Ductal stenting using side‐branch cell dilation for aortic coarctation in high‐risk patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome

For high‐risk neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) undergoing Norwood operation, the strategy of bilateral pulmonary artery banding and ductal stenting is risky in case of coarctation of the aorta (CoA), often resulting in death. Therefore, we devised a new method of ductal stenting with side‐branch cell dilation, which could overcome the constriction of the ductal arch with CoA in two HLHS patients. This is the first report that presents this method and the results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Staged rehabilitation of ductal origin of the left pulmonary artery in an infant Fallot's tetralogy.

Isolation of a branch pulmonary artery from ductal closure is an unusual finding in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. A case report of a newborn is presented where the closing arterial duct was balloon-dilated and stented to reestablish blood supply to the affected lung as a strategy of improving systemic saturations and promoting the growth of the hiliar branch pulmonary artery. Five months after the initial palliation, complete surgical repair with stent removal was successfully achieved.     

Left main coronary artery stenting after cardiac arrest in an infant with William's syndrome

A 6‐month‐old female with William's syndrome and biventricular outflow obstruction had a cardiac arrest due to myocardial ischemia soon after induction of anesthesia during cardiac catheterization. The patient was supported with extra corporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) and successful stenting of the left main coronary artery was performed as a rescue measure. This intervention allowed successful weaning from ECMO and subsequent discharge from the hospital. Coronary intervention in infants may be successfully performed in dire situations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

重度先天性心脏病新生儿期进行流量可调性的双侧肺动脉环缩术

Objective： Although the outcomes after operation for severe congenital heart diseases are improving, the morbidity rates continue to be higher than those of many other congenital heart diseases. We perform bilateral pulmonary artery banding （BPAB） in the neonatal period followed by percutaneous pulmonary artery balloon dilatation （PABD） for severe congenital heart diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of our management strategy for treatment of severe congenital heart diseases.     

Pulmonary arterial changes in patients dying after a modified Fontan procedure following pulmonary artery banding

Summary Pulmonary arterial changes were histometrically analyzed in four cases of postoperative death following a modified Fontan procedure in which pulmonary artery banding had previously been performed because of pulmonary hypertension. Case 1 was a 3-year-old girl with corrected transposition of the great arteries (TGA), ventricular septal defect, and double-inlet left ventricle; case 2 was a 6-year-old girl with single ventricle (SV) and complete TGA; case 3 was a 25-month-old boy with SV and doubleoutlet right ventricle; and case 4 was a 21-year-old man with tricuspid atresia. The cause of death in cases 1, 2, and 3 was pulmonary hypertensive crisis due to postoperative vasoconstriction of the small pulmonary arteries. Medial hypertrophy remained in half of the preacinar small pulmonary arteries although it was not observed in all the intraacinar arteries in cases 1 and 2, even after banding. The postoperative course of case 4 was uneventful despite multiple thromboembolism in the small pulmonary arteries. However, the patient died due to a thrombosed artificial valve. The results suggest that residual medial hypertrophy of the small pulmonary arteries was a major risk factor in these cases. Lung biopsy is recommended to determine the indications for the Fontan procedure in these hemodynamically critical cases.     

Endovascular stenting for treatment of an adult patient with pulmonary artery stenosis with 1-year follow-up

This report describes the occurrence of symptomatic proximal left main pulmonary artery stenosis in a 58-yr-old man that was successfully treated with endovascular stenting with 1-yr follow-up. The technique and pitfalls of this procedure are described. Endovascular stenting provided a well-tolerated, nonsurgical approach to alleviating isolated pulmonary artery stenosis in this patient. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Right aortic arch,bilateral ductus arteriosus,and anomalous origin of left pulmonary artery from innominate artery in a fetus with normal intracardiac anatomy

Right aortic arch (RAA) with right ductus arteriosus (RDA) is one of the least frequently diagnosed cardiac abnormalities prenatally. We describe here a case of RAA, bilateral ductus arteriosus (BDA), and anomalous origin of left pulmonary artery from innominate artery in a fetus with normal intracardiac anatomy.     

Partial anomalous left pulmonary artery along with aortic coarctation in an infant with Kabuki syndrome

We report an antenatally diagnosed fetal coarctation delivered prematurely and confirmed to have coarctation as well as additional nonobstructing anomalous left pulmonary artery branch (aLPA) from right pulmonary artery (RPA) and significant dysmorphic features. The baby underwent an uncomplicated arch repair, but had numerous multisystem and growth related issues prompting a diagnosis of Kabuki syndrome (KS) at 1 year of age. While coarctation and hypoplastic left heart syndrome are observed in this syndrome, this is the second reported case of aLPA in KS and the first with the forme fruste of left-sided obstruction as well as aLPA in this group of patients.     

Hybrid stenting of aortic coarctation in very low birth weight premature infant

A very low birth weight infant with severe aortic coarctation developed progressive left ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary overflow with hemorrhage, while receiving prostaglandins. To avoid morbidity from conventional surgery or percutaneous intervention, a two‐step strategy was performed at a weight of 970 g. First vascular access was obtained through sternotomy: a 3/8 mm coronary stent was deployed through a 4 French sheath in the ascending aorta; the arterial duct was clipped. At the age of 5 months, the stent was removed and the aortic arch reconstructed with an end‐to‐end anastomosis through lateral thoracotomy. This strategy was not associated with morbidity typical for premature infants with congenital heart disease. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Use of small stents for rehabilitation of hypoplastic pulmonary arteries in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect.

Branch pulmonary artery stenosis frequently occurs in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA/VSD). Balloon dilation alone is often unsuccessful in patients with severely hypoplastic pulmonary arteries with residual stenoses after surgical repair. In an attempt to promote distal pulmonary artery growth, 17 stents were placed in 12 severely stenotic pulmonary artery lesions in 10 patients with PA/VSD. All had prior surgery, including pulmonary artery repair, right ventricle to pulmonary artery homograft, and, in 6 of 10, closure of VSD. Median age at stent placement was 16.8 months (range, 13.2-56). Stents were placed using 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0 mm balloons in all but one lesion, in which a 7 mm balloon was used. Following stent placement, there was an increase in the lesion diameter from 1.5 to 3.4 mm (P < 0.05) and an increase in flow to the affected lung from 27% to 34% (P < 0.05). Repeat catheterization 2 to 6 months after stenting in six patients revealed complete occlusion in two of eight lesions. In the other six vessels, there was an increase in distal vessel diameter from 2.96 to 3.94 mm (P < 0.05) even though four had severe restenosis requiring restenting. Two patients underwent surgical pulmonary artery reconstruction and stent removal because of adequate distal vessel growth. Stenting of hypoplastic pulmonary arteries in PA/VSD results in immediate improvement in vessel size and blood flow. Stent restenosis is common although distal vessel growth can be achieved. Stenting of these lesions should be reserved only for those patients unresponsive to other interventions.     

Carotid artery angioplasty and stenting in elderly patients： the advantage of being an interventional cardiologist

Objective Carotid angioplasty and stenting （CAS） has been suggested to be the procedure of choice in patients with high risk cardiovascular profile. Unfortunately, such patients are often aged with several comorbidities, such as a high prevalence of coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and hostile anatomy that complicate the CAS performance. We sought to evaluate the results of CAS in elderly patients, outlining the encountered challenges and the eventual proposed global cardiovascular management. Methods We retrospectively searched the database for patients 〉 65-year-old who were referred to Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Endoluminal Interventions, Rovigo General Hospital, over a 24-month period （December 2007-November 2009） for CAS. Coronary angiography and peripheral screening were performed in all patients. All eventual challenges and related solutions were analyzed. Results Totally, 160 patients were enrolled. Among which, 50 patients （31.2%, mean age 80 ~ 6.4 years） underwent CAS over a 24- month period： 24 patients （48%） had concurrent coronary artery disease （three-vessel in 7 patients, bivessel in 8 patients, single vessel in 5 patients and left main in 4 patients）; 13 patients （26%） and peripheral artery disease at the site of arterial access; 15 patients and type III aortic arch （30%）, 7 patients severe tortuosity of the common carotid artery （14%）, and 8 angulated takeoffof carotid or internal artery （16%）. Concurrent percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 14 patients, including 3 patients with left main disease. Concurrent peripheral intervention was performed in 7 patients （ all with bilateral common or external critical disease） due to the impossibility to gain another access. Successful carotid cannulation was achieved in all patients with hostile neck. Two-wire technique has been used in 17 patients, three-wire technique in 9 patients, and four-wire technique in 4 patients. Conclusion Elderly patients submitted to CAS represent a complex and challenging subgroup in which often cardiac and peripheral technical expertise is required to gain success of the procedure： interventional cardiologists are probably the preferred performers in such complex patients （JGeriatr Cardio12010; 7：3-6）.     

Bilateral ductal stenting in a neonate with right isolated pulmonary artery of ductal origin and differential pulmonary vascular resistances

We report our experience with stenting a right ductus arteriosus in a neonate with ductal origin of the right pulmonary artery (PA), who subsequently developed severe pulmonary hypertension in the left PA requiring decompression of the right ventricle with stenting of the left ductus. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Coronary artery fistula embolization in an infant with pulmonary atresia intact ventricular septum: a case report.

This report presents a case of pulmonary atresia/intact ventricular septum with right ventricular-dependent coronary circulation. At 7 months of age, the infant underwent coil embolization of the connection between the right ventricle and the coronary circulation. The child is currently well following surgical decompression of the right ventricle.     

2岁以上合并重度肺动脉高压先天性心脏病行单心室修复的初步研究

目的：探讨2岁以上合并重度肺动脉高压先天性心脏病（先心病）行单心室修复的手术指征及效果。方法：回顾性分析年龄〉2岁合并重度肺动脉高压仅能行单心室修复的先心病患儿15例,男性9例,女性6例。年龄2.0～10岁,平均（7.8±3.8）岁。体质量11～24kg,平均（15.32±4.24）kg,术前经皮血氧饱和度（SPO2）88%～95%,平均（91.75±2.29）%。肺动脉压（mPAP）52～91mmHg（（1 mm-Hg=0.133 kPa））,平均（54.61±16.8）mmHg。心脏畸形：单心室7例,三尖瓣闭锁3例,室缺远离两大动脉伴左心室发育不良型右心室双出口2例,心室不均衡型完全型房室通道2例,十字交叉心1例。均在静吸复合麻醉下先期行肺动脉环缩术,后期逐步完成双向格林或全腔肺动脉吻合术。结果：全组无住院死亡;PAB术前后mPAP、SPO2明显下降;PAB术后3～6年内完成双向格林（Glenn）4例,全腔肺动脉吻合术（TCPC）2例。结论：PAB术能有效降低肺动脉压力,≥2岁PAB术后可进一步完成Glenn或TCPC术。     

Balloon angioplasty and stenting of multiple intralobar pulmonary arterial stenoses in adult patients.

Balloon angioplasty and stent placement for pulmonary arterial stenoses in children are well-established therapies. In contrast, management of isolated peripheral pulmonary arterial stenoses in adults remains relatively unexplored. Four women (ages 18-63 years) with multiple discrete intralobar pulmonary arterial stenoses were treated with balloon angioplasty. Initially, 4-5 stenoses were dilated in each patient. The mean minimum diameter of the stenoses increased from 1.3 to 3.1 mm (P < 0.001), and the mean ratio of right ventricular to aortic systolic pressure decreased from 0.92 to 0.62 (P < 0.05). Each patient had marked symptomatic improvement. However, three patients developed recurrence of symptoms 4-24 months after angioplasty, and two had angiographic evidence of restenosis at previously dilated sites. These restenoses were treated with repeat angioplasty or stent implantation (three stents in each patient). One of these two patients developed near-occlusive restenosis of the stents and had successful bilateral lung transplantation. The other patient had a third catheterization with successful implantation of three additional stents. The third patient with recurrent symptoms died 2 years later, without further intervention. Transcutaneous catheter therapy for multiple intralobar pulmonary arterial stenoses in adults is highly successful acutely, but restenosis is common within several months. For some patients, balloon angioplasty and stent implantation may provide definitive management, while for others these procedures may serve as a bridge to lung transplantation.     

【先心病】计算机辅助分析腔内外肺动脉环缩术血流动力学初探

目的 利用计算流体力学方法探索肺动脉环缩术（PAB）中腔外环缩术（E-PAB）和腔内环缩术（I-PAB）间血流动力学差异。方法 纳入2020年上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心1例需行PAB手术患儿,基于医学影像数据三维建模,利用计算机辅助设计分别行E-PAB和I-PAB虚拟手术,通过计算流体动力学分析比较术后肺动脉血流动力学参数差异。结果 与E-PAB相比,I-PAB术后环缩部位附近有更多湍流形成,该处附近压力变化明显,壁面剪切力较高,可达133Pa。I-PAB术后总能量损失（0.18W）远高于E-PAB（0.05W）,能量效率32.61%,约为E-PAB的一半。结论 E-PAB在控制压力负荷,减轻心脏负担更具优势。不同环缩方式造成肺动脉几何形态差异是导致血流动力学表现不同的主要因素,计算流体动力学结合计算机辅助设计是术前手术规划和术后血流动力学预测的一种新型工具。