前哨淋巴结活检在乳腺癌治疗中的应用价值

目的　探讨前哨淋巴结活检 (sentinel lymph node biopsy,SL NB)在乳腺癌治疗中的可行性及准确性。方法　术前在乳腺肿瘤周围部位皮下注射放射性胶体 99m Tc- DX,同时运用核素淋巴显像和γ计数器探测仪探测两种检测方法 ,识别放射性同位素浓聚的前哨淋巴结 (sentinel lym ph node,SL N) ,将 SL N和其余淋巴结分别行病理组织学检查 ,分析影响 SL N检出率的相关因素。结果　 5 0例患者进行 SL N识别定位 ,发现 SL N 4 8例 ,检出率为96 .0 % ;敏感度为 88.2 % ;准确性为 95 .8% ;假阴性为 11.8% ;假阳性为 0。患者年龄 <5 0岁 ,原发肿瘤位于乳腺外上象限 ,术前穿刺活检确诊与 SL N检出有关 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;组织学因素与 SL N检出无关 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　 SL N可以准确反映大多数乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结 (axillary lym ph node,AL N)的转移情况 ,有可能取代常规的腋窝淋巴结解剖 (axillary lymph node dissection,AL ND)。     

核素示踪乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的准确性与可行性

目的:探讨核素示踪乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(SLN)活检的准确性和可行性。方法:1999年4月-2001年10月期间,应用原发肿瘤周围皮下注射放射性核素示踪技术(99mTC-标记硫化锑胶体或99mTC-标记硫胶体),对79例早期乳腺癌患者进行前哨淋巴结活检(SLND),随后,行包括腋窝淋巴结清扫(ALND)在内的根治性手术。分析评估两种核素淋巴示踪和SLND的准确性及其影响因素。结果:75例行术前淋巴闪烁照相,淋巴结显像67例(89.33%,67/75);术中应用γ探测仪成功证实SLNs 68例,成功率为86.08%(68/79),SLN预测腋窝淋巴结状态的准确性为95.59%(65/68),假阴性率为3/36(8.33%);前28例患者有9例不能证实SLN,3例假阴性;而后51例只有2例不能证实SLN,没有假阴性。两者差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:本研究结果表明,99mTC-标记硫胶体作为示踪剂,手术当天(术前4-6小时)乳腺肿瘤上方皮下注药进行SLND,可以准确预测早期乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结状态。     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients with previous breast augmentation surgery

The number of breast augmentation surgeries (BAS) has increased. Therefore, the number of breast cancer patients with history of BAS has also increased. In this paper, we present two cases of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with previous BAS who were diagnosed with breast cancer. The patients were augmented using different approach; the first case was augmented through transaxillary incision, whereas the second case was augmented through periareolar incision. Lymphoscintigraphy (LPG) was performed on the patients 1 day prior to operation, enabling confirmation of lymphatic flow and SLN in both patients. SLNB was successfully performed in both cases. In one patient, SLNB was performed using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence and the Photodynamic Eye (PDE) system. Regardless of history of BAS, ICG and PDE system showed lymphatic flow and SLN in real time. LPG and ICG fluorescence were useful methods for SLN detection in patients with previous BAS, being able to confirm lymph flow before operation. Biopsy methods using LPG and PDE system were considered useful for difficult confirmation of lymph flow after breast augmentation. This is the first report of SLNB using ICG and PDE system for patients with previous BAS.     

Axillary lymph node management in breast cancer with positive sentinel lymph node biopsy

The surgical treatment of localized breast cancer has become progressively less aggressive over the years. The management of the axillary lymph nodes has been modified by the introduction of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Axillary dissection can be avoided in patients with sentinel lymph node negative biopsies. Based on randomized trials data, it has been proposed that no lymph node dissection should be carried out even in certain patients with sentinel lymph node positive biopsies. This commentary discusses the basis of such recommendations and cautions against a general omission of lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients with positive sentinel lymph node biopsies. Instead, an individualized approach based on axillary tumor burden and biology of the cancer should be considered.     

乳腺癌哨兵淋巴结检测

乳腺癌哨兵淋巴结(SLN)活检技术旨在提高生活质量,降低并发症及手术对患者损伤,并有望替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术.现综述有关乳腺癌哨兵淋巴结活检研究进展.     

淋巴显像在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用

目的：评价淋巴显像在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的价值。方法：采用肿瘤周围或皮下注射^99mTc标记的硫胶体的方法,先行术前淋巴显像,术中γ探测仪引导下行前哨淋巴结活检,分析影响其检出率的相关因素。结果：95例患者中,有88例（92．6％）在术前的淋巴显像中显示淋巴引流,其中39例（44．3％）患者有腋窝淋巴结以外的淋巴外流。术中在γ探测仪引导下成功发现前哨淋巴结的有91例（95．8％）。术前淋巴显像是清楚与前哨淋巴结检出率显著相关（P＝0．025）。结论：淋巴显像能发现腋窝以外的前哨淋巴结,联合使用淋巴显像与γ探测仪行前哨淋巴结活检的方法是可行的,值得在临床上推广使用。     

前哨淋巴结活检在乳腺癌病人中的应用

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结（sentined lymph node,SLN）定位和活检（SLNB）及其对预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结（axillary lymph node,ALN）转移的准确性。方法 对本院自2004年6月至2006年6月收治的56例乳腺癌病人进行回顾,56例病人临床分期均为TmNoMo,术中在肿瘤周围或活检腔的正常乳腺组织皮下注射美蓝,进行SLN定位和活检。结果 SLNB的检出成功率为91．07％（51／56）,准确性为92．16％（47／51）,灵敏度为94．12％（32／34）,假阴性率为5．88％（2／34）,特异性为89．47％（17／19）。结论 用美蓝作SLN定位进行SLNB能准确预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结（ALN）转移状态。     

Results of sentinel node biopsy not affected by previous excisional biopsy.

AIMS: Sentinel lymph node (SN) biopsy has been validated in the treatment of breast carcinoma. Patients with previous excisional biopsy are regarded as ineligible for SN biopsy. We evaluated the results of SN biopsy for this group of patients based on confirmatory axillary lymph node dissection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From April 1997 all 88 patients with stage T(1-3) breast cancer who had previously undergone diagnostic excisional biopsy followed by complete axillary lymph node dissection, were enrolled into a prospective study to determine the validity of the sentinel node procedure. RESULTS: Lymphoscintigraphy visualized one or more axillary hot spots in 84/88 patients. A successful SN biopsy was performed in 87 patients. Complete axillary lymph-node dissection showed no false-negative SN biopsy among the 87 SN procedures. CONCLUSION: SN biopsy is a reliable and safe method following excisional biopsy as is confirmed by completion axillary lymph node dissection. Therefore, patients with previous excisional biopsy are eligible for sentinel node procedure and can be spared unnecessary axillary lymph node dissection.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活组织检查术的研究进展

乳腺癌是全世界女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,严重威胁女性的健康和生命。乳腺癌的外科治疗不断向＂最小最有效＂的模式发展,前哨淋巴结（SLN）活组织检查术（SLNB）在此背景下应运而生。SLNB可免除腋窝淋巴结清扫术（ALND）,大大减少了ALND的并发症。近年来,一些临床研究结果提示部分SLN阳性乳腺癌患者即使不接受ALND,其预后也未受到影响,SLN阳性乳腺癌患者是否一定要行ALND的问题有待研究。     

Controversies in sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer

Sentinel lymph node biopsy, validated in melanoma staging, is currently under investigation for breast cancer staging. Reports suggest that the sentinel lymph node has a high predictive value in determining the presence of axillary metastases. Identification of a sentinel lymph node that is free of metastatic tumor cells may eliminate the necessity of performing a standard axillary lymph node dissection with its attendant morbidity. Numerous techniques are utilized to identify the sentinel node with approximately the same success rate. This paper will address some of the controversial areas of sentinel lymph node biopsy and offer an option for physicians who want to develop a sentinel lymph node program in their hospital.     

术前淋巴显像在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的作用

目的探讨术前淋巴显像在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy，SLNB）中的作用。方法回顾性分析了716例联合术前淋巴显像与术中1探测仪和蓝染料检测乳腺癌SLNB的结果。结果全组SLNB成功率98．2％（703／716），验证组SLNB的假阴性率16．0％（15／94）。淋巴显像共成功地确定出620例患者（86．6％）的前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node，SLN），并在36例患者（5．0％）中发现了腋窝以外的前哨淋巴结。淋巴显像确定SLN的失败率与原发肿瘤的部位、肿瘤的病理类型和注射同位素到显像的时间无显著相关性（均P〉0．05）。注射示踪剂前已进行肿瘤切除活检的患者，其淋巴显像成功率低于未行肿瘤切除活检者；淋巴结转移患者淋巴显像的成功率低于淋巴结阴性患者。术中确定SLN的成功率在术前淋巴显像成功组和失败组之间存在显著的统计学差异（99．5％ vs 91．0％，P〈0．01）。术前淋巴显像是否成功确定SLN与SLNB的假阴性率无显著相关性（P=0．731）。结论乳腺癌SLN术前淋巴显像可以预测术中SLNB的成功率，同时术前淋巴显像有助于确定腋窝以外的SLN，但术前淋巴显像并非乳腺癌SLNB所必需。     

Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in the patients with breast cancer

Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is always standard part for a variety of surgical treatments of breast cancer. Knowledge of the status of axillary nodes presents important information for staging and prognosis, but it remains controversial that ALND provides local control of disease and offer survivalbenefit. Some authors have questioned the wisdom of continuing to do ALND, when the risk of axillary metastasis in the early case is small, and the postoperative complications are usuall…     

Recurrence after sentinel lymph node biopsy with or without axillary lymph node dissection in patients with breast cancer

BACKGROUND: A regional nodal recurrence is a major concern after a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone in patients with breast cancer. In this study we investigated patterns and risk factors of regional nodal recurrence after SLNB alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1999 and March 2005, a series of 1,704 consecutive breast cancer cases in 1,670 patients (34 bilateral breast cancer cases) with clinically negative nodes or suspicious nodes for metastasis who underwent SLNB at a single institute (Saitama Cancer Center) were studied. All 1,704 cases were classified based upon presence or absence of a metastatic lymph node, treated with or without axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The site of first recurrence was classified as local, regional node, or distant. The regional node recurrences were subclassified as axillary, interpectoral, infraclavicular, supraclavicular, or parasternal. RESULTS: After a median follow-up period of 34 months (range, 2-83 months), first recurrence occurred in local sites in 32 (1.9%) cases, regional nodes in 26 (1.5%) cases, and distant sites in 61 (3.6%) cases. In 1,062 cases with negative nodes treated without ALND and 459 cases with positive nodes treated with ALND, 11 (1.0%) and 15 (3.3%) recurred in regional nodes, respectively, and 4 (0.4%) and 2 (0.6%) recurred in axillary nodes, respectively. Of 822 cases of invasive breast cancer with negative nodes treated with SLNB alone, 10 (1.4%) recurred in regional nodes, and 4 (0.5%) recurred in axillary nodes. In the 10 patients with regional nodal failure, all of the tumors were negative for estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) and were nuclear grade (NG) 3. CONCLUSIONS: The axillary recurrence rate was low in patients treated with SLNB alone. Omitting ALND is concluded to be safe after adequate SLNB. Risk factors for regional nodal failure after SLNB alone are negative hormone receptor status and high NG.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检研究进展

近年来,乳腺癌的发病率越来越高,乳腺癌治疗方式也在不断改进,但手术仍然是早期乳腺癌治疗的主要手段。对于早期乳腺癌,前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）是一种安全、精确的手术方式,已逐渐替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）成为早期乳腺癌治疗的标准术式。随着研究的深入,SLNB的应用范围更广,术后生活质量显著改善,但其操作尚需要进一步统一规范。在前哨淋巴结微转移、宏转移、前哨淋巴结活检阳性的老年患者以及新辅助化疗的前哨淋巴结活检等方面尚未达成共识,还需要更多大型多中心前瞻性的随机试验来进一步论证。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检意义初探

目的：探讨开展乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检(Sentinel lymph node biopsy，SLNB)的必要性、可行性、准确性及临床应用价值。方法：对45例临床、B超及钼靶检测腋窝LN阴性的原发乳腺癌患者，术中在原发肿瘤周围注射专利蓝进行腋窝淋巴结切除(SLNB)，随后行腋窝淋巴结清扫(ALND)。术中对部分SLN、术后对全部LN行常规病理检查。结果：45例患者中41例检测到SLN，成功率91．1％；假阴性率为6．66％，SLNB总的敏感性是93．3％，特异性是96．1％；总的阳性和阴性预测值分别是93．3％和96．1％。结论：乳腺癌SLNB是一项有实用价值的新技术，目前国内外仍在研究阶段，随着研究的扩大与深入将有可能取代常规的ALND。     

Prognostic role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer

Sentinel lymph node biopsy was shown to be an accurate procedure in the study of axillary lymph nodes; it allowed a marked decrease in surgery-related morbidity of breast cancer and axillary dissection could be avoided. Other parameters as molecular markers, nuclear grading, patient age, tumor size, are not able to predict the axillary lymph node status and consequent local therapeutic approach similar to those provided by sentinel lymph node biopsy. The extent of sentinel lymph node metastatic involvement, the extracapsular spread, the size of primary tumor and peritumoral lymphatic/vascular infiltration are the four characteristics shown to be significant, if considered in association and not separately as predictors of the extent of axillary involvement in presence of a positive sentinel lymph node. However, so far, specific studies did not confirm concordant and reproducible results. Therefore, apart from controlled studies, axillary dissection is always required in presence of a metastatic sentinel lymph node.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的安全性

循证医学Ⅰ、Ⅱ级证据支持乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）的安全性。本文就SLNB对腋窝淋巴结的准确分期、前哨淋巴结阴性患者SLNB替代腋清扫术后腋窝复发率和并发症、SLNB的放射安全性、SLNB新的适应症进行讨论。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床意义(附30例报告)

目的　探讨开展乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检 (sentinellymphnodebiopsy ,SLNB)的必要性、可行性、准确性及临床应用价值。方法　术前在乳腺肿瘤下方注射 37MBq放射性胶体99mTc DX ,同时运用核素淋巴显像和γ计数器探测仪探测两种检测方法 ,识别出放射性同位素浓聚的前哨淋巴结(sentinellymphnode ,SLN) ,并用皮肤墨水在相应的皮肤上做出标记。术中根据体表标记切除SLN ,后行腋窝淋巴结解剖 (axilarylymphnodedissection ,ALND) ,两标本同时送病理检查 ,了解其符合率 ,并评价SLNB的可行性。结果　 30例均进行了SLN识别定位 ,活检后经病理检查有 2例错误。 1例未取到SLN ,故SLN的检出率为 96 .7% ;1例SLN病理呈假阴性。按目前国外SLNB的评价标准 ,本组SLNB的敏感度为 88.9% ,准确性为 93.3% ,假阳性率为 0 ,假阴性率为 11.1%。结论　乳腺癌SLNB目前在国内外仍处于研究阶段 ,随着研究的扩大与深入将可能取代常规的ALND。     

Efficacy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in male breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is rapidly becoming the standard of care in the treatment of women with early stage breast cancer. Male breast cancer although relatively rare, has typically been treated with mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Men who develop breast carcinoma have the same risk as their female counterparts of developing the morbidities associated with axillary dissection. SLNB has been championed as a procedure aimed at preventing those morbidities. We recently have evaluated the role of SLNB in the treatment of men with early stage breast cancer. METHODS: Among the 18 men treated at the University of Michigan Medical Center for breast cancer from May 1998 to November 2002, 6 were treated with SLNB. RESULTS: The mean tumor size was 1.6 cm. The mean patient age was 59.8 years. All of the patients had one or more sentinel lymph nodes identified. Two of the six did not have confirmatory axillary dissection. Three of the six had positive sentinel lymph nodes (50%). Only one of the three patients with a positive sentinel node had more nodes positive. One of the six patients had a positive node on frozen section and underwent immediate complete axillary dissection. This patient had no additional positive nodes. No patients in our series had immunohistochemical studies of the lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Men with early stage breast carcinoma may be offered the management option of SLNB since in the hands of experienced surgeons it has a success rate apparently equal to that in their female counterparts.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的可行性及临床应用价值

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结(sentinel Iymph node,SLN)定位和活检(SLNB)的可行性及其对预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结(axillary lymph node,ALN)转移的准确性。方法 对52例临床查体及B超检测ALN阴性的乳腺癌患者,术中在肿瘤周围注射亚甲蓝进行SLN定位和活检。对常规病理检查阴性的SLN再行免疫组化检测。结果 SLNB的检出成功率为92.3％(48/52),准确率为97.9％,假阴性率为4.8％,敏感度为95.2％,特异度为100％。SLN是惟一被证实有肿瘤转移的淋巴结者占66.7％(14/21)。免疫组化检测使SLN肿瘤转移的阳性率提高了4.1％。结论乳腺癌SLNB技术是可行的,应用亚甲蓝淋巴定位方法进行的SLNB可以准确预测临床及B超检查ALN阴性的乳腺癌患者的ALN转