髂胫束松解在外翻膝全膝关节置换术中的作用

目的探讨固定性膝外翻全膝关节置换(TKA)术中髂胫束松解的作用。方法自2009-05—2012-11对22例(24膝)膝关节骨性关节炎并膝外翻畸形行TKA,采用外侧入路,髂胫束多点切开延长松解,Z形切开关节囊,松解髂胫束止点后记录伸直位外翻角度。以股骨及胫骨侧外侧副韧带及腘肌腱为主进一步进行软组织平衡。股骨远端5°~7°外翻截骨,均采用后稳定骨水泥型假体,行髌骨置换。结果本组术中测量髂胫束松解后外翻角平均11.6°(5°~15°),松解前平均27.6°(20°~35°),松解后平均矫正角度为16°。术后恢复良好,未出现腓总神经麻痹。术后外翻角平均6.9°(5°~9°)。22例均获得平均18.9(5~30)个月随访,期间所有患者胫股角稳定,膝关节活动度平均119.2°(100°~125°)。末次随访时,KSS评分平均87.3分,较术前提高62.2分;功能评分平均89.7分,较术前提高65.2分。结论在固定性膝外翻TKA术中,松解髂胫束最大可矫正伸直位外翻20°以内的畸形,改善了髌骨轨迹,明显降低了腓总神经受压麻痹的发生率,不同程度改善了屈曲位外侧间隙紧张。     

个体化的软组织平衡技术在膝外翻全膝关节置换术中的应用

目的探讨在膝外翻畸形全膝关节置换(TKA)术中应用个体化软组织平衡技术的临床效果及手术方法。方法膝外翻患者,术前X线测量股骨和胫骨解剖轴线夹角(FTA角),根据膝外翻畸形Keblish分级(轻度<15°;中度15°～30°;重度>30°),分为轻、中、重三级并认真评估患者软组织状况。软组织平衡术分为三步,第一步切开关节囊前行髂胫束苹果派样延长,第二步自胫骨结节骨膜下松解骼胫束止点和外侧副韧带,第三步自股骨侧松解外侧副韧带及后外侧关节囊。手术方法采用髌旁外侧入路,不同分级个体化的应用上述3步软组织平衡方法行TKA手术。术后测量FTA角,术后定期随访行美国膝关节协会评价标准KSS评分及功能评分与术前比较,评价手术效果。结果 2008年1月～2011年12月,20例(23膝)膝外翻患者,Keblish分级轻度8例8膝,中度7例10膝,重度5例5膝;轻、中、重三级患者应用个体化的软组织平衡方法实施TKA手术;所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6～48个月。术前术后FTA角及KSS评分、功能评分结果经SPSS14.0统计学软件做配对样本t检验,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。全部患者术后外翻畸形均得到完全矫正,关节稳定性良好。结论膝外翻畸形TKA术中选择个体化的软组织平衡方案,可以有效地矫正软组织失衡而获得满意的临床效果,同时又可以避免矫枉过正导致术后关节不稳。     

改良髌旁外侧入路用于外翻膝人工全膝关节置换术

目的探索外翻膝人工全膝关节置换入路与软组织平衡的新技术。方法设计并应用于临床兼有松解髌外侧支持带功能的改良髌旁外侧入路,通过平行分离髌骨外侧支持带深浅两层,并向外翻转脂肪垫暴露膝关节,术中松解髌骨外侧支持带、髂胫束或膝关节后外侧关节囊、膝外侧副韧带等紧张结构,假体安装后错位缝合外侧支持带深层与浅层,既维持了松解的外侧支持带的适当张力和髌股关节正常活动轨迹,又确保了术后深筋膜的闭合。术后2周内行CPM锻炼,2周后扶拐行走。结果11例患者下肢力线从术前平均外翻10.2°矫正至平均内翻1.5°,膝关节冠状面畸形矫正率达85.3%。术后伤口愈合良好,术后2个月伸屈活动度平均达105°,11例患者均可自如地平地行走,其中9例可上下楼梯。膝关节稳定性好。结论改良髌旁外侧入路能较方便地显露膝关节外侧稳定结构,有利于对外侧挛缩结构的精确松解,并保持良好的髌股关节活动轨迹,是严重外翻膝行全膝关节置换的良好入路。     

中重度膝外翻畸形全膝关节置换术效果观察

目的探讨中重度膝外翻畸形全膝关节置换术的手术技巧及疗效。方法 2015-05—2017-05间,安徽医科大学第一附属医院关节外科对16例股胫角(FTA)(28.3±7.2)°的中重度膝关节外翻畸形患者实施全膝关节置换术。均采用膝前正中切口(髌旁内侧切口)、胫骨少量或等量截骨,外侧软组织、后外侧关节囊及副韧带松解,未置换髌骨。13例采用后稳定型假体,3例采用髁限制性假体。以膝关节活动度、双下肢全长片的FTA、美国特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节评分评价疗效。结果随访2~24个月,平均13个月。所有患者膝关节外翻畸形基本矫正,膝关节活动度由术前的(42.6±6.8)°改善为术后的(101.4±7.2)°,FTA由术前(28.3±7.2)°矫正为(6.2±2.9)°,HSS评分术后由术前(22.3±4.2)分改善为(90.2±3.4)分,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后出现1例腓总神经麻痹,经相关处理后恢复。结论全膝关节置换术治疗中重度膝外翻畸形,近期效果满意。     

髌旁外侧髂胫束止点剥离入路TKA治疗膝外翻

[目的]探讨髌旁外侧联合髂胫束Gerdy结节止点剥离入路全膝关节置换治疗外翻膝的临床疗效。[方法]2016年10月～2017年11月在本科接受膝关节置换的外翻膝患者39例,包括18例髌旁外侧联合髂胫束Gerdy结节止点剥离入路(外侧入路组)和21例髌旁内侧入路(内侧入路组)。比较两组患者围手术期与随访资料。[结果]外侧入路组中除3例重度外翻膝患者接受进一步松解外侧副韧带和后外侧关节囊外,其余患者将髂胫束自Gerdy结节止点处骨膜下完全剥离并咬除外侧增生骨赘后,外翻畸形得到一次性纠正。外侧入路组手术时间短于内侧入路组(P0.05),外侧入路组直腿抬高时间短于内侧入路组(P0.05),外翻畸形矫正度数两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组早期并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。随访12～25个月,平均(18.89±4.36)个月。两组膝关节稳定性、假体位置及下肢力线均良好,平均HKA角、FFC角及FTC角差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与术前相比,两组患者术后不同时间点VAS、ROM和KSS评分均得到明显改善,但两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]髌旁外侧联合髂胫束Gerdy结节止点剥离入路行全膝关节置换在显露膝关节的同时即可松解外侧挛缩的结构,从而获得良好的力线平衡。此外,该术式操作简单,可以减少手术时间,是外翻膝行关节置换的良好入路。     

膝关节后外侧复合体

膝关节后外侧复合体（posterolateral complex,PLC）也称膝关节后外侧结构,是一个多条肌腱、韧带组成的解剖及功能复杂的膝关节后外方稳定性结构。PLC由静力性稳定结构和动力性稳定结构共同组成,主要结构有外侧副韧带、胭肌腱和胭腓韧带复合体,次要结构有膝关节后外侧关节囊、豆腓韧带、弓状韧带、髂胫束、股二头肌腱、腓肠肌外侧头。其中外侧副韧带、胭肌腱和胭腓韧带复合体具有解剖学的稳定性。外侧副韧带主要防止膝关节内翻,同时也辅助防止胫骨外旋和后坠。     

“inside-out”技术在合并膝外翻畸形的全膝关节置换术中的应用

目的：探讨全膝关节置换术中应用“inside?out”技术治疗严重膝关节外翻畸形的临床疗效。方法选取2013年2月至2015年2月我院收治的11例（13膝）严重膝外翻的患者,于全膝关节置换术中采用“inside?out”技术进行外侧软组织松解,于手术前后测量股胫角,检查膝关节活动度并采用美国特种外科医院（American Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS）膝关节评分标准评价关节功能,记录手术并发症。结果所有患者均未使用限制型假体,且均获得随访,平均随访时间为（10.0±2.2）个月;术后随访未发生切口血肿、韧带松弛及关节不稳,影像学及临床症状分析未发现假体松动。股胫角由术前的15.2°±3.1°改善为6.3°±1.8°,膝关节活动度由术前的90°±14°改善为102°±11°,HSS评分由术前的（39.2±9.6）分改善为（78.3±9.2）分,以上指标手术前后比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。结论全膝关节置换术中应用“inside?out”技术治疗严重膝外翻畸形,简单有效、安全、可重复性强,应用非限制型膝关节假体,减少了血肿、关节不稳、假体松动等并发症的发生,患者关节功能得到明显改善。     

髋关节后外侧入路中软组织松解对髋关节张力的影响

目的 研究髋关节后外侧入路中不同软组织结构松解对髋关节伸直位张力的影响.方法 新鲜冰冻尸体5具10个髋关节,均采用髋关节后外侧入路显露.在骨盆髂前上棘位置垂直于床面固定一枚克氏针,在股骨干侧方固定另一枚克氏针.测量不同软组织松解操作前后两枚克氏针之间的位移变化.结果 单纯进行牵引、外旋肌切断、后关节囊切开和臀大肌止点切断等操作前后,位移没有明显变化.股骨头切除、阔筋膜髂胫束切断、关节囊全部切除和髂腰肌腱切断后,两枚克氏针距离平均延长1.5mm(1～3mm)、8.0mm(2～19mm)、5.5mm(1～13mm)、1.8mm(1～3mm).同时切断关节囊和阔筋膜髂胫束前后位移变化最大,测量距离平均延长13.5 mm(11～20mm).结论 前关节囊、阔筋膜髂胫束和髂腰肌腱的松解可以降低髋关节伸直位的软组织张力,其中前关节囊和阔筋膜髂胫束的作用最大.髋关节周围的软组织对张力的影响相互制约,单一松解其中一种结构不能获得满意的松解效果.阔筋膜和髂胫束的紧张度可以帮助判断肢体的延长情况.     

髌旁外侧入路在中重度外翻膝全膝关节置换术中的应用

目的探讨采用髌旁外侧入路行中重度外翻膝全膝关节置换的手术技术及近期疗效。方法 2015年6月～2017年6月对12例膝外翻畸形患者采用膝关节髌旁外侧入路行全膝关节置换术。按Krackow分型:Ⅰ型10例10膝,Ⅱ型2例2膝;参照股胫角(femoro-tibial angles, FTA)临床分级均为中、重度外翻畸形(15°)。术后3、6、12、24、36个月门诊随诊,采用KSS评分评价膝关节功能。结果术后12例患者外翻畸形均得到完全矫正,股胫角(FTA)由术前平均(18.6°±4.7°)恢复到(8.4°±1.3°),差异有统计学意义(t=5.782,P0.05)。术后平均随访18.6(12～36)个月。术后3个月关节活动度由术前平均(93.6°±17.8°)提高到(116.2°±16.2°),差异有统计学意义(t=6.352,P0.05);KSS临床评分及功能评分由术前(48.5±11.6)分及(43.5±11.5)分分别提高到(85.6±7.9)分及(88.2±9.6)分,差异均有统计学意义(t=9.421,t=10.305,P0.05)。结论采用髌旁外侧入路行全膝关节置换术是矫治中、重度外翻膝的一种良好的手术入路,能很好地显露外侧挛缩结构,方便行外侧韧带及软组织结构的有效松解;关节囊"Z"字成形切开可解决髌骨的松解和外侧软组织覆盖的矛盾,有效缓解腓总神经的压力。     

晚期类风湿性关节炎合并屈膝位强直的人工全膝关节置换术

目的 :探讨重症类风湿性关节炎膝关节屈曲位强直患者行全膝关节置换的正确截骨及后关节囊软组织松解方法和疗效。方法:对2009年11月至2012年1月收治的15例晚期类风湿性关节炎患者17个屈膝位强直的膝关节行人工膝关节表面置换手术。男7例,女8例;年龄22~75岁,平均58.7岁;单膝13例,双膝2例。15例17膝均表现为屈膝位纤维性强直或僵直畸形,膝关节屈伸活动度(3.2±1.7)°。术前膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)临床评分23.3±12.5,功能评分35.2±9.8。术中在准确截骨的基础上,对不同程度的膝关节屈曲强直畸形采取不同的后关节囊软组织松解方法。结果:15例均获随访,时间1.6个月~3年,平均2.3年。末次随访时KSS临床评分81.7±6.5,较术前提高;功能评分82.8±9.3,较术前提高。2例3膝遗留5°~7°屈膝畸形,但患膝关节功能良好。结论:正确的截骨及有效的后关节囊软组织松解是矫正屈膝位强直畸形和假体置换的关键,其中有针对性的膝关节后房室结构松解的方法和步骤可避免过量截骨并获得满意的换膝间隙。     

An Anatomic Study on Whether the Patella is Centered in an Ideal Anteroposterior Radiograph of the Knee

BackgroundCurrently, an anteroposterior radiograph of the knee is judged based on a centered position of the patella between the femoral condyles. We are not aware of any anatomic literature supporting this recommendation.Questions/PurposesOrthogonal images are required for accurate assessment of knee deformity. Although an image with the patella centered at the distal femur is generally accepted as a true anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of the knee, there is minimal anatomic data to support that this view is orthogonal to a true lateral view of the knee where the condyles are overlapped. We designed an anatomical study to test the relationship between these two radiographic views.MethodsWe studied 428 well-preserved cadaveric skeletons ranging from 40 to 79 years of age at death. Centering of the patella was calculated based on distal femoral and patellar widths. Multiple regression analysis was then performed to determine the relationship between patellar centering and age, gender, ethnicity, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), femoral anteversion, and contralateral centering.ResultsAverage patellar centering was 0.13 ± 0.04, indicating that the average patella was laterally positioned in the distal femur. Only mLDFA and contralateral centering showed statistically significant independent correlations with patellar centering with modest standardized beta coefficients of 0.10 and 0.23, respectively.ConclusionsIn the average specimen, the patella is laterally deviated by 13% of the condylar width. Clinicians should be aware that a lateral view with the femoral condyles overlapped is not always orthogonal to a patella-centered AP view when planning and implementing deformity correction.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11420-014-9419-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Preclinical Evaluation Method for Total Knees Designed to Restore Normal Knee Mechanics

The objective was to develop a simple, rapid, and low-cost method for evaluating proposed new total knee arthroplasty (TKA) models and then to evaluate 3 different TKA models with different kinematic characteristics. A “desktop” knee testing rig was used to apply forces and moments over a full flexion range, representing a spectrum of positions and activities; and the positions of the femur on the tibia were measured. The average neutral path of motion (for compressive force only) and the laxities about the neutral path (for superimposed shear and torque) were determined from 8 knee specimens to be used as a benchmark for the TKA evaluations. A typical posterior-stabilized TKA did not display the normal external femoral rotation with flexion and also showed abnormal anterior sliding on the medial side. A medial-pivot type of guided-motion design showed medial stability comparable to anatomical but still did not produce external femoral rotation and posterior lateral displacement with flexion. The addition of a central cam-post produced the rotation and displacement but only after 75° of flexion. It was concluded that the test method satisfied the objective and could be used as a design tool for evaluating new and existing designs, as well as for formulating a TKA with anatomical characteristics.     

单髁置换术与全膝关节置换术治疗膝单间室骨性关节炎近中期疗效的对比研究

目的探讨膝单髁置换术(UKA)和全膝关节置换术(TKA)治疗膝单间室重度骨性关节炎(KOA)的近中期临床疗效。方法随访本研究中因患膝单间室重度KOA接受单髁置换术的患者23例(23膝),同时期同术者施行的全膝关节置换术50例(56膝)。UKA组23位患者22名获得到了较为完整的临床随访,1例死亡。平均时间为28.6个月(4个月～7年),TKA组50位患者均获得随访,平均时间为32.9个月(2个月～7年)。对手术前后HSS评分,疼痛缓解,术中出血量及术后3d血红蛋白下降量,关节屈曲大于90°时间及屈曲大于120°膝关节数进行比较。结果UKA组与TKA组均获得满意疗效,两组患者均无假体松动,无关节翻修等严重并发症,HSS评分UKA组术前(64±5.75)分,术后末次随访(86±7.85)分(t=11.53,P0.001);TKA组术前(61±6.53)分,术后末次随访(84±7.92)分(t=18.64,P0.001)。与TKA组比较,UKA组术中出血(t=12.47,P0.001)及术后3d天血红蛋白下降少(t=13.61,P0.001),疼痛缓解相似(2=0.007,P0.05),术后膝关节屈曲到90°时间短(t=3.97,P0.05),术后能屈曲到120°的比率高。结论在严格掌握适应证的前提下,对于膝单间室重度KOA患者的手术治疗,UKA的近中期疗效可与TKA相媲美,而且UKA具有创伤小,出血少,患者耐受性好,术后恢复快的优点。     

Neglected irreducible posterolateral knee dislocation

Knee dislocations are rare injuries. Posterolateral knee dislocations are only a small subset of them. There is a paucity of literature regarding the management of such neglected cases. We report here, a case of neglected irreducible posterolateral knee dislocation treated with open reduction and isolated posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction followed by gradual rehabilitation with good outcome at 3 years followup.     

High knee valgus in female subjects does not yield higher knee translations during drop landings: A biplane fluoroscopic study

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of peak knee valgus angle and peak knee abductor moment on the anterior, medial, and lateral tibial translations (ATT, MTT, LTT) in the “at risk” female knee during drop landing. Fifteen female subjects performed drop landings from 40 cm. Three‐dimension knee motion was simultaneously recorded using a high speed, biplane fluoroscopy system, and a video‐based motion analysis system. Valgus knee angles and knee abduction moments were stratified into low, intermediate, and high groups and peak ATT, MTT, and LTT were compared between these groups with ANOVA (α = 0.05). Significant differences were observed between stratified groups in peak knee valgus angle (p < 0.0001) and peak knee abduction moment (p < 0.0001). However, no corresponding differences in peak ATT, LTT, and MTT between groups exhibiting low to high‐peak knee valgus angles (ATT: p = 0.80; LTT: p = 0.25; MTT: p = 0.72); or, in peak ATT (p = 0.61), LTT (p = 0.26) and MTT (p = 0.96) translations when stratified according to low to high knee abduction moments, were found. We conclude that the healthy female knee is tightly regulated with regard to translations even when motion analysis derived knee valgus angles and abduction moments are high. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 257–267, 2013     

Total knee arthroplasty for the stiff knee

The underlying cause of stiffness must be carefully evaluated when considering total knee arthrolasty for the stiff knee. Any previous skin incision must be recorded as well as the state of the extensor mechanism. The choice of prosthesis constraint should be decided on the state of the soft-tissues often released extensively to gain flexion. A quadriceps release or plasty and a tibial tubercle osteotomy are the current options for exposure, soft-tissue release and bone cuts. Postoperatively, the motion should be started early combined to pain control in order to obtain an average of 65° of flexion at follow-up. The complication rate remains high including recurrent stiffness, delayed wound healing and deep infection.     

合并膝内翻骨性关节炎全膝关节置换的处理

目的探讨膝骨性关节炎合并膝内翻畸形者行膝关节置换时膝内翻的矫正方法。方法172例（190膝）合并内翻畸形骨性关节炎患者进行全膝关节表面置换术。术前测量膝内翻角、关节面夹角、胫骨角、胫骨内翻角及胫骨平台后倾角,其内翻角为8°～21°,参考关节面夹角、胫骨角及胫骨内翻角确定膝内翻的类型,术中根据膝内翻的类型及构成因素进行相应的胫骨截骨及适度的软组织松解。结果出现切口感染2例（2膝）,1例为急性感染,1例为迟发性感染,2例均经清创、假体取出并膝关节融合术后痊愈。术后内翻矫正157膝,仍有膝内翻33膝,内翻角3°～9°（4.8°±0.9°）。165例（182膝）获得随访,时间8～90（40±3.5）个月。末次随访时除2例感染外,余膝关节活动度为：伸直0°168膝,伸直受限＆lt;10°11膝,伸直受限11°～15°3膝;屈曲90°～130°。临床及X线检查未见明显松动迹象。HSS膝关节评分由术前12～57（30±5.5）分提高到76～89（79.2±4.3）分。结论术前明确膝内翻的类型及构成因素,术中采取针对性操作进行适度的软组织松解及正确的截骨,是全膝关节置换膝内翻获得矫正的有效方法。