The Internet profiles of men who have sex with men within bareback websites

The Internet has become a venue for men who have sex with men to search for sexual partners. Some of these men intentionally seek unprotected anal intercourse with other men ('bareback' sex). This paper focuses on the creation, use, and content of Internet personal profiles of men who have sex with men in the greater New York City metropolitan area who use bareback sites for sexual networking. We used a mixed-methods approach to examine data from a cybercartography of Internet sites conducted during the first phase of the research (199 personal profiles) and from in-depth interviews conducted during its second phase (120 men who have sex with men who sought partners online for bareback sex). Results indicate that men generally followed offline stereotypical patterns in their online profiles. However, men who disclosed being HIV-positive were more likely to include face and head pictures. Overall, the images they used were heavily sexualised in accordance with group norms perceived and reinforced by the websites' design and imagery. Bottom-identified men tended to be more explicit in the exposition of their sexual and drug use interests online. This paper highlights how certain virtual and social performances play upon and reinforce other, in the flesh, performances.     

The other side of the bridge: exploring the sexual relationships of men who have sex with men and their female partners in Mumbai,India

Behaviourally bisexual men have been identified as a ‘bridge’ population of HIV transmission to heterosexual women in India. Little is known about the sexual relationships that these men have with their female sex partners. The primary objective of this study was to explore the sexual practices and relationship dynamics between married and unmarried behaviourally bisexual men and their female sex partners in Mumbai, India. In 2009, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 32 men who reported sex with men and women. Participants discussed a variety of sexual practices and arrangements with female sex partners. Irrespective of marital status and sexual identity, many said that they had satisfying sexual experiences and feelings of affection for female sex partners. However, sexual incompatibility between married partners was also reported. Explanations of bisexual concurrency were discussed in terms of both sexual satisfaction and sexual preference. Self-perceived HIV risk related to same-sex sexual behaviour motivated many men to use condoms with female partners. Expectations of unprotected marital sex and perceptions of partner risk were barriers to condom use. HIV-prevention programmes for this population may benefit from tailored risk-reduction counselling that attends to the variations of these sexual and social relationship dynamics.     

青岛市2016年部分高校学生男男性行为者性伴状况研究

目的 了解高校学生MSM性伴相关状况,分析其寻找性伴的相关因素,为开展高校艾滋病预防干预工作提供参考。方法 依托青岛市MSM民间组织的艾滋病自愿咨询检测点,2016年10月采用滚雪球法招募青岛市部分高校学生MSM,按照现况调查估算样本量为267人,采用自填式问卷调查,收集其人口学特征、性伴状况等信息,采用SPSS 17.0软件统计分析调查内容。结果 共招募304名高校学生MSM,完成调查300名,来自24所高校,平均年龄20.7岁,同性性伴主要为熟人,第1个同性性伴和最近1个同性性伴为熟人的分别占58.7%（176/300）和62.3%（187/300）。通过互联网来寻找性伴占86.0%（258/300）。喜欢选择男性作为性伴占88.3%（265/300）,喜欢选择在校就读学生作为性伴占42.7%（128/300）。结论 高校学生MSM主要通过互联网寻找性伴,同性性伴主要为熟人,喜欢选择男性在校学生作为同性性伴。艾滋病防治工作应该关注高校学生人群MSM及其性健康。     

Sexually explicit racialised media targeting men who have sex with men online: a content analysis of high-risk behaviour depicted in online advertisements

Sexually explicit media may perpetuate racial and sexual norms among men who have sex with men. While men may be exposed to sexually explicit media in the online settings where they seek sex with other men, no studies to our knowledge have explored the relationship between the racial and sexual content of advertisements appearing in these spaces. In 2011, using a detailed codebook, 217 sexually explicit advertisements on a male sex-seeking website were coded for themes, actor characteristics and sexual acts depicted. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between skin colour, theme, sexual acts and condomless sex acts. Nearly half (45%) featured a ‘thug’ theme (a style emphasising Black masculinity/hip-hop culture), 21% featured a college theme and 44% featured condomless sex. Advertisements featuring only Black men, advertisements featuring Black men with men of other skin tones and advertisements depicting a thug theme were positively associated with depictions of condomless sex. Online sexually explicit advertisements featuring Black themes and actors more frequently depicted condomless sex than advertisements with White men alone. Future research should examine whether depictions of Black men engaging in condomless sex in online advertisements influence the sexual norms and cognitions of Black men who have sex with men and their partners.     

浙江省男男性行为人群网络临时性伴的知情交友状况分析

目的 分析浙江省MSM网络临时性伴的HIV感染状况知情交友（知情交友）状况及相关因素,为干预措施制定提供参考依据。方法 2018年6-12月在杭州市、宁波市、温州市、台州市和绍兴市,由社会组织和自愿咨询与检测门诊招募符合研究对象标准的MSM,招募样本量为793人。采用自行设计问卷,采用面对面方式问卷调查,收集社会人口学特征、艾滋病知识、性行为、知情交友行为等信息。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 在MSM 767人中,最近6个月发生网络临时性行为302人,发生网络型临时性行为、网络/场所混合型临时性行为者分别占62.6%（189/302）和37.4%（113/302）。在网络临时性伴的知情交友中,已告知、已询问和已知晓者分别占54.6%（165/302）、49.2%（146/297）和42.9%（82/191）,知晓网络临时性伴HIV阴性状况后坚持使用安全套者占75.8%（113/149）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,最近6个月网络临时性伴的知情交友中未询问的相关因素包括年龄25~34岁（aOR=2.17,95%CI：1.20~3.91）、最近6个月网络临时性伴数>2个（aOR=2.13,95%CI：1.27~3.57）、不认为网络临时性伴HIV感染风险较高（aOR=1.96,95%CI：1.14~3.35）、既往HIV检测数>1次（aOR=0.38,95%CI：0.22~0.66）。结论 浙江省MSM网络临时性伴的知情交友的意愿较高,但知情交友行为及知晓对方HIV检测结果的比例较低,针对MSM的网络临时性伴较多、认为网络临时性伴感染风险低和HIV检测次数较少者,需加强健康教育和促进知情交友的行为干预。     

青少年男男性行为人群性感觉寻求水平与首次同性性行为研究

目的 研究青少年男男性行为人群（young men who have sex with men,YMSM）性感觉寻求水平与首次同性性行为状况的关系。方法 通过互联网宣传、外展活动以及例行的艾滋病自愿检测服务,招募YMSM作为调查对象进行匿名问卷调查。结果 调查的375名YMSM首次同性性行为年龄为（18.98±2.11）岁,83.38%报告为双方自愿,61.93%的性伴年龄比调查对象大,50.94%在首次同性性行为时使用安全套,35.12%的性伴为朋友。性感觉寻求水平与首次同性性行为年龄及安全套使用状况均呈负相关（偏相关系数分别为-0.171和-0.248）。多因素分析结果显示,性感觉寻求得分每增加1分,首次同性性行为年龄由20岁以上降至18~20岁及18岁以下的可能性分别增加0.065倍和0.109倍（OR=1.065,95%CI：1.016~1.117;OR=1.109,95%CI：1.046~1.175）,且首次同性性行为不使用安全套的可能性增加0.070倍（OR=1.070,95%CI：1.034~1.107）。性感觉寻求水平越低者,越倾向于与朋友发生首次同性性行为,而非偶遇性伴（OR=0.936,95%CI：0.900~0.974）。结论 性感觉寻求水平越高者首次同性性行为年龄越小、越倾向于选择偶遇性伴,且在首次同性性行为时不使用安全套。     

男性接触者性伴交往模式及行为特征研究

目的了解男男性接触者(MSM)性伴交往模式以及行为特征,分析流行的潜在危险。方法采用横断面调查方法,2006年6-7月对哈尔滨市673名符合设计要求的MSM进行面对面的问卷调查,利用交往矩阵分析调查对象与性伴之间的人口学特征,并拟合不同的模型。结果调查获得有效问卷648份,MSM与性伴之间在年龄和婚姻状况上的交往相似性Q值分别为0.03和0.41,不同场所的MSM与性伴之间在年龄和婚姻状况上相似性Q值有差异;不同的模型拟合发现,MSM对性伴年龄和婚姻状况的选择上有聚集性,同时年龄小的MSM倾向于有年龄大的相伴,且安全套使用率低;MSM性伴数多,性伴更换频率高;不同年龄组的安全套坚持使用率不同(x2=76.22,P<0.001),15-24岁年龄组安全套坚持使用率较高为50.9%,同时该年龄组的MSM与性伴之间商业性性行为比例最高,为22.5%。结论MSM与性伴之间的交往模式具有一定程度的相似性,同时存在传播HIV的潜在危险。     

深圳市男男性行为人群相关高危行为干预及其影响因素研究

目的 了解深圳市男男性行为者(MSM)安全套使用及其相关影响因素.方法 2009年8-11月招募深圳市同性恋聚集地的同性接触人群作为访谈对象,采用统一调查表进行问卷调查.对调查的273名MSM进行人口学和行为特征分析;以近6个月发生性行为时不能坚持每次使用安全套的行为为应变量,而各类影响因素为自变量进行logistic回归分析.结果 调查对象来自全国各地,绝大部分为青壮年,平均年龄27.9岁,以未婚居多,文化程度较高,但对艾滋病知识缺乏;安全套使用率低,过去1年每次性行为均使用安全套的比例为20.5%;与同性发生性行为不使用安全套的原因主要是对方为"稳定的性伴和爱人"、"年轻,看起来没病"、"没有滥交".结论 深圳市MSM危险性行为普遍存在,安全套使用情况和影响因素各不相同,艾滋病极有可能在该人群中流行.

Abstract：

Objective To learn the condom-use and it's associated factors among men who have sex with men(MSM)in Shenzhen,so as to provide scientific basis for the development of prevention and control program.Methods Cross-sectional survey was conducted with standardized questionnaire used on individual case.Associated factors with behavior of not persistent condom use were analyzed,using logistic regression method as dependent variable and associated factors with behaviors as independent variables.Results Most of the MSM were young,with average age as 27.9.coming from 26 provinces of China.Only 20.5 percent of the participants were persistently using condoms every time with their sex partners in the past year. The main reasons of not constantly using condom with their male sex partners were having fixed partners,being young,healthy and being faithful.Conclusion High risk sexual behaviors and the low rate of condom-use among MSM might serve as potential risks for HIV epidemics.Data on the rate of condom use and the influencing factors among MSM varied for different sexual partners,suggested that targeted prevention measures should be conducted.     

Exploring the internet's role in sexual compulsivity and out of control sexual thoughts/behaviour: A qualitative study of gay and bisexual men in New York City

Sexual compulsivity and the internet have been investigated separately among gay and bisexual men for their connection to sexual risk behaviour, yet little research has addressed the intersection. This analysis explored qualitative interview data from 111 gay and bisexual men experiencing out of control sexual thoughts and/or behaviours, about the role of the internet in their lives. For some it facilitated their problematic sexual thoughts and behaviours and, to some extent, was a distraction from important facets of their lives. Equally, men identified strategies to limit their internet use and reduce these negative consequences. For some, the internet was attributed to being less discriminating about partners. In contrast, other men compared the internet to other venues for meeting sex partners (e.g. bars) and described the internet as a medium for reducing physical (cruising online versus cruising a dark alley) and sexual (multiple partners at bathhouses versus cyber‐sex only) risk. Clinically, service providers should conduct more thorough assessments regarding the role of the internet in the lives of patients who experience sexual compulsivity, as many individual differences exist, and there may be positive benefits that stem from internet use.     

Men Who Have Met Sex Partners via the Internet: Prevalence, Predictors, and Implications for HIV Prevention

This study examined the prevalence of Internet use for meeting sexual partners among men who have sex with men. The study also examined HIV risk behaviors among men who reported meeting a sexual partner via the Internet. A sample of 609 men was surveyed while attending a gay pride festival in Atlanta, GA. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing demographic information, Internet use, gay acculturation, AIDS knowledge, attitudes about condoms, global substance use, and sexual behavior. A substantial majority of men (75%) reported using the Internet to access gay-oriented web sites. One third of the sample (34%) reported having met a sexual partner via the Internet. Men meeting sex partners online reported higher rates of methamphetamine use. Men meeting sexual partners over the Internet reported having sex with more male partners in the previous 6 months (M = 8.38, it SD = 19.39) compared with men not meeting partners in this manner (M = 3.13, SD = 4.99, p < .001). Men meeting partners via the Internet also reported higher rates of sexual risk behaviors including unprotected anal receptive intercourse (p < .05) and unprotected anal insertive intercourse (p < .01). The high prevalence of Internet use as a method of meeting sexual partners suggests that sexual networks may be forming over the Internet. The Internet therefore provides opportunities for new HIV primary prevention interventions.     

Sexual HIV risk among gay,bisexual and queer transgender men: findings from interviews in Vancouver,Canada

Abstract

Gay, bisexual, queer and other men who have sex with men are disproportionately affected by HIV in Canada. While up to 63% of transgender men identify as gay, bisexual or queer and report a variety of HIV sexual risk behaviours, transgender men are often overlooked within epidemiological HIV surveillance and research. While a growing body of research has begun to examine sexual risk for transgender gay, bisexual and queer men, most studies have been conducted in the USA. This study explored sexual HIV risk for this population in the Canadian context, specifically in British Columbia, in an environment of publically funded universal access to healthcare, including HIV testing and treatment. We conducted interviews with 11 gay, bisexual and queer transgender men. Participants’ narratives suggest that HIV risk for these transgender men is shaped by a diversity of sexual behaviours, including inconsistent condom use, seeking partners online for greater safety and accessing HIV/STI testing and other healthcare services despite facing transition-related barriers. Public health prevention and health education must recognise the presence of transgender men and ensure health services and broader population health promotion meet the unique sexual health needs of this sub-population of gay, bisexual and queer men.     

Increased High Risk Sexual Behavior After September 11 in Men Who Have Sex with Men: An Internet Survey

Numerous studies on the mental health effects of terrorist attacks have been published, with some reporting increases in smoking and drug and alcohol use. None have reported on changes in sexual behavior. To investigate the impact of the September 11 attacks on sexual and drug- and alcohol-using behaviors of men who have sex with men (MSM), an anonymous Internet survey was conducted to obtain information retrospectively on behavior during three month periods before and after the attacks. A total of 2,915 MSM from all 50 U.S. states completed the survey. Men who were exposed to the attacks were not differentially targeted for the survey since the online banner ad used to recruit did not mention September 11. Exposure to the attacks varied: 11.4% lost a friend or relative; 5% witnessed the attacks in person; and nearly all saw the attacks on television within one hour of their occurrence. Nearly equal proportions of men reported increases and decreases in the number of sex partners following September 11. Small, statistically significant increases in unprotected anal intercourse and alcohol use, but not illicit drug use, were found when behavior after September 11 was compared to that before the attacks. Men who lost a friend or relative in the attacks were significantly more likely to report unprotected anal intercourse, an increased number of sex partners, and increased alcohol use after September 11 than those who did not. Counseling about substance abuse and risky sexual behavior should be incorporated into trauma-related programs for adolescents and adults.     

Barebacking among gay and bisexual men in New York City: explanations for the emergence of intentional unsafe behavior

This study was undertaken to assess the frequency with which gay and bisexual men in New York City engage in intentional unprotected anal sex, or barebacking, and to examine explanations about the emergence of barebacking. A total of 518 men completed a brief intercept survey. Of the 448 men who were familiar with the term barebacking, 204 (45.5%) reported bareback sex in the past 3 months prior to assessment. HIV seropositive men were significantly more likely than HIV seronegative men to report this behavior and reported significantly more sexual partners with which they had engaged in intentional unprotected anal intercourse. Participants reported significantly more acts of seroconcordant bareback sex (intentional unprotected anal intercourse with a partner of the same HIV status) than those of serodiscordant bareback sex. Men who reported barebacking also reported significantly more benefits associated with this behavior. The Internet and the availability of sexually oriented chat rooms, HIV treatment advances, emotional fatigue regarding HIV, and the increased popularity of club drugs were commonly cited as reasons for the barebacking phenomenon.     

重庆市男男性行为者网络交友HIV感染情况

目的了解重庆市男男性行为者(MSM) 网络交友状况及人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染情况,为有效干预MSM HIV感染提供依据。方法对重庆市206名MSM进行结构式访问与问卷调查,对半年内未进行HIV检测者进行实验室筛查,分析MSM人口社会学特征及HIV感染的影响因素。结果206名MSM平均年龄（22.08±1.81）岁,大专及以上文化程度137名（66.50%）,HIV感染率为21.36%（44/206）。MSM无固定性伴侣者HIV感染率高于有固定性伴侣者;MSM性伴数量越多,HIV感染风险越大;与不熟悉或陌生的人发生性行为HIV感染率高于与熟悉的性伴;性行为中安全套使用率越高,HIV感染率越低,各组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。不同文化程度的MSM安全套使用情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论该市MSM HIV感染率较高,建议加强健康教育宣传、同伴网络教育与行为干预,减少联结MSM网体之间的桥梁人群,建立同性恋社会支持体系,降低MSM HIV感染风险。     

上海市264名男男性行为者孤独感与多性伴行为研究

目的 了解男男性行为者（MSM）孤独心理并探讨其与艾滋病高危多性伴性行为的关系。方法 2015年3—6月,采用滚雪球抽样的方法对上海市264名MSM进行一般人口学信息,多性伴行为,孤独感评定的问卷调查。结果 MSM人群孤独检出比例为17.4%,多性伴检出比例为52.7%,单因素、多因素logistic回归分析均显示,非本地户籍（OR=2.08,95% CI：1.20~3.63）和高孤独感（OR=2.00,95% CI：1.01~3.94）是发生多性伴行为的危险因素。结论 对MSM人群进行艾滋病高危行为干预时,应当注意他们的孤独心理的问题。     

广州市男男性行为者rush poppers使用情况及影响因素研究

目的 了解广州市男男性行为者（men who have sex with men, MSM）rush poppers使用情况及影响因素,为制定相关防控措施提供依据。方法 采用现况研究方法,于2017年5 - 11月通过非概率抽样招募广州市MSM进行匿名电子问卷调查,获取社会人口学特征、近6个月性伴和性行为特征、发生性行为前rush poppers使用情况等信息。使用χ2检验和非条件logistic回归分析rush poppers使用的影响因素。结果 近6个月,广州市MSM rush poppers使用率为34.84%（340/976）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,近6个月,有同性多性伴（aOR = 1.72, 95%CI:1.24～2.38）、有同性临时性伴（aOR = 2.05, 95%CI:1.49～2.82）、发生性行为前饮酒（aOR = 1.87, 95%CI:1.40～2.50）及近一年曾被诊断患有性病（aOR = 1.78, 95%CI:1.08～2.94）的MSM使用rush poppers的可能性较大。结论 广州市MSM rush poppers使用比例高,应开展针对性的干预措施,特别加强对有多性伴、有临时性伴、性行为前饮酒及近一年曾被诊断患过性病者的宣教,以降低该人群的使用率。     

The sexual experiences of Latino men who have sex with men who migrated to a gay epicentre in the USA

Key informant interviews, in‐depth interviews and focus groups were conducted to examine ways in which social context influenced the behavior of Brazilian, Colombian and Dominican men who have sex with men. First, we investigated how the social context in the home country affected motivation for migration. Findings suggest that Latino men who have sex with men frequently reported coming to the USA to escape homo‐negativity and to achieve greater sexual freedom. The study also examined how the social context encountered in the early years after migration shaped sexual behavior and risk. A majority of the participants reported easy access to sex partners and frequent sexual encounters. The anonymity of living in a gay epicentre such as New York City, often without social connections from the past, was experienced as liberating and conducive to sexual exploration. Moreover, sex in public venues, such as parks and sex cabins, was readily available to those who do not speak English. The tendency to engage in high levels of sexual activity during the early period after arrival in New York City was particularly evident among younger men. Implications for future programme development are discussed alongside prevention efforts targeting migrants during this critical period.     

Perceived Risks and Protective Strategies Employed by Young Men Who Have Sex With Men (YMSM) When Seeking Online Sexual Partners

This study examined the perceptions of risk by young men who have sex with men (YMSM) regarding meeting sexual partners through the Internet. Fifty-four YMSM ages 18–29 who reported engaging in bareback sex (“intentional unprotected anal intercourse in high-risk contexts”) completed a structured assessment and a face-to-face interview. Participants reported using the Internet to meet sexual partners at least once per week, having had multiple sexual partners in the past 2 months (M = 10.50, SD = 9.25), and engaging in occasions of unprotected receptive (M = 5.35, SD = 6.76) and insertive (M = 5.06, SD = 10.11) anal intercourse. A third of the sample reported having had unprotected sex with a partner who was serodiscordant or of unknown serostatus. Despite the obvious HIV risks, the most commonly perceived risks included threats to physical safety and difficulties trusting a stranger. Risk reduction strategies included leaving information about partner and whereabouts with a friend, meeting in a public place, and screening partner through online chatting. Those YMSM who meet partners online may be at risk for physical violence in addition to HIV or sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Public health campaigns should increase awareness of safety concerns when meeting sexual partners online and support YMSM's self-protective actions.     

A social network typology and sexual risk-taking among men who have sex with men in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth,South Africa

Despite the high prevalence of HIV among men who have sex with men in South Africa, very little is known about their lived realities, including their social and sexual networks. Given the influence of social network structure on sexual risk behaviours, a better understanding of the social contexts of men who have sex with men is essential for informing the design of HIV programming and messaging. This study explored social network connectivity, an understudied network attribute, examining self-reported connectivity between friends, family and sex partners. Data were collected in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, South Africa, from 78 men who have sex with men who participated in in-depth interviews that included a social network mapping component. Five social network types emerged from the content analysis of these social network maps based on the level of connectivity between family, friends and sex partners, and ranged from disconnected to densely connected networks. The ways in which participants reported sexual risk-taking differed across the five network types, revealing diversity in social network profiles. HIV programming and messaging for this population can greatly benefit from recognising the diversity in lived realities and social connections between men who have sex with men.     

2015－2017年绵阳市年轻男男性行为者安全套使用及影响因素

目的 了解年轻男男性行为者(young men who have sex with men, YMSM)安全套使用现状,分析影响因素。 方法 2015年9月－2017年6月,以四川省绵阳市15～24岁YMSM为对象,用滚雪球抽样法招募调查对象,进行安全套使用、社会及性行为等调查和血清学检测。安全套使用影响因素单因素分析用χ²检验,多因素分析用非条件logistic回归。 结果 共回收有效问卷362份,近6个月安全套每次使用率男性肛交55.31%、商业性伴42.11%、固定性伴49.38%、偶然性伴58.10%,异性性伴39.29%。不使用安全套26.83%因自己、46.34%因性伴不愿意,其原因固定性伴29.27%、不舒服23.17%、没必要14.63%。艾滋病病毒抗体阳性率随近6个月肛交安全套使用频率降低呈上升趋势(χ²_趋势=16.82,P=0.000)。多因素分析显示,干部职员(OR=16.058,OR95%CI: 1.95～132.55)、对自己性取向自豪(OR=100.82,OR 95%CI:8.68～1170.39)、近1年接受宣传材料发放(OR=5.37,OR 95%CI: 1.12～25.72)、防治知识来源宣传材料(OR=4.07,OR 95%CI: 1.05～15.81)、性伴不使用安全套采取劝说处理(OR=3.889,OR95%CI: 8.14～293.10)、性伴相处坚持主张(OR=16.058,OR 95%CI: 1.03～14.70)、近6个月肛交每次准备安全套(OR=12.01,OR 95%CI: 3.18～45.43)是安全套使用促进因素。 结论 YMSM安全套使用率不高,性伴制约作用明显,预防服务、身份认同、意愿坚持等与其相关,应针对性开展行为干预。