肘关节侧方脱位合并肱骨外髁骨折治疗体会

肘关节脱位是肘部常见损伤,临床以后脱位多见,侧方脱位合并肱骨外髁骨折较少见,早期正确诊断和适当处理,对肘关节功能影响是巨大的.从2000年2月～2005年8月笔者共收治肘关节侧方脱位合并肱骨外髁骨折12例,采用手法复位肘关节,肱骨外髁切开复位拉力螺钉固定,早期功能锻炼,取得疗效满意.报告如下.     

小儿先天性髋脱位术后关节僵硬

１９８６年７月～１９９５年２月近１０年间收治的小儿先天性髋脱位术后关节僵硬５４例（６０髋），应用先天性髋脱位疗效评定标准综合评定先天性髋脱位术后关节僵硬。４１例（４４髋）获得随访，最长９年，最短４个月（平均４．５年），依据先天性髋脱位疗效评定标准，再治疗结果为：优２７例（２９髋），良１２例（１３髋），可２例（２髋）。小儿先天性髋脱位术后关节僵硬与患者年龄偏大、手术中具体操作、术后功能练习有直接关系。早期发现、早期治疗、术前牵引、正确的手术操作及术后及时的功能练习是预防小儿先天性髋脱位术后关节僵硬的关键措施，一经发现关节僵硬，需尽早处理，主要应手术松解，对时间短者也可行手法松解。     

手术治疗先天性髋脱位疗效分析

目的分析手术治疗先天性髋脱位的疗效。方法术前进行骨牵引内收肌切断,平均牵引4周左右,根据患儿年龄等具体情况分别采用切开复位关节囊紧缩术、Salter骨盆截骨术。结果本组46例54髋全部得到随访,根据金耀清疗效评价标准:优30髋,良9髋,可5髋,优良率为90.07%。结论对于先天性髋脱位的患儿,术前充分牵引,根据患儿年龄、脱位高度、髋臼发育情况、股骨颈前倾角等分别选择不同术式,术后“人”位石膏固定,早期进行功能锻炼,能明显降低术后股骨头再脱位、股骨头坏死、髋关节功能障碍等并发症的发生率。     

7例膝关节创伤性脱位的手术治疗

目的：总结膝关节创伤性脱位早期手术治疗的经验及体会。方法：对收治的7例膝关节创伤性脱位病人均行早期手术治疗，修复韧带、固定骨折、修复胭血管，早期进行功能锻炼。结果：7例病人均取得随访≥6个月，优者为3例，良者为3例，1例为差。结论：对膝关节创伤性脱位行手术治疗，可以减少并发症，早期进行功能锻炼，疗效满意。     

先天性髋关节脱位术后再脱位26例治疗分析

目的：分析先天性髓关节脱位术后再次脱位的原因，提出相应的预防措施。方法：通过分析本院收治的26例先天性髋关节脱位术后再脱位的病例，探讨再脱位的原因，并结合2次手术的随访资料提出相应的预防措施。结果：通过2次手术正确处理引起脱位的病理改变，随访2年以上，髋关节复位良好，关节功能恢复满意，无1例出现其他并发症。结论：正确分析每一例患儿引起髋关节脱位的病理变化，选择恰当的术式、正确的手术操作来矫正这些病理改变、充分合理的植骨是预防再脱位的关键。     

创伤性肩关节后脱位的诊断与治疗

目的探讨创伤性肩关节后脱位的诊断方法和治疗效果。方法对2005年5月～2010年10月本院诊治的5例肩关节后脱位进行回顾性研究。5例患者中,本院漏诊1例酒精戒断症状发作后肩关节后脱位,本院及时正确诊断2例,分别为癫痫发作和车祸外伤后肩关节后脱位,外院漏诊2例,分别为车祸和坠落伤。早期正确诊断的2例中,1例行早期闭合复位,1例行切开复位;3例漏诊致陈旧性脱位患者,其中2例行改良McLaughlin手术切开治疗,1例放弃复位治疗。结果随访2～4年（平均32个月）,早期闭合复位的1例UCLA肩关节评分33分,早期正确诊断并行切开复位的1例UCLA肩关节评分31分,漏诊的陈旧性肩关节后脱位中2例手术治疗的UCLA肩关节评分分别为27分和30分,未予复位者UCLA肩关节评分22分,但随访时对结果表示满意。结论临床上对肩关节后脱位缺乏足够认识是造成漏诊的主要原因,早期诊断、早期复位是获得良好肩关节功能的重要保证。     

325例多发骨折脱位的早期救治

作者对１９８６年１月至１９９２年１月收治的３２５例多发性骨折脱位患者进行分析，提出对多性骨折脱位要重视现场抢救，强调抢救生命为多发性骨折脱位的第一原则和早期进行内固定治疗及早期诊断和处理血管损伤的重要性。     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的手术治疗

目的：探讨外伤性无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤的手术指证、手术效果并分析影响疗效的因素。方法：外伤性无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤16例，手术治疗的方式均行单开门推管扩大成型术。结果：根据JOA17分法评分，术后脊髓功能均有改善。随访2个月-2年7个月，平均1年8个月。术后脊髓功能优良达81.3％。结论：外伤性无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤，应正确选择术式，早期行手术。     

经舟骨月骨周围脱位的早期手术治疗

目的 研究经舟骨月骨周围脱位早期复位并进行切开内固定和修复损伤的腕掌侧关节囊和韧带的治疗方法。方法 从1995年6月～2001年6月，共7例经舟骨月骨周围脱位患者接受这种治疗方法。手术均在受伤后2周内进行，所有患者均为后脱位。结果 7例都得到随访，平均随访时间20．5个月。6例舟骨骨折愈合，腕关节功能恢复良好；1例出现骨不连，腕关节功能部分受限。尚未发现月骨坏死者。采用Cooneyr评分法：优2例、良3例、可1例和差1例，优良率71．4％。结论 经舟骨月骨周围脱位应早期复位及切开内固定治疗，同时修复损伤的腕掌侧关节囊、桡舟头韧带和桡舟月韧带。可早期提供腕舟骨稳固的固定，有利于舟骨近段和月骨血供的恢复。     

全髋关节置换术后假体脱位的防护

目的探讨预防全髋关节置换术后假体脱位的护理方法。方法对75例全髋关节置换术患者做好围术期护理及功能锻炼指导。结果75例患者无1例发生假体脱位，均能进行日常生活。结论术前护理指导、术后正确搬动患者、保持髋关节正确位置、加强功能锻炼及出院指导，是预防THA术后假体脱位、提高手术成功率的重要措施。     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.