行为比较严重,注射吸毒频率为发生共用针具高危行为的主要影响因素。     

柳州市吸毒人群艾滋病相关行为特征及血清学分析

[目的]研究柳州市吸毒人群HIV感染流行趋势和艾滋病相关行为特征,为制定柳州市艾滋病预防控制规划提供依据。[方法]2003～2006年在柳州市吸毒人群进行行为监测和HIV血清学监测。[结果]4年间共发现HIV感染者300例,其中236例有与他人共用针具史,HIV抗体阳性率为18.42%,属中等流行,吸毒者中注射吸毒史占92.69%,其中30.20%曾共用过针具;35.12%的吸毒者以高危性行为换取毒品,发生高危性行为时8.1%的吸毒者从不使用安全套,只有1.5%的人每次都用,其余90.04%有时使用。[结论]柳州市吸毒人群存在HIV感染流行加快的潜在因素,必须加强健康教育和实施行为干预。     

2007-2009年成都市吸毒人群艾滋病知识态度行为分析

目的了解2007-2009年成都市吸毒人群艾滋病知识态度行为,为成都市吸毒人群艾滋病防治工作提供依据。方法2007-2009年对社区吸毒者进行艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为的问卷调查,并进行HIV抗体检测。结果2007-2009年成都市吸毒人群以30～39岁（43.8%）、男性（78.4%）、初中文化（50.0%）、在婚（35.8%）为主,其年龄、性别、文化程度、婚姻状况构成比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;艾滋病知识的知晓率由2007年的63.4%提高到2009年的87.1%;最近1个月共用过针具比例由2007年33.5%下降到2009年的11.0%,最近1次性行为安全套使用率维持在35.2%～37.9%;2007-2009年HIV抗体检测阳性率维持在5%左右。结论成都市吸毒人群存在共用针具和不安全的商业性性行为等高危行为,仍需加大力度开展吸毒人群防治工作。     

HIV感染的吸毒人群的艾滋病知识和行为调查

目的了解有吸毒史的艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者的艾滋病知晓情况、吸毒行为、性行为特征,为HIV/AIDS干预提供合理依据。方法采用横断面调查,于2009年4～8月,对澜沧县109名有吸毒史的HIV感染者进行面对面的调查,用SPSS13.0进行统计分析。结果 109名吸毒者中,20～40岁年龄组占74.31%,小学和初中分别占38.53%和33.03%,农民67.89%,少数民族66.06%。艾滋病知识总体知晓率为84.40%,不同文化程度、婚姻状况的人艾滋病知识知晓率差异有统计学意义（χ^2值分别为8.49,9.18;P值分别为0.037,0.027）;2009年4～8月期间,有7人曾共用注射器吸毒;46人与固定性伴有性行为,其中32.61%的人坚持使用安全套;4人与非商业非固定性伴有不安全性行为;8人与异性商业性伴有过性行为,5人未坚持使用安全套。结论有吸毒史的HIV感染者共用针具行为、多性伴和不安全性行为仍然存在,提示应采取宣传教育和行为干预并重的预防措施。     

兰州市吸毒人群艾滋病流行病学调查分析

[目的]了解兰州市吸毒人群HIV感染流行动态,为制定兰州市艾滋病预防控制方案提供依据。[方法]采用国家艾滋病哨点监测方案对2004～2005年兰州市戒毒所吸毒人员进行问卷调查和血清学调查。[结果]2004～2005年共发现HIV感染者17例,其中15例感染者均有注射吸毒史,11例有与他人共用针具史,HIV抗体阳性率为1.22%,属低流行;吸毒者中13.15%有注射吸毒史,其中28.26%曾共用过针具;23.95%的吸毒者曾因毒品交易而发生高危性行为,发生高危性行为时56.72%的吸毒者从不使用安全套,只有12.84%的人每次都用,其余31.04%有时使用。[结论]兰州市吸毒人群存在HIV感染流行加快的潜在因素,必须加强宣传教育和实施行为干预。     

福州市吸毒人群HIV监测和艾滋病相关知识调查分析

[目的]了解福州市吸毒人群艾滋病、梅毒感染现状和对艾滋病预防知识的认知水平,密切注视HIV流行的变化趋势。[方法]对850名吸毒者检测HIV和梅毒抗体并在405名吸毒者中开展艾滋病和知识和吸毒行为问卷调查。[结果]吸毒者中未检出HIV抗体阳性者,梅毒RPR试验29人呈阳性（3.4%)。吸毒人群对艾滋病知识有所了解,静脉吸毒和共用针具比较较高。[结论]吸毒人群存在共用针具吸毒和性乱等多种高危行为,潜在HIV流行的巨大危险。应对该人群加强教育和行为干预。消除危险因素。防止HIV的传播。     

The Discipline of Family Science and the Continuing Need for Innovation

The discipline of family science is entering a new phase, the evaluation and innovation stage. With shrinking academic budgets and threats of departmental dissolution or mergers, it is imperative for administrators of family science programs to be able to articulate the distinctiveness of the discipline, the worth of the unique skills and perspectives afforded by family science programs, the challenges affecting the field, and the solutions and resources necessary to propel family science to new levels of relevance and application. This article reviews the history of the development of the field of family science and then reports survey results from representatives of family science programs related to each of these matters. Innovative strategies for advancing the field and family science programs are discussed.     

Science in action in spontaneous preschool play – an essential foundation for future understanding

ABSTRACT

Children are born to play and are born as intuitive scientists and use numeracy and literacy in their play. Playing is an essential apprenticeship for developing scientific (STEM) literacy. Observing children spontaneously playing reveals that they are experiencing STEM in action. They are observing phenomena, asking questions, solving problems, design investigations and adapting what is available to use in their active investigations Nonspeaking children, until they acquire verbal language for themselves and communicating by gestures and actions about findings. Children have various modes of play, free choice, structured and structured. In imaginative play they replicate activities of adults, dressing up as an adult, cooking in a make-believe kitchen, composing and acting out a narrative. In all these activities children do compose their own narrative but listen to narratives particularly in Pictorial fiction books gradually being able to sort myth from reality as well as predicting outcomes and problem solving.     

Family Science: Generating Early Learning in Science

This paper explores a semi-formal Intervention which involves school children and their family adults in project work in astronomy. Mixed generation 'family teams' attended two 'family science evenings' at the children's primary schools and undertook to tackle and report on home-based projects over the intervening six week period. The projects required the family teams to collaborate in their learning and the results, in terms of enhanced interest and enjoyment of astronomy, were very positive. The evaluation of the research data considers outcomes at two levels: (i) general evaluative comments, and (ii) gains for the family teams involved. The research raises a number of issues, and highlights that, particularly In such a mixed context as this, precise learning gains are difficult to assess.     

Family Science: Generating Early Learning in Science

This paper explores a semi‐formal Intervention which involves school children and their family adults in project work in astronomy. Mixed generation ‘family teams’ attended two ‘family science evenings’ at the children's primary schools and undertook to tackle and report on home‐based projects over the intervening six week period. The projects required the family teams to collaborate in their learning and the results, in terms of enhanced interest and enjoyment of astronomy, were very positive. The evaluation of the research data considers outcomes at two levels: (i) general evaluative comments, and (ii) gains for the family teams involved. The research raises a number of issues, and highlights that, particularly In such a mixed context as this, precise learning gains are difficult to assess.     

Use of social and behavioral sciences by public health departments in major cities

Individual behavior and social contexts are critical determinants of health. We surveyed commissioners or their designees in 22 departments of health serving US cities of at least 500,000 people to examine their use of scientific approaches to influence individual behavior and social contexts. Each department used behavioral or social science in its work, but only four departments were indged to have integrated these approaches throughout their operations, using both centralized and decentralized structures. Degree of integration was unrelated to collaboration with universities or communities but was related to use of explicit theories. Behavioral and social sciences were employed most frequently in the areas of HIV/AIDS and maternal and child health and in the service of changing individual behavior rather than larger contexts, although across departments many health problems and approaches were involved. Commissioners generally found the approaches valuable, but articulated barriers to more widespread adoption.     

基因组研究和后基因组研究

对人类基因的研究是人类对自身基因逐渐增加认识的基础上产生的需要和行为。“基因是大多数疾病的主要病因”的观点改变了整个生物学和医学研究的格局,而基因组学则是改变了基因研究“零敲碎打”的局面,从整体上阐明人类基因组。由此策略产生的人类基因组计划主要的成果是:遗传图、物理图、转录图、序列图。该计划完成以后的基因研究进入了后基因组时代。     

纳米技术在生物医学领域的应用展望

生物科家在纳米生物学领域提出了许多富有挑战性的新观念。文章研究分子(纳米)器件有关的功能分子材料、组装技术、微细加工技术及表征测量技术;以及分子器件和集成分子器件形成分子电路或系统的相关理论、实现技术及其应用的学科。     

2008-2013年SSCI收录中国大陆信息科学和图书馆科学领域的论文分析

目的了解我国信息科学和图书馆科学研究领域在国际信息科学和图书馆科学领域所处的地位。方法检索SSCI数据库2008-2013年中国大陆作者发表的信息科学和图书馆科学术论文被SSCI数据库收录情况。结果 6年间中国作者发文占世界信息科学和图书馆科学发文的比例不断增长,论文分布在55种期刊,发文主要分布在期刊排行Q1和Q2区域;论文作者分布在24个省市自治区,北京、湖北、上海居前,位于前4位的高产机构为武汉大学、浙江大学、复旦大学和北京大学。结论我国信息科学和图书馆科学SSCI论文数量和质量都有快速的增长,已接近国际先进水平,高等院校在信息科学和图书馆科学研究领域具有优势。     

珠海市农村居民艾滋病相关知识、态度与行为调查

目的了解广东省农村居民的艾滋病知识水平、对艾滋病及患者的观念、态度和行为的现状,为艾滋病综合防治示范区提供基线资料,探讨针对农村居民的宣传干预方法。方法于2003-09/10对珠海市某镇3个自然村常住人口进行问卷调查。结果共调查183名自然村居民,艾滋病知晓率为92.3%,HIV感染者与AIDS区分率为37.7%,对艾滋病传播方式存在一定的认识误区,安全套使用率低,57.6%者在性生活时从不使用安全套,19.1%者偶尔使用,4.2%者大多数时候使用,每次都使用者比例仅为0.8%。结论农村居民对艾滋病的认识尚处于“广泛听说但缺乏深入了解”的表浅阶段,相对艾滋病高危人群和城市居民来说,艾滋病防治工作在农村地区更加紧迫并且难度更大。     

Building the science of health promotion practice from a human science perspective

Abstract While health promotion is widely acknowledged as a practice field where multidisciplinary teamwork is important, within nursing's discipline‐specific literature, a strong argument can be discerned regarding the profession's belief that it has a clear and unique role to play in that field. Yet rarely is this unique role, how it arises, and specifically how its effects are to be demarcated, attended to within the discipline‐specific literature. Two philosophical perspectives on science are presented and we demonstrate the extent to which these two perspectives influence nursing scholarship, including nursing practice within the field of health promotion. We then go on to argue that, for nurses to sustain their claim to a unique and important contribution within health promotion, clear articulation of the philosophical premises underpinning practice methodologies is warranted. Specifically we argue the importance of such clarity within the context of an analysis of the discourse of multidisciplinary practice as a strategy for avoiding confronting the ways in which bio‐medical authority has already significantly demarcated how health promotion practice can proceed.