Cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma of the liver: Localization of carcinoembryonic antigen

Cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas of the liver are rare tumors. The distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in two cystadenomas and a cystadenocarcinoma was examined immunohistochemically by the peroxidase-labeled antibody method, at the light microscopic level. In the cystadenomas and areas consisting of benign-appearing cells in the cystadenocarcinoma, CEA was localized to the luminal surfaces of the glandular cells appearing as thin linear stains. In malignant epithelial cells forming nests and daughter cysts of the cystadenocarcinoma, CEA was demonstrated throughout the cytoplasm, in a diffuse pattern. Thus, the immunohistochemical localization of CEA may be helpful in the diagnosis of borderline lesions and in determining the distribution of benign and malignant epithelium in cystadenocarcinomas. The etiology, clinical features, pathology and treatment of these rare tumors are discussed.     

Central papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the mandible: A case report and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

Central papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the jaw is an extremely rare tumor with only three previously reported cases in the English literature. This tumor is a histologically low-grade cancer, affecting more commonly in the mandible than in the maxilla.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 65-year-old woman presented with a two months history of a rapidly growing, painless mass of the right ascending ramus of the mandible. The pathologic report from incisional biopsy was a papillary cystic tumor with a differential diagnosis of cystadenoma versus cystadenocarcinoma. Segmental mandibulectomy, parotidectomy and submandibular gland resection were performed. The final pathology was intraosseous papillary cystadenocarcinoma.

DISCUSSION

Clinical features of central papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the mandible mimic an odontogenic lesion and metastatic bone disease, careful review of radiograph and pathology should be done. Surgical excision with wide margins is the appropriate treatment. Postoperative radiation therapy should be considered in histologically aggressive or high-stage tumor.

CONCLUSION

This is the fourth case of central papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the mandible in the English literature. Although it is usually a low-grade cancer, en bloc resection with adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy in a high-stage disease, and long-term follow-up allow the patient to have a favorable prognosis.     

Report of a case: Retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with rapid progression

IntroductionRetroperitoneal mucinous cystic neoplasms are uncommon, and little is known about the etiology of the disease. Malignant forms of these are extremely rare. Here, we report a case of primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (PRMC), which demonstrated unexpectedly aggressive progression despite finding only a limited area of adenocarcinoma.Presentation of caseA 62-year-old woman with a complaint of abdominal discomfort was admitted to the hospital. Abdominal CT and MRI showed multiple large retroperitoneal cysts dislocating the right kidney nearly to the center of the abdomen. Transabdominal resection of the cysts was performed. Those cysts contained 1100 ml of mucinous fluids in total. Cytological examination of those fluids revealed no malignant cells. The cyst wall was lined with mucinous epithelial cells, and contained some ovarian-type stroma. Also, there was a focal area of adenocarcinoma in the cyst wall, and the lesion was diagnosed as primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. Eight months later, the patient developed lumbar bone metastasis. Chemotherapy with S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine, and docetaxel had been begun immediately; however, the disease had rapidly spread in the retroperitoneum. Eventually, the patient died of the disease 15 months after surgery.DiscussionRetroperitoneal mucinous cystic neoplasms are considered to be metaplasia of embryonal coelomic epithelium. Complete excision without rupture is essential. However, variance of biological aggressiveness might exist in PRMCs.ConclusionRetroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a rare tumor, and it is urgently necessary to elucidate the etiology of an effective therapy for the disease.     

肝胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌的CT、MRI诊断

目的总结肝胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI表现,探讨CT、MRI诊断该肿瘤的价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实为肝胆管囊腺瘤(3例)和囊腺癌(5例)的CT和(或)MRI表现、术前诊断,并与病理所见进行对照分析。结果3例囊腺瘤均为单房或多房的囊性肿物,无壁结节,术前均误诊为肝包虫或肝囊肿;5例恶性者中囊腺癌3例,囊腺瘤伴局部癌变2例。5例均为单房或多房的囊实性肿物,有壁结节。CT扫描囊性部分呈均匀液性密度,囊壁、分隔厚薄不均,壁结节大小不一,增强扫描囊壁、分隔及壁结节强化。MR示囊性部分呈均匀液性信号,增强扫描囊壁、分隔及壁结节强化。5例恶性者术前4例诊断为囊腺瘤或囊腺癌,1例诊为胆管癌。CT、MRI表现与病理所见对应良好。结论胆管囊腺癌在CT、MRI上具有特征性表现,可以做到术前正确诊断;但胆管囊腺瘤如果无壁结节则缺乏特征性表现,需要和肝复杂性囊肿或肝包虫病等鉴别。     

Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas with liver metastases

Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas is a rare entity. We report a primary tumor of the pancreas in a 56-year-old woman that was histologically indistinguishable from microcystic adenoma, but which behaved in a malignant fashion. Metastatic lesions were found in the liver at the time of the initial operation. Nine years after the initial operation, new metastatic liver nodules were found, and the histologic characteristics of these lesions were quite similar to those of the pancreatic neoplasm. This is a very rare case which may support the existence of the entity, serous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Received for publication on Mar. 27, 1998; accepted on May 6, 1998     

胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌165例临床诊治分析

目的探讨胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的临床病理特点及其诊治方法。方法对我院2002年1月至2012年9月收治的165例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者的临床及病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果胰腺囊性肿瘤好发于中年女性,临床表现缺乏特异性,其中74例患者因体检时行B超或CT等影像学检查发现胰腺囊性占位来院就诊,影像学检查虽然是发现病灶的主要检查方法,但不能确定疾病病理类型。肿瘤位于胰腺头部40例,胰腺颈部34例,胰腺体尾部91例;行不同术式的肿瘤切除160例,剖腹探查、肿瘤活检3例,行胃空肠转流术2例。患者术前免疫学指标糖链抗原125(CA125)单项指标检测的特异度显著高于糖链抗原19-9(CA19-9)单项指标检测以及联合检测的特异度(P0.05)。结论在鉴别诊治胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌患者中,结合患者术前影像学检查结果和免疫学肿瘤指标检测结果,有助于提高术前预判的准确性。由于CA19-9在良性疾病中也有升高现象,所以CA125检测有助于减少这种假阳性的结果。手术切除是胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的主要治疗手段。     

Low-grade mucinous neoplasia in a cecal diverticulum: A case report

IntroductionLow-grade mucinous neoplasia is an uncommon benign tumor that develops in the appendix. The development of mucocele disease has never been reported in a colonic diverticulum. We present a case developing low-grade mucinous neoplasia in a cecal diverticulum.Presentation of caseA tumor in the ileocecal region was found during a medical examination of a 66-year-old woman. Three months later, the tumor was still present and the patient developed abdominal pain. Laparoscopic ileocecal resection with D2 lymph node dissection was performed. Histopathological examination revealed a low-grade mucinous neoplasm in a cecal diverticulum.DiscussionColonic mucoceles reportedly originate from the appendix. There are no previous reports of mucocele disease in a colonic diverticulum worldwide. This report reviews and discusses the management of the appendiceal mucoceles.ConclusionThe incidence of colonic diverticula has recently begun to increase in Japan. The possibility of a mucocele within a colonic diverticulum should be considered in patients with submucosal colonic tumors.     

A small mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the liver detected by a fluid-fluid level on ultrasonography

A case of small, borderline malignant biliary mucinous cystic tumor is presented. The patient initially presented to us 18 months earlier to undergo a sigmoid colon resection for sigmoid colon cancer. At that time, a liver cyst measuring 18×12mm was detected. On a follow-up abdominal ultrasonography study for colon cancer, the liver cyst had enlarged to 21mm in diameter and contained a fluid-fluid level 18 months after surgery. Histological examination of a needle biopsy specimen indicated possible adenocarcinoma. Lateral segmentectomy of the liver was performed. Histopathologically, the tumor was diagnosed as a mucinous cystic tumor, of border line malignancy, which had originated from a bile duct gland. It contained both mucinous and serous components, which were thought to have caused the formation of a fluid-fluid level within the cyst. In this case, the fluid-fluid level demonstrated by ultrasonography was beneficial in the early detection of a cystic tumor of the liver. This case may be the smallest reported cystadenocarcinoma of the liver yet published.     

Gastric varices formation due to pancreatic tumor: A case of successful resection of cystadenocarcinoma

We report a 70-year-old woman with gastric varices due to splenic vein obstruction by a cystadenocarcinoma of the caudal pancreas. Most of the pancreatic cancer had already extensively progressed and was unresectable when an obstruction of the splenic vein was also discovered. Two contributing factors are thought to have enabled us to perform a curative resection in this cases: (1) the gastric varices were detected by chance in a mass survey, (2) the cancer was not so advanced as to be unresectable.     

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the prostate

A giant cystic formation was found behind the prostate of a 69-year-old man who presented with urinary retention. Ultrasonography, computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large cystic intrapelvic mass and biopsy of the cyst wall diagnosed papillary cyst adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor originated from the prostate.     

Hepatobiliary cystadenoma combined with multiple liver cysts: report of a case

Hepatobiliary cystadenomas are rare benign tumors with malignant potential. They are almost always solitary lesions accompanied by multilocular cysts in the liver, and are difficult to differentiate from cystadenocarcinoma, despite the diagnostic modalities available. This report describes a case of hepatobiliary cystadenoma with multiple cysts in the left hepatic lobe, diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging in a 48-year-old woman. Abdominal computed tomography revealed only multiple cystic lesions in the left lobe, but cholangiography via a nasogastric biliary drainage tube combined with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography showed a stenotic region with fine irregularity in the left lateral posterior segmental bile duct and left lateral anterior segmental bile duct. Hepatobiliary cystadenocarcinoma with multiple liver cysts was suspected. We performed left hepatectomy, and microscopic examination confirmed a diagnosis of hepatic cystadenoma with multiple liver cysts. There was no nuclear atypia or mitosis in the epithelium of the locus, which was constructed of simple columnar-to-cuboidal epithelium with basal nuclei. The patient is well without recurrence more than 4 years after surgery. Received: July 5, 2000 / Accepted: January 9, 2001     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver: Radiologic diagnosis

To determine the characteristic radiologic findings of inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver, various imagings of ten patients (11 lesions) with proven diagnoses of inflammatory pseudotumor were reviewed. Radiologic examinations, i.e., computed tomography (CT; 11 lesions), ultrasonography (11 lesions), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 6 lesions), angiography (10 lesions), CT during arterio-portography (CTAP; 3 lesions), and gallium-67 scans (9 lesions) were analyzed for their utility in diagnosis. No inflammatory pseudotumor showed a fibrous capsule around the lesion. Ten of the 11 lesions were poorly demarcated on most of the imagings, and all 11 lesions showed delayed and/or prolonged enhancement on CT or MRI. Arterio-portal shunting was observed in 4 lesions after contrast material administration on CT or angiography. Central lesions with suspiciously high fibrotic tissue content were demonstrated in 5 lesions on CT or MRI. Major vessels coursing in the lesions were demonstrated in 4 lesions by CT, MRI, and CTAP. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with hepatic masses, even if the patients are asymptomatic. If radiologic examinations suggest inflammatory pseudotumor, percutaneous biopsies should be performed so that unnecessary surgery can be avoided.     

磁共振弥散加权成像对肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发的监测

目的 探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)对肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发的监测及其应用价值.方法 对14例肝癌肝移植受者术后进行了监测,采用磁共振(MRI)扫描仪进行常规增强平扫,其中横断位T2加权序列应用FRFSE序列、脂肪抑制T2加权序列应用fs-FRFSE序列、DWI应用SE-EPI序列,对各扫描序列的图像信号进行了分析,判断有无肝癌复发,并分别记录和比较各扫描序列检出的肝癌病灶数.计算和比较各扫描序列间的噪声比(CNR)及肿瘤与肝脏实质间的表观弥散系数(ADC).结果 FRFSE、fs-FRIRFsE及SE-EPI序列对肿瘤的信号强度依次由弱到强,其确认检出病灶数分别为25、27和27个,CNR分别为(25.856±10.122)、(37.988±17.403)和(69.535±32.730),三组间CNR的比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).肿瘤和肝脏实质ADC分别为(0.00163±0.00078)mm2/s和(0.00140±0.00029)mm2/s,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),ADC伪彩图中,肿瘤组织信号等于或低于肝脏实质,但色彩不均一.结论 DWI对肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发的监测敏感有效,有良好的应用价值.     

MR弥散峰度成像平均弥散率鉴别肝脏良、恶性病变:Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析方法评估MR弥散峰度成像（DKI）平均弥散率（MD）鉴别肝脏良、恶性病变的效能。方法 于Pubmed、Cochrane Library、Embase、中国知网、维普和万方医学网中检索自建库至2021年3月20日以DKI参数MD值鉴别诊断肝脏良、恶性病变的相关文献;根据标准筛选文献,提取相关资料,以Stata 15.1和Meta-Disc 1.4软件分析MD值鉴别肝脏良、恶性病变的效能。结果 共纳入6篇文献,含493例患者、225个良性及362个恶性共587个病灶。汇总分析结果显示,肝脏恶性病变的MD值小于良性[标准均数差（SMD）=-1.31,95%CI（-1.54,-1.09）,Z=11.34,P<0.000 1];以MD值鉴别肝脏良、恶性病变的合并敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比及诊断比值比分别为0.78[95%CI（0.74,0.82）]、0.73[95%CI（0.67,0.79）]、2.74[95%CI（2.22,3.39）]、0.31[95%CI（0.25,0.38）]及9.71[95%CI（6.63,14.21）];汇总受试者工作特征曲线的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.823 8。以MD值判断肝脏恶性病变为恶性的验后概率为76%,判断良性病变为恶性的验后概率为22%。结论 DKI的MD值鉴别肝脏良、恶性病变的效能较高。     

MR引导下射频消融治疗乏血供原发性肝癌

目的探讨MR引导下射频消融(RFA)治疗乏血供原发性肝癌的有效性及安全性。方法收集21例乏血供原发性肝癌患者,于3.0T MR引导下采用MR兼容多极射频针行RFA。术后即刻对病灶及并发症发生情况进行影像学评估;术后1个月行肝脏MR平扫+增强扫描,之后每2～3个月复查1次,随访至2018年6月,评估肿瘤复发率。结果共消融29个病灶,术后即刻影像学评估均提示完全消融。15例术中及术后出现心率下降、疼痛、少量出血等并发症(15/21,71.43%)。共随访6～26个月,平均(10.23±4.26)个月,术后消融灶局部复发2例(2/21,9.52%)。结论 MR引导下RFA治疗乏血供原发性肝癌安全、有效,且复发率低,可在临床推广。     

3.0T闭合式MR引导微波消融治疗肝转移瘤的可行性

目的探讨3.0T闭合式MR仪引导微波消融治疗肝转移瘤的可行性。方法采用3.0T闭合式MR仪引导,对14例肝转移瘤(23个病灶)行微波消融术,记录技术成功率、消融参数、手术时间及并发症,术后1个月评价局部疗效。结果技术成功率100%,术中消融功率(65.65±4.11)W,单病灶消融时间(13.92±6.36)min,总手术时间(68.48±19.50)min。2例(2/14,14.29%)发生少量胸腔积液;未见肝脓肿、膈肌穿孔及黄疸等严重并发症。术后1个月肝转移瘤完全消融率91.30%(21/23)。结论 3.0T闭合式MR仪引导下微波消融治疗肝转移瘤安全、可行。     

Left trisegmentectomy and combined resection of the inferior vena cava, without reconstruction, for giant cystadenocarcinoma of the liver

A 54-year-old woman with giant liver cystadenocarcinoma underwent left trisegmentectomy with combined resection of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the right hepatic vein. As a result, only the right inferior hepatic vein was preserved as a drainage vein. Because the perivertebral plexus and the azygos vein were both well developed, neither veno-venous bypass nor IVC reconstruction was performed. The developed collateral veins acted as the venous drainage pathway to maintain a stable systemic circulation. On the seventh postoperative day, portal vein flow dramatically decreased and the patient tended to liver failure. Prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) was administrated via the superior mesenteric artery. The portal flow then gradually increased and liver failure was avoided. Six months after the operation, she was re-admitted due to obstructive jaundice and presented with complete stenosis of the common bile duct (CBD). The jaundice persisted and liver dysfunction progressed. The patient died seven months after the operation. The confluence of the right inferior vein and the IVC could have been deformed, causing outflow blockade. The intrinsic shunt was not good enough to act as the drainage pathway, and IVC reconstruction may have been needed.     

斜坡转移性腺癌1例

患者男,63岁,头疼2个月、加重伴视物双影10天,言语笨拙2天;既往无心脑血管疾病史。查体:左眼内收位,外展及上下视活动受限;右眼上下视活动受限,复视(+);右侧鼻唇沟变浅。实验室检查:细胞角蛋白19片段61.48 ng/ml、癌胚抗原>500 ng/ml、糖链抗原-242为364.42 U/ml、糖链抗原-125为39.48 U/ml、糖链抗原-199为522.39 U/ml、糖链抗原-724为150.16 U/ml、神经元特异性烯醇化酶58.53 ng/ml。