危重症甲型H1N1肺炎的影像表现及病理组织分析

目的：探讨危重症甲型H1N1肺炎影像表现特征及病理机制,提高对危重症甲型H1N1肺炎的认识与诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析7例危重症甲型H1N1肺炎死亡患者的影像表现,并与尸检病理资料进行比较分析。5例行肺部CT检查,其中1例行胸部X线及CT扫描,2例仅行胸部X线正位片检查。5例尸检,2例尸体解剖。结果：7例甲型流感患者均在发病4～7d出现危重症表现,其中2例患有基础性疾病（糖尿病）,1例孕妇;3例X线胸片显示两肺弥漫性模糊密度增高阴影,中下肺为著;5例肺部CT显示两侧中下肺外带、背段及基底段片状实变阴影,其中1例合并出现气胸、肺不张、胸腔积液,1例双上肺内可见薄壁空洞和扩张支气管影。结论：影像学检查是危重症甲型H1N1肺炎的重要诊断评估手段,其表现具有一定特征性,但缺乏特异性,确诊需结合临床与实验室检查。     

重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感肺炎的影像表现

目的 探讨重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒肺部感染的胸部影像表现.方法 回顾性分析18例甲型H1N1流感并发肺炎患者的临床及影像资料,将其分为重症组(11例)及危重症组(7例),所有患者均经胸部X线检查,其中2例行CT检查.结果 重症组11例,8例X线表现为双侧肺野中内带分布的、边缘模糊的小斑片和结节状阴影,3例X线表现为局灶性边缘模糊的片状阴影,其中1例胸部CT表现为右下肺大片实变影.危重症组7例,4例X线表现为双肺弥漫分布的磨玻璃密度阴影伴部分实变,其中1例出现胸颈部皮下气肿,1例胸部CT表现为双肺广泛分布的、沿支气管走行的斑片状磨玻璃密度影,双下肺结节状实变病灶和胸腔积液;其他3例表现为双侧肺野内大范围实变影.结论 甲型H1N1流感肺炎的影像表现包括重症患者肺内的结节样和斑片状阴影,危重患者肺内弥漫的支气管周围分布的磨玻璃密度灶和多灶性实变.     

甲型H1N1流感的胸部CT表现

目的 探讨甲型H1N1流感的胸部CT表现.资料与方法 30例甲型H1N1流感患者行胸部螺旋CT扫描41(例/次),并对CT图像作回顾性分析.结果 30例中病变位于双侧肺野28例(93.3%),单侧2例(6.7%).分布于肺野中央14例(46.7%,其中支气管周围分布11例),胸膜下11例(36.7%),弥漫分布5例(16.7%).累及中肺野24例(80%),下肺野30例(100%).病变表现为磨玻璃样密度影12例(40%),磨玻璃样密度影+实变影11例(36.7%),实变影2例(6.7%);实变影中9例(56.3%)有支气管气相.发生合并症(并发症)者6例,其中肺部继发感染4例,气胸2例.甲型H1N1流感较具特征性的肺部CT表现为:(1)病灶分布呈多发性、双侧性,以中、下肺野多见.(2)斑片状磨玻璃样密度影,部分伴有实变影,常伴有支气管气相,以胸膜下或支气管树周围分布为主.结论 CT对于甲型H1N1流感肺部病变的检出、病变范围及治疗后随访具有重要价值,并能及时发现出现的合并症.     

甲型H1N1流感患者胸部CT首诊表现

目的 探讨甲型H1N1流感患者的胸部MSCT首诊表现.方法 回顾性分析19例经实验室检测显示甲型H1N1流感病毒阳性患者的首诊胸部MSCT影像资料.由3名副教授影像医师独立阅读并最终讨论达成一致.影像的异常表现包括实变、磨玻璃密度影、结节影,网格影.病变的分布包括单侧或双侧.病变部位按病变累及肺叶的解剖划分,同时评估胸腔积液单双侧及纵隔和肺门的淋巴结增大、心包积液及胸膜异常.用自建半定量甲型H1N1病变评分表评价磨玻璃密度影及实变影.采用Spearman相关分析检验半定量磨玻璃样变和实变CT评分与患者的发热时间之间有无相关关系.结果 19例患者中18例胸部CT首诊为阳性,肺内见实变影3例、磨玻璃密度影3例、实变影+磨玻璃密度影12例.病变全部为双侧分布,并且主要为弥漫分布(14例),多灶病变均分布在中下叶(4例).2例患者首次胸部CT检查发现心脏增大,其中1例合并心包积液.5例胸腔积液患者中,2例为双侧,3例为单侧.2例纵隔淋巴结增大,1例胸膜增厚.半定量磨玻璃密度影CT评分有2例4.25分,1例3.75分,1例2.25分,1例1.75分,6例1.00分,2例0.75分,2例0.50分,4例0分.半定量实变影CT评分有1例4.25分,1例4.00分,1例3.75分,1例2.75分,3例1.25分,2例1.00分,2例0.75分,1例0.50分,3例0.25分,4例0分.半定量磨玻璃密度影CT评分与发热时间存在正相关性(r=0.776,P<0.01),半定量实变影CT评分与发热时间无相关性(r=0.322,P>0.01).结论 甲型H1N1患者胸部CT首诊表现多以双侧磨玻璃密度病变伴或不伴实变影为主,主要为弥漫分布.甲型H1N1肺炎在发病初期病程进展以磨玻璃密度影范围扩大为标志.     

儿童重症甲型H1N1流感胸部影像学表现

目的 探讨儿童重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感患者胸部影像学表现特点.方法 35例确诊甲型H1N1流感患儿胸部影像学特点进行回顾性分析.结果 ①重症22例,胸片正常7例,异常15例,肺纹理增多伴增粗10例,伴双肺充气稍过度6例,出现索条影4例,肺实变1例,磨玻璃影1例.1例行CT检查.②危重症13例,胸片双肺弥漫性斑片影10例,磨玻璃影6例,双肺实变影7例,支气管充气征7例,纵隔气肿1例,肺纹理多粗1例.其中5例行CT检查,双肺弥漫性致密影3例,片状高密度影2例,斑片影1例,支气管充气征4例;薄层CT及HRCT出现磨玻璃影2例,支气管壁增厚1例.结论 重症患儿胸部影像表现可为无异常或轻中度异常.危重症患者肺部病变广泛,变化快,可出现肺内并发症,病变吸收慢.     

甲型H1N1流感肺炎治疗后转归CT影像表现

目的:观察甲型H1N1流感肺炎治疗前后影像变化,探讨其转归影像表现。方法:回顾性分析25例甲型H1N1流感并发肺炎患者临床及治疗前后影像资料,其中男18例,女7例。结果:轻症12例,病变仅限于1个肺叶内,表现为片状磨玻璃密度影,临床以流感样症状为主,治疗后9例完全吸收,3例基本吸收。重症6例,病变累及单侧2个或双侧2个肺叶的片状阴影,以肺实变为主,临床表现为重症肺炎,治疗后1例炎症基本吸收,2例部分肺叶病变基本吸收,部分肺叶病变吸收后残留间质增生及纤维化,另3例炎症吸收后残留间质增生及纤维化。危重症7例,表现为双肺广泛分布的大片状实变影和/(或)磨玻璃密度影,临床表现为病情危重,治疗过程中3例病情存在反复,无明显吸收;4例治疗后炎症部分吸收并残留间质增生及纤维化。结论:甲型H1N1流感肺炎以磨玻璃密度影及斑片状阴影为主,影像表现多样,治疗后轻症者多完全吸收,重症及危重症者多残留间质增生及纤维化。     

重症及危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部影像学表现

目的探讨重症、危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的胸部影像特征。方法 29例经病毒核酸检验确诊的重症、危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎患者,其中,22例经胸部X线摄影,12例经胸部CT扫描,8例同时接受了上述两种方法检查。对所有患者的临床与影像资料进行了回顾性分析,并比较了X线胸片与CT的诊断潜能。结果 22例经胸部摄影患者表现为肺纹理增重,两肺野内、中带有边界模糊的斑片状致密影。12例经胸部CT扫描的患者表现为两肺野散在分布的斑片状致密影及磨玻璃样密度影,其中6例X线胸片未见病变。同时,CT显示胸腔积液与心包积液各2例。结论重症、危重症甲型H1N1流感病毒性肺炎的影像学表现是以两肺斑片状及磨玻璃样密度影为主,CT可以发现两肺上野及外带的较淡致密影,对判定病变的有无及累及范围明显优于X线胸片。     

甲型H1N1流感并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征的影像学表现分析

目的 探讨重症甲型H1N1流感并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的影像学表现.方法 回顾分析12例重症甲型H1N1流感患者并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的X线和CT表现.X线检查包括普通胸部DR摄片和床边DR摄片,CT检查包括常规螺旋CT扫描和高分辨率CT(HRCT)扫描.结果 (1)X线表现分为初期、进展期、恢复期3期.初期:X线检查发现单发斑片状或云雾状密度影3例.双侧多发病灶9例,其中两下肺多发片状模糊影5例,两上、中、下肺中外带多发节段性片状模糊影2例,右下肺大片实变影,同时左肺出现散在斑片状模糊影1例,两肺门影增浓、模糊,肺门周围分布点片状模糊影1例.进展期:所有病例病灶迅速扩大,表现为多肺段或多肺叶浸润,两肺均受累及,病灶多变,呈现出游走性浸润.恢复期:病灶逐渐吸收,残留有纤维条索影7例,网格状肺纹理2例,栗粒结节影2例,两下肺小片状均匀密度影1例.(2)CT表现:实变影,表现为两肺单发或多发的斑片状或大片状模糊影12例, 支气管充气像8例.磨玻璃样密度影6例.肺间质性改变包括肺纹理呈网格状5例,胸膜下弧线影3例,胸膜下斑片状磨玻璃影5例,小叶间隙增厚4例,这些征象可同时存在.(3)合并症:气胸4例,纵隔皮下气肿4例,腹膜后积气1例,真菌性空洞3例,蜂窝肺1例.结论 重症甲型H1N1流感并发ARDS影像学表现复杂、多变,并发症多,影像学检查能及时准确地显示甲型H1N1流感并发ARDS各阶段的病变过程,有利于指导和评估临床治疗效果.     

儿童甲型H1N1流感患者胸部影像表现

目的:分析儿童甲型H1N1流感患者胸部影像特点,为临床合理诊断和评价病情提供依据。方法:回顾性分析80例确诊甲型H1N1流感患者胸部影像资料及特点。患者图像资料由两位高年资医师独立阅片并达成一致意见。结果:甲型H1N1流感患者肺部影像特点8例X线表现正常;50例肺部X线表现为两肺下野斑片状影(10例病灶有融合);6例患者表现为大叶性肺炎;16例重症患者行胸部X线检查,均表现为两肺弥漫性大片状实变影,其中6例行CT平扫,表现为两肺弥漫性大片状实变影和肺间质改变;5例表现为两肺弥漫性大片状实变影者,3个月后HRCT复查显示小叶间隔增厚。结论:儿童甲型H1N1流感患者胸部影像多表现为两肺下斑片状阴影,其次为两肺弥漫大片状实变影,影像表现为正常或大叶状实质变性相对较少。     

甲型H1N1流感胸部薄层CT的诊断价值及限度

目的：分析甲型H1N1流感（S-OIV）动态胸部CT征象,探讨薄层CT在临床诊断中的价值。方法：回顾性分析经临床和实验室检查确诊的56例甲型H1N1流感患者的胸部CT的完整影像资料,分别由两位从事胸部CT诊断医师评估胸部常规CT表现,包括病变形态、密度、分布范围等特点,并与薄层CT扫描比较其影像表现的动态变化,确定诊断意见。结果：56例甲型H1N1患者中,薄层CT与常规CT扫描均有异常所见,薄层CT对病灶细节的显示优于常规CT检查。本组病例早期表现为磨玻璃密度影35例,病变进展期在磨玻璃影内出现类圆形或多发小片状实变24例,直接表现为肺叶或肺段的大片状炎性实变者13例,出现肺不张3例,肺间质增生2例,胸膜病变41例。本组CT动态变化特点是早期小片状渗出的磨玻璃状改变,进展期向大片状磨玻璃密度影和多发片状实变影过渡,最后常见有肺内病变范围减少,密度不均和肺间质性改变。结论：薄层CT可为鉴别具有甲型H1N1流感典型表现的患者与其它类型肺炎患者提供重要信息。薄层CT能反映甲型H1N1患者肺部病变的密度、形态和范围及其动态变化,对S-OIV的早期诊断和了解病变的全部影像动态变化过程具有较重要的意义,并可为临床诊疗提供可靠信息。     

Radiological findings in mild forms of Morquio's disease (MPS 1V A)

Clinical and radiological features of seven patients with Morquio's disease Type A (MPS 1V A) are presented. The diagnosis was established by two-dimensional electrophoresis of the urinary glycosaminoglycans and enzyme assay. The clinical manifestations were mild or moderate in all patients and the radiological changes were milder than those described in classical Morquio's disease. Offprint requests to: P.S. Thomas     

Aspergillus infections of the lung

In this article the three different manifestations of pulmonary aspergillosis are compared with each other: bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and their different clinical and radiological manifestations. In particular, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis--being a severe complication in immunosuppressed patients whose defenses are weak--often presents diagnostic problems due to its initially mostly unspecific clinical and radiological signs. The late signs of a pulmonary aspergillus infection, such as formation of a cavern or the manifestation of the "air crescent" sign, however, are seen only when the patient is just beginning to convalesce.     

Pericardial effusions (85 cases): radiological aspects (author's transl)]

A radiological study of 85 patients with acute pericarditis and effusion included a group of 35 cases observed before the introduction of ultrasonography and a second group of 50 patients in whom the presence of pericarditis had been confirmed by this investigation. The most important conclusions established were the following: --Absence of radiological signs in 55% of cases (group 1 : 46%, group 2 : 60%); normal heart size in 54% (group 1) and 78% (group 2), and increased size in 34% (group 1) and 20% (group 2). --Hilar manifestations (overlapping and obscuring of the left hilar region) in 26% of cases with a clear predominence of the left forms (14 out of 22). The cardiomegaly was not significant in 28% (group 1) and 14% (group 2). --The high frequency of pericarditis with a normal heart size has to be emphasized. The diagnostic value of hilar manifestations is also mentioned; the sign of left hilar overlapping is described in greater detail. --An overall comparison between the two groups shows, more particularly, the equal importance of left hilar manifestations for the radiological diagnosis of pericarditis. In a general way, it would appear that these hilar signs are the only elements which enable objective diagnosis of pericardial effusions on standard films.     

SARS死亡病例影像表现及病理对照

目的 探讨SARS死亡病例的影像学表现及其病理基础。方法 搜集31例SARS死亡病例的影像资料，其中27例摄床旁x线胸片，8例行高分辨率CT（HRCT)扫描，并对其中9例尸检病例进行影像．病理对照研究。结果 SARS病人临终前胸部X线表现以大片状和多片融合阴影多见(19例)，白肺8例。病变呈多发、弥漫分布，密度高低混合，支气管气像常见(16例)。CT表现为多发的大片状磨玻璃样密度阴影(5例)，可合并其他部位的肺实变(3例)，病灶有融合趋势。病理对照研究提示影像表现的病理基础是肺组织广泛实变、淤血、出血，镜下可见肺泡内透明膜形成及支气管内膜脱落。结论 SARS病人临终前病变进展迅速，范围广，影像检查能够为评价病情、观察动态变化提供有价值的帮助。     

Boerhaave's syndrome

Spontaneous esophageal perforation (Boerhaave syndrome) is a life-threatening emergency. It usually has misleading clinical manifestations and causes severe complications. In the presence of the clinical manifestations: vomiting, pain, emphysema, this diagnosis must be considered and confirmed by radiological evaluation of the chest and the esophagus. We report two cases and we describe the severity of this syndrome, its cause, its pathogenesis, and its characteristic clinical features and radiological signs.     

Post-ARDS pulmonary fibrosis in patients with H1N1 pneumonia: role of follow-up CT

Purpose

Our aim was to evaluate the evolution of 20 patients with H1N1 pneumonia, focusing our attention on patients with severe clinical and radiological findings who developed post-acute respiratory distress syndrome (post-ARDS) pulmonary fibrosis.

Materials and methods

Twenty adult patients (nine women and 11 men; mean age 43.5±16.4 years) with a diagnosis of H1N1 infection confirmed by pharyngeal swab came to our attention from September to November 2009 and were followed up until September 2010. All patients were hospitalised in consideration of the severity of clinical findings, and all underwent chest X-ray. Twelve of them underwent at least one computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest.

Results

In 75% of cases (15/20), there was complete resolution of the clinical and radiological findings. Twenty-five percent of patients (5/20) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which progressed to predominantly peripheral pulmonary fibrosis in 10% (2/20; one died and one had late-onset pulmonary fibrosis, documented on day 68). Moreover, in one patient with a CT diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis, we observed progressive regression of radiological findings over 4 months of follow-up.

Conclusions

In patients with H1N1 pneumonia, post-ARDS pulmonary fibrosis is not a rare complication. Therefore, a CT scan should be performed in all patients with severe clinical findings. Our study demonstrated that in these patients, fibrosis could present a different spatial distribution and a different temporal trend, with delayed late onset; moreover, in one case, the signs of interstitial lung disease partially regressed over time. Therefore, CT should be considered not only in the diagnostic stage, but also during the follow-up.     

婴幼儿先天性心脏病心导管术中呼吸系统严重并发症的X线诊断及处理

目的 研究婴幼儿先天性心脏病心导管术中呼吸系统严重并发症的X线表现特点，为早期正确诊断和及时处理提供理论依据。方法 回顾性分析9例心导管术中呼吸系统严重并发症的临床特点、X线表现及治疗措施。结果 9例中7例发生严重的低氧血症，其中6例出现心率减慢。X线表现为两肺野透亮度降低7例，急性肺水肿1例，右上肺不张1例。经紧急处理，除肺水肿1例死亡，余病例均恢复。结论 婴幼儿先天性心脏病导管术中呼吸系统严重并发症病情危急，X线表现多样，正确识别、早期诊断和治疗是抢救成功的关键。     

原发性骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的影像学分析

目的:探讨原发性骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(BMFH)的影像学表现,以提高该病的诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的原发性骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤21例患者的X线摄片、CT和MRI的影像学特征,探讨影像学的诊断价值。结果:21例中长骨BMFH 18例,扁骨或不规则骨BMFH 3例。X线平片均有不规则溶骨性骨质破坏,相邻骨皮质破坏,9例病灶边缘有轻度骨硬化,5例伴有膨胀性改变,14例骨质破坏区周围出现弥漫性软组织肿胀;CT表现为不规则、无结构溶骨性骨质破坏,局部被软组织密度肿块所替代,邻近骨皮质呈不规则虫噬样破坏,同样可以看到有软组织肿胀,5例病灶内部见少许残留致密骨嵴和骨质破坏边缘断续性硬化,另有4例肿块内可见单发或多发囊状低密度区,未见钙化及残留骨结构;MRI表现:8例骨质破坏区均呈不均匀长T1长T2异常信号,其中夹杂斑片状或囊状更长T1长T2信号,均有骨皮质破坏并突破皮质形成软组织肿块。结论:原发性BMFH的影像学表现有一定的特征,X线平片、CT和MRI的结合有助于诊断。     

Gout: radiographic findings mimicking infection

Objective: To describe radiographic features of gout that may mimic infection. Design and patients: We report five patients with acute bacterial gout who presented with clinical as well as radiological findings mimicking acute bacterial septic arthritis or osteomyelitis. Three patients had delay in the appropriate treatment with the final diagnosis being established after needle aspiration and identification of urate crystals under polarized light microscopy. Two patients underwent digit amputation for not responding to antibiotic treatment and had histological findings confirming the diagnosis of gout. Conclusion: It is important for the radiologist to be aware of the radiological manifestations of acute gout that can resemble infection in order to avoid inappropriate diagnosis and delay in adequate treatment. The definitive diagnosis should rely on needle aspiration and a specific search for urate crystals. Received: 11 April 2000 Revision requested: 5 May 2000 Revision received: 9 April 2001 Accepted: 10 April 2001