先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的围手术期护理

目的探讨先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的围手术期护理要点。方法总结2001年3月~2007年3月我科收治的先心病合并中-重度肺动脉高压131例的围手术期护理对治疗结果的影响。结果131例中治愈129例,死亡2例,死亡率2%,死亡原因为顽固性右心衰竭及严重低心排出量综合征。结论正确的围手术期护理可提高先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的手术成功率。     

先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的外科治疗体会

目的总结先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压的外科治疗及有关围手术期的处理经验。方法1998年12月~2006年12月手术治疗先心病合并重度肺动脉高压共121例,男56例,女65例,年龄2~54岁,平均(18.0±9.5)岁。术前肺动脉和体动脉收缩压比Pp/Ps均>0.75,平均(0.95±0.16),动脉血氧饱和度SaO275%~96%。结果手术死亡10例(8.26%)。主要并发症:低心排血量2例,肺高压危象8例。死亡原因:低心排血量,肺高压危象。术后SaO290%~97%,平均(94±2.1)%。患者心功能均较术前改善。结论低心排血量和肺高压危像是合并重度肺高压的先心病患者术后的主要并发症和死亡原因,围术期处理是提高生存率的关键。     

婴幼儿先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的围术期处理

1998年3月～2002年1月我院治疗45例体重在10kg以下的先天性心脏病(先心病)合并肺动脉高压(PH)患儿,现将其围术期处理体会报道如下.     

单向活瓣补片在室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压患者手术中的应用

目的探讨应用单向活瓣补片对合并重度肺动脉高压的先天性心脏病室间隔缺损患者的手术治疗方法及效果。方法采用单向活瓣补片对8例伴有重度肺动脉高压的先天性心脏病室间隔缺损患者进行手术治疗及术后随访观察。结果本组8例无手术死亡。均在术后开放主动脉后,心脏自动复跳。术后随访2～12个月。所有手术病人恢复良好,疗效满意。术后2个月的随访,7例病人的生活质量及自觉病情明显改善。1例3岁患者无明显变化,UCG检查显示:单向补片保持开放,右向左分流PP/PS>0.75。术后12个月复查时,单向活瓣补片已无分流,肺动脉下明显下降。PP/PS为0.55。结论对于合并重度肺动脉高压的先天性心脏病室间隔缺损的先心病患者,应用单向活瓣补片进行手术修补,有利于患者能度过术后危险时期,减少围术期死亡的效果。     

低体质量婴儿先心病合并肺动脉高压术后的呼吸支持治疗

目的探讨体质量小于5 kg婴儿先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压术后的呼吸治疗策略。方法针对低体质量先心病合并肺动脉高压患儿的特点,给予优化机械通气方式、特殊的呼吸道管理计划及合理的药物治疗。结果本组28例体质量小于5 kg婴儿先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压术后的患儿中顺利拔管24例,再次插管3例,非呼吸系统原因死亡1例。结论低体质量先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压婴儿的术后的呼吸支持治疗非常重要,运用合理的呼吸支持治疗方案可以降低并发症的发生率,显著提高此类重症患儿围术期的治愈率。     

乌司他汀对先天性心脏病肺动脉高压患者围术期黏附分子的抑制作用

中性粒细胞表达的黏附分子CD11／CD18家族和内皮细胞表达的细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1，ICAM-1)在与体外循环有关的炎症反应过程中起重要作用。本研究通过观察乌司他汀(Ulinastatin，UT)对先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者CD11b／CD18和ICAM-1的影响作用，探讨先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者围术期黏附分子的变化，为体外循环导致的全身炎症反应寻求一种有效的防治措施。     

小儿室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压的围手术期治疗

目的 探讨小儿室间隔缺损(VSD)伴肺动脉高压(PH)外科治疗的围手术期治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2002年10月至2007年10月我科收治的97例小儿室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压患儿围手术期的临床资料.结果 术后死亡5例;术中并发Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞4例,再次阻断主动脉停循环后拆除隔瓣处转移针,心脏复跳后转为窦性心律;术后出现肺动脉高压危象2例,行二次气管插管呼吸机支持治疗后好转;术后肺不张9例,经纤支镜吸痰、拍背、刺激咳嗽等方法处理后肺复张;肺部感染17例,调整抗生素治疗后治愈.结论 小儿室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压的患儿围术期注重降低肺动脉压,加强围手术期综合治疗是手术治疗成功的关键.     

室缺并重度肺高压的围手术期处理

目的 探讨室缺合并重度肺动脉高压的围手术期处理方法。方法 手术前静脉应用前列腺素E1一周；术中应用顺单向活瓣补片修补室缺；术后再静脉应用前列腺素E1两周。结果 符合诊断的病人21例，围术期死亡2例，19例安全渡过围手术期出院。结论 术前静脉应用前列腺素E1,术后应用前列腺素E1等药物和呼吸机治疗是该类病人顺利恢复的重要因素.     

牛心包补片修补心脏缺损并雾化吸入伊洛前列环素降低肺动脉高压

背景：对于先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的治疗,传统降低肺动脉高压的药物效果确实,但存在不易监测、停药后反跳等现象;传统的心脏涤纶补片较易引起吻合口变形、血栓、栓塞、溶血和感染等并发症。 目的：观察应用戊二醛处理牛心包补片和雾化吸入伊洛前列环素治疗先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的效果。 方法：选择90例先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者,术中采用戊二醛处理的牛心包补片修补心脏间隔缺损,术后雾化吸入伊洛前列环素30 ng/(min•kg),日间12 h按1次/4 h给药,夜间12 h按1次/6 h给药,连续给药2 d。记录每次吸入药物前、吸入后即刻、吸入30 min后平均动脉压、平均肺动脉压、体循环阻力指数与肺循环阻力指数,于随访期观察有无心包材料相关并发症和心功能情况。 结果与结论：90例患者复查超声心动图见活瓣均已关闭,无分流,心脏间隔缺损无回声中断,心脏收缩功能正常,未发现与牛心包补片相关的不良反应。所有患者不同时间点平均动脉压、体循环阻力指数比较差异无显著性意义。患者吸入药物后即刻平均肺动脉压、肺循环阻力指数明显低于吸入药物前(P < 0.01),吸入30 min后平均肺动脉压、肺循环阻力指数亦明显低于吸入药物前(P < 0.05)。表明应用戊二醛处理的牛心包补片和雾化吸入伊洛前列环素治疗先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压安全、有效。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

1Okg以下婴幼儿先天性心脏病的围手术期处理

目的总结探讨低体重（〈10kg）先天性心脏病患儿的围手术期处理经验。方法回顾分析了我科2002年10月至2007年6月间收治的86例低体重先天性心脏病患儿的临床资料。结果手术后死亡4例，死亡率4．7％。其中2例患儿术后死于肺动脉高压危象及呼吸衰竭；1例术后出现低心排血量综合征，后死于肾功能衰竭；1例死于术后低心排、心律紊乱。余82例均治愈出院，随访3～18个月，仅1例出现残余分流、心功能不全。均恢复良好。结论适时选择手术时机，完善的围手术期处理，对低体重先天性心脏病患儿可获得满意疗效。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.