儿童哮喘的全球流行及影响因素

哮喘是儿童期最常见的慢性疾病。20多年来,其患病率在全球范围内呈现惊人的上升趋势,给个人和各国卫生资源带来沉重的负担。识别高危人群及认识危险因素是哮喘病最有效的预防策略。该文就哮喘的全球流行状况及影响因素进行综述。     

Trends in preterm births in Flanders, Belgium, from 1991 to 2002

Changes in the preterm birth rate have been attributed predominantly to increases in multiple pregnancies, associated with advanced maternal age and assisted reproduction, and to obstetric intervention. We examined their contribution to the frequencies of preterm (<37 weeks), very preterm (<32 weeks) and severely preterm (<28 weeks) birth among 700 383 singleton and twin births in Flanders from 1991 to 2002. We examined changes across four 3‐year periods (triennia) with confidence interval [CI] analysis and yearly incremental rates using linear and logistic regression analyses. Over the 12 years, twin pregnancies increased from 1.5% to 2.0%, averaging 1.6% [95% CI 1.54, 1.66] in 1991–93 and 1.9% [95% CI 1.81, 1.94] in 2000–02 (P < 0.001). The proportion of women aged 35 years or more increased from 6.8% [95% CI 6.69, 6.92] in 1991–93 to 11.3% [95% CI 11.2, 11.5] in 2000–02 (P < 0.001) and those aged under 20 from 1.9% [95% CI 1.81, 1.93] to 2.3% [95% CI 2.26, 2.41] (P < 0.001). Assisted reproduction increased from 2.6% [95% CI 2.48, 2.62] to 4.2% [95% CI 4.11, 4.30] (P < 0.001) and obstetric intervention to end pregnancy from 36.2% [95% CI 36.0, 36.4] to 40.3% [95% CI 40.1, 40.6] (P < 0.001). These increases related to an annual increase of 0.23% in the preterm birth rate from 5.5% [95% CI 5.4, 5.6] in 1991–93 to 7.2% [95% CI 7.1, 7.3] in 2000–02 (P < 0.001). The proportions of very and severely preterm births also increased by nearly a third, but their contribution to the total preterm birth rate remained stable at 15% and 5%, respectively. Odds ratios for the increases per year were 1.035 [95% CI 1.032, 1.038] for preterm birth, 1.024 [95% CI 1.018, 1.031] for very preterm and 1.028 [95% CI 1.017, 1.040] for severely preterm births after adjusting for other changes in the population. Overall, the data show, first, marked increases in the frequency of known contributors to the preterm birth rate, including twin pregnancies, advanced maternal age, assisted reproduction and obstetric intervention. Second, the preterm birth rate further increased significantly within subgroups of women with one or more of these characteristics. Third, the preterm birth rate also rose, from 4.4% [95% CI 4.2, 4.5] in 1991–93 to 5.6% [95% CI 5.5, 5.8] in 2000–02 (P < 0.001), in women with none of these contributing factors. This indicates that changes in the frequency of these known predictors are insufficient to explain the steady increase in preterm, very preterm and severely preterm births over more than a decade.     

连云港市城区儿童哮喘流行病学调查

目的 调查连云港市城区3～14岁儿童支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)的流行现状。方法 整群随机抽样9 612名儿童,发放初筛调查问卷,可疑对象予确诊,采用SPSS 19.0软件统计分析结果。结果 连云港城区3～14岁儿童哮喘患病率为4.2%,其中男5.01%,女3.28%,天气变化或接触冷空气是本地区儿童哮喘恶化的主要原因。哮喘组中家具合成板为主以及父亲吸烟的几率明显大于对照组(P＜0.05)。哮喘诊断前β内酰胺类使用率达80.60%。仅47.01%的家庭表示完全能够承受治疗费用,33.58%的患儿每年影响学习时间超过10d,5.97%的患儿从不参加体育活动。结论 连云港地区3～14岁儿童哮喘患病率高于全国水平,生活环境及方式有待改善,及时诊断、合理用药和规范治疗是防治关键。     

Previous maternal oral contraception and the risk among subsequent offspring of asthma diagnosis in early childhood

Previous maternal use of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) has been linked with asthma in subsequent offspring and has been implicated in the increased prevalence of childhood asthma in recent decades. We conducted a matched case–control study to test the hypothesis that maternal OCP used close to conception is associated with asthma in the offspring, particularly in children with coexistent eczema. We examined maternal OCP exposure in relation to asthma in the offspring ( n  = 6730) compared with offspring with no asthma ( n  = 6730) further stratifying by eczema, age group, treatment category and gender of the offspring. Maternal use of OCP was classified as: no OCP use in the 2 years prior to conception; past OCP use within 2 years but >6 months before conception; and recent OCP use within 6 months of conception.
The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for asthma in the offspring was 1.16 [95% confidence interval 1.06, 1.27] among mothers who were recent users of the OCP when compared with mothers who had not used the OCP. Past OCP use was not associated with asthma in the offspring. In the stratified analyses, we observed weak but statistically significant associations between recent maternal OCP use and asthma in the offspring among children: without a history of eczema (adjusted OR 1.22 [1.09, 1.36]), those aged ≤3 years (adjusted OR 1.24 [1.12, 1.37]), those not on treatment for their asthma (adjusted OR 1.33 [1.12, 1.58]) and among females (adjusted OR 1.34 [1.13, 1.51]). We did not find convincing evidence for a causal relationship between maternal OCP used close to conception and asthma in the offspring. The small statistically significant associations were not among children with characteristic features of asthma such as those with eczema and may be due to bias, uncontrolled confounding or chance.     

Changes in the prevalence of asthma, eczema and hay fever in pre-pubertal children: a 40-year perspective

Surveys of primary schools children in Aberdeen carried out in 1964, 1989, 1994 and 1999 suggested a slowing of the increase in parent-reported wheeze between 1994 and 1999. To assess whether this pattern had continued, questionnaires were distributed to 5712 children aged 7–12 years in the same schools in 2004. A total of 3271 (57.3%) completed questionnaires were returned. As in earlier surveys the results were divided into those for younger children (school years 3–4; age 7–9 years) and older children (school years 5–7; age 9–12 years).
Compared with 1999, the 2004 results showed a decrease in the proportion of children with wheeze in the last 3 years from 30.1% to 23.3% ( P  < 0.001) in the younger group and from 27.6% to 25.1% ( P  = 0.052) in the older group. There was no significant change in the lifetime prevalence of asthma in either the younger or the older group, but the lifetime prevalence of eczema and hay fever increased by around 10% in both the younger and older groups (all P  < 0.001). The differences in the time trends for the different conditions suggest that the causal factors for wheeze and asthma differ from those for other allergic diseases of childhood.     

家养皮毛宠物与儿童哮喘关系

目的了解家养皮毛宠物与儿童哮喘的关系。方法采用整群抽样方法,在沈阳市5个行政区内随机选取10所幼儿园和5所小学,采用国际统一标准问卷ATS调查表对所有学生进行呼吸系统疾病及症状调查。结果沈阳市儿童持续咳嗽、持续咳痰、哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣现患和过敏性鼻炎的患病率分别为9.53%、4.49%、6.23%、2.42%、5.61%和5.27%,其中男生哮喘、喘鸣现患及过敏性鼻炎的患病率明显高于女生(P<0.05);家养宠物对儿童哮喘无明显影响,但与宠物同室睡会增加儿童患哮喘的危险(P<0.05);logistic回归分析显示,与无家族易感史且未饲养宠物的儿童相比,具有家族易感史的儿童患哮喘的危险增加了229%(95%CI=2.55～4.25),而同时暴露家族易感史和宠物的儿童患哮喘的危险增加了101%(95%CI=1.17～3.43),家族易感史与家养宠物的交互效应差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论家族易感史是儿童患哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险因素,家养皮毛宠物对儿童哮喘的影响与儿童跟宠物接触的密切程度有关。     

Trends in socio-economic differences in tobacco smoking among German schoolchildren, 1994-2002

BACKGROUND: While the graded relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and risk behaviour in adulthood has been the subject of intense research, far less is known about socio-economic differences in health-related behaviour among adolescents. The purpose of the present study is to examine socio-economic differences in adolescent tobacco use in Germany as well as changes in the relationship between 1994 and 2002. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children' study conducted in the largest federal state of Germany, Northrhine-Westfalia, in 1994, 1998 and 2002. The analysis is based on 11.401 11- to 15-year old students. Socio-economic differences in regular smoking were studied in relation to both parental SES (family affluence) and students own SES (school type). Trends from 1994 to 2002 were analysed for each category of family affluence and school type separately. RESULTS: Family affluence only had a weak effect on regular smoking while for type of school a strong social gradient for smoking was found for both the genders. Trend analyses within the different family affluence and school-type categories showed that smoking has generally increased in all socio-economic groups. The level of socio-economic differences remained virtually unchanged in girls and boys in the past 10 years in Germany. CONCLUSIONS: The same relationships of family affluence and school type with smoking have persisted for almost a decade in Germany. Students own SES affects adolescent smoking substantially. Prevention programmes should focus on the school setting in order to tackle current as well as future health inequalities.     

孕期营养对儿童期哮喘及遗传性过敏性体质发生的影响

20世纪90年代 Barker DJ提出健康与疾病发育起源的学说,越来越多的流行病学调查及动物实验提示母亲孕期营养对其子代成年以后非感染性疾病(代谢性综合征及心肺疾病等)的发生有着重要的联系。而也有一些调查研究发现母亲孕期营养可能引起子代成年时期非感染性疾病,还可能影响子代儿童时期非感染性疾病的发生,如儿童哮喘,喘息,遗传性过敏体质等。这些疾病带给患儿心理负担,严重影响患儿生长发育、生活质量并伴有生命危险。然而大量的研究提示孕期合理营养,科学膳食可以降低子代这些疾病的发病风险。我国目前生活质量提高,现如今多数孕妇营养摄入不平衡,或处饱和甚至过剩状态,而儿童过敏性疾病的发生逐年增加。本文就孕期营养对子代儿童期哮喘,喘息及遗传性过敏性体质发生的影响做一简要的综述。     

东营市儿童支气管哮喘的相关因素分析

目的：采用横断面研究对山东省东营市0~12岁儿童支气管哮喘的相关危险因素进行探究。方法随机抽取2013年6月至2014年6月东营市0~12岁儿童9500例,最后获得完整资料的例数有9120例,通过调查问卷初筛、专科医护人员病史采集和专科检查进行确诊,并对影响哮喘病患儿的危险因素进行分析。结果确诊为儿童哮喘的人数有301人(3.30%)。男性患儿患病率高于女性患儿(χ2=7.844,P<0.05)。0~3岁患儿患病率最高,7~12岁患儿次之,4~6岁患儿患病率最低(χ2=14.364,P<0.001)。单因素分析发现,过敏性鼻炎、荨麻疹、湿疹、药物过敏史、肥胖症、早期使用抗生素的0~12岁儿童哮喘患病率较高,均有统计学意义(OR值分别为7.901、3.281、2.677、2.586、7.348、1.434和3.193,均P<0.05)。多因素分析发现,过敏性鼻炎、荨麻疹、湿疹、药物过敏史、肥胖症、早期使用抗生素均是0~12岁儿童哮喘发作的危险因素[OR(95%CI)值分别为4.623(1.336~9.645)、4.031(1.712~8.493)、3.728(1.327~10.474)、2.186(1.231~3.882)、1.355(1.063~1.728)和2.787(1.429~5.438),均P<0.05]。结论哮喘病在儿童中的发病率较高,过敏性鼻炎、荨麻疹、湿疹、药物过敏史、肥胖症、早期使用抗生素是0~12岁儿童哮喘发作的危险因素。     

Air pollution and childhood asthma emergency hospital admissions: estimating intra-city regional variations

In recent years childhood asthma has increased. Although the precipitants of childhood asthma are yet to be established possible contributing factors are local ambient air pollutants. This study aims to assess associations of regional ambient air pollutants on emergency department childhood asthma presentations across four regions of the city of Melbourne, Australia. Daily emergency department (ED) presentations for asthma in children were studied for the years 2000 and 2001. Estimates of local air pollutant levels were obtained using simulation modelling techniques. Generalized Additive Models were used to examine associations between combined local levels of air pollutants and childhood asthma ED presentations adjusting for seasonal variation, day of week effects, and meteorological variables. There was consistent associations between childhood ED asthma presentations and regional concentration of PM10, with a strongest association of RR = 1.17 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.31) in the central district of Melbourne. NO2 and Ozone was associated with increased childhood asthma ED presentations in the Western districts. This study suggests that regional concentrations of PM10 may have a significant effect on childhood asthma morbidity. In addition, ozone may play a role however, its effect may vary by geographical region.     

Mortality of elderly subjects with self-reported asthma in a French cohort, 1991-1996

The objective of this study is to describe the mortality of subjects with self-reported asthma aged 65 and over and to determine risk factors. PAQUID (Personnes Agées QUID) is a prospective cohort of 3777 elderly people, living at home in the South-west of France. The study of subjects with self-reported asthma started at 3 year follow-up by using three epidemiological questions: 'Did you have an attack of wheezing that made you feel short of breath in the last 12 past months?', 'Have you ever had asthma?', 'Did you have at least one asthma attack in the previous 12 months?'. Data on mortality were available at 8-year follow-up. Among the 2348 subjects who responded to these questions, 206 reported symptoms of asthma. Two groups were defined as 'pure asthma' and 'associated asthma' taking into account chronic bronchitis and smoking. Besides a gender difference, there was no statistical difference between those two groups so they were combined in a single group for further analysis. During the 5-year study period, 29.1% of subjects with self-reported asthma vs. 23.8% nonasthmatics died. A Cox model with delayed entry was used to calculate mortality rates. Interaction terms between each of the factors related to mortality and asthmatic status were analyzed to determine risk factors of mortality. Subjects with self-reported asthma had a higher risk of death than nonasthmatics (relative risk (RR): 1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-1.9; p = 0.009). This risk was significant (RR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.05-1.8; p = 0.02) even after adjustment on morbidity variables. However no specific mortality risk factors were found for subjects with self-reported asthma.     

Trends in the hospitalization for acute childhood asthma, 1970-84

Data from the 1970 through 1984 National Hospital Discharge Surveys indicate that the rate of hospitalization for children under 15 years old with asthma has increased at least 145 per cent while the average length of stay for children with asthma decreased by 26 per cent from 5 days in 1970 to 3.6 days in 1984. Over an analogous period (1970 to 1980), data from the National Health Interview Survey indicate that the prevalence of childhood asthma has increased by approximately 28 per cent for children 6 to 16 years of age. Several potential explanations for the hospital trend are discussed, including changes in the disease classification and information system, criteria for admission, organizational factors, changes in therapy, and changes in morbidity.     

Lack of decline in childhood malaria, Malawi, 2001-2010

In some areas of Africa, health facility data have indicated declines in malaria that might have resulted from increasingly effective control programs. Most such reports have been from countries where malaria transmission is highly seasonal or of modest intensity. In Malawi, perennial malaria transmission is intense, and malaria control measures have been scaled up during the past decade. We examined health facility data for children seen as outpatients and parasitemia-positive children hospitalized with cerebral malaria in a large national hospital. The proportion of Plasmodium falciparum-positive slides among febrile children at the hospital declined early in the decade, but no further reductions were observed after 2005. The number of admissions for cerebral malaria did not differ significantly by year. Continued surveillance for malaria is needed to evaluate the effects of the increased malaria control efforts.     

Outbreaks in drinking-water systems, 1991-1998

During 1991-1998, 126 outbreaks, 429,021 cases of illness, 653 hospitalizations, and 58 deaths were reported in public and individual water systems in 41 states and three U.S. territories. A bacterial, viral, or protozoan etiology was identified in 41 percent of the outbreaks, and a chemical contaminant was identified in 18 percent. No etiological agent was determined in the remaining outbreaks. Important causes of outbreaks included contamination of untreated groundwater, inadequate disinfection of groundwater, and distribution system deficiencies, especially cross-connections and corrosive water. The responsible pathogen or chemical was identified in water samples collected during 31 percent of the reported outbreaks. Coliform bacteria were detected in water samples collected during the investigation of infectious-disease outbreaks in 83 percent of noncommunity and 46 percent of community water systems, but very few of these systems had exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum limit for total coliforms in the 12 months before the outbreak.     

1993-2009年7~18岁中国学龄儿童超重肥胖和腹型肥胖率变化趋势

【目的】 探讨1993-2009年7~18岁中国学龄儿童超重肥胖率和腹型肥胖率变化趋势。【方法】 选取1993、1997、2000、2004、2006和2009年“中国健康与营养调查”6次横断面调查数据,研究对象为7~18岁中国11 592名学龄儿童。研究内容包括性别、年龄、地区、身高、体重和腰围等。【结果】 7~18岁中国学龄儿童体质指数增加0.6 kg/m²(趋势P<0.001),腰围增加1 cm(趋势P<0.001);超重肥胖率从8.1%增加到18.0%(趋势P<0.001);腹型肥胖率从15.3%增加到28.9%(趋势P<0.001)。学龄儿童超重肥胖率及腹型肥胖率在不同性别、年龄及地区均显示出逐年增加的趋势(趋势P<0.001)。【结论】 17年来中国学龄儿童BMI、腰围、超重肥胖及腹型肥胖逐年增长,腹型肥胖的增加速度更为显著。因此,控制儿童肥胖迫在眉睫。     

呼出气一氧化氮与外周血嗜酸性粒细胞在儿童哮喘中的相关性研究

目的探讨哮喘患儿呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)与其与外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophils,EOS)的相关性。了解FeNO及EOS在儿童哮喘中的临床意义,并为早期临床诊断和有效治疗提供依据。方法选取2012年7月-2013年12月在临朐县人民医院儿科病房及门诊确诊的哮喘患儿45例,正常对照组26例。分别测定FeNO及EOS的水平。结果 1)哮喘急性发作组FeNO[(57.34±41.53)ppb]、EOS水平[(1.66±4.52)×109/L]分别高于缓解组[(41.48±26.96)ppb],[(0.63±0.56)×109/L]和对照组[(16.14±6.37)ppb],[(0.08±0.07)×109/L],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);2)哮喘缓解组FeNO和EOS水平仍高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);3)哮喘组患儿的FeNO水平与外周血EOS水平呈正相关(r=0.71,P0.05)。结论哮喘患儿FeNO水平增高,与EOS有很好的相关性,其水平可以间接反映哮喘气道嗜酸性粒细胞性炎症,且敏感性较EOS更高。哮喘缓解期气道炎症仍存在,仍需抗炎治疗,临床上可联合应用FeNO和EOS来评估哮喘病情并调整治疗方案。     

Changing Farm Injury Trends by Sex for Youth Living on US Farms, 1998-2006

Purpose: To estimate the number and rate of on-farm injuries to youth living on farms in the United States by sex from 1998 to 2006 and compare the trends in youth injury by sex. Methods: Data from 4 childhood agricultural injury surveys for the years 1998, 2001, 2004, and 2006 were analyzed using a Poisson regression model utilizing generalized estimating equations. Rate ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated from the model, which compared the estimated rates of injury in 2001, 2004, and 2006 to the estimated rate of injury in the baseline year, 1998. Results: There was an overall decline in the estimated number and rate of injuries to youth living on farms from 1998 to 2006, with a linear decline of the rate ratios for all youth on farms that was found to be significant. By sex, the trend in injury rate ratios for male youth significantly declined, while the trend for female youth for the same time period initially increased then returned to the baseline. Nonhomogeneity in trends by age group, work versus nonwork injury, and source of injury was also identified. Conclusion: Additional surveillance is needed to determine if injury trends to youth living on farms will continue to differ by sex. More detailed data on exposure to hazards for these youth by sex are needed to determine what factors are associated with these disparate injury trends and to design and implement effective interventions to further reduce injuries to youth living on farms.     

四城市剖宫产与学龄期儿童哮喘发病相关性研究

目的 分析剖宫产与学龄前儿童哮喘的关联,总结剖宫产与儿童哮喘的相关性,指导临床及孕产妇对剖宫产的认识。方法 选取安庆、芜湖、铜陵、扬州4个城市共8 900名3~6岁儿童作为研究对象。通过对儿童带养者问卷调查的形式收集儿童出生方式、哮喘患病情况、人口学资料和体格测量资料等。哮喘病例由县级以上医院确诊,孕妇分娩方式分为阴道分娩、医学指征剖宫产和选择剖宫产。运用多分类Logistic回归分析剖宫产与学龄前儿童哮喘的关联。结果8 900名学龄前儿童中,剖宫产率为67.3%,哮喘患病率为7.0%,哮喘儿童中28.5%出生于自然分娩,71.5%出生于剖宫产。在控制地区、性别、早产、母亲怀孕年龄、父母文化程度、母乳喂养和儿童BMI后,医学指征剖宫产与学龄前儿童哮喘相关联(OR=1.25,95%CI:1.03~1.52,P0.05),而选择性剖宫产与学龄前儿童哮喘的关联无统计学意义(OR=1.19,95%CI:0.94~1.51,P0.05)。结论 剖宫产和学龄前儿童哮喘有关联,并且医学指征剖宫产会增加儿童哮喘发生的风险。