上碳青霉烯类抗生素的体外抗菌作用

为评价亚胺培南、帕尼培南与美罗培南的体外抗菌作用，以琼脂对倍稀释法测定三者对２２５株临床分离菌的最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ），并与相关抗菌药物进行比较。结果，三种碳青霉烯类抗生素对脾性杆菌细菌具高度抗菌活性，对铜绿假单胞菌，不动杆菌属、粪肠球菌等亦具良好抗菌作用。帕尼同与亚胺培南体外扩展菌作用相仿，两者对肺炎克雷伯氏菌、肠杆菌属等革兰氏阴笥菌作用略逊于我培南。三种碳青霉烯类抗生素体外抗菌作用 地头孢他啶     

三种碳青霉烯类抗生素的体外抗菌作用

为评价亚胺培南、帕尼培南与美罗培南的体外抗菌作用 ,以琼脂对倍稀释法测定三者对 2 2 5株临床分离菌的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) ,并与相关抗菌药物进行比较。结果 ,三种碳青霉烯类抗生素对肠杆菌科细菌具高度抗菌活性 ,对铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌属、粪肠球菌等亦具良好抗菌作用。帕尼培南与亚胺培南体外抗菌作用相仿 ,两者对肺炎克雷伯氏菌、肠杆菌属等革兰氏阴性菌作用略逊于美罗培南。三种碳青霉烯类抗生素体外抗菌作用优于头孢他啶、β-内酰胺类抗生素与β-内酰胺酶抑制剂合剂、氟喹诺酮类等其它受试药物。结果表明 ,碳青霉烯类抗生素是治疗多重耐药菌所致院内感染、免疫缺陷者感染和严重需氧菌与厌氧菌混合感染的适用药物。     

国产美洛培南的体外抗菌活性

采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定国产美洛增南和其它５种药物对１３６株临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性,结果表明国产美洛增南与进口美洛增南的体外抗菌活性相近,优于头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、他唑西林和头孢他啶。国产美洛增南对金葡萄菌、铜绿假单孢菌、大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌的抗菌活性优于亚胺培南／西司他丁,对表葡球菌和β－溶血性链球菌的抗菌活性比后者稍差。国产美洛培南的抗菌活性稍受接种菌量、培养基ｐＨ和血清浓度影响。     

三种碳青霉烯类抗生素对ICU分离菌株的体外抗菌作用

为评价亚胺培南、帕尼培南与美罗培南的体外抗菌作用,用琼脂双倍稀释法测定从我院重症监护病房分离的230株革兰氏阴性菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,并采用抑制剂增强的纸片扩散法测定大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs)。结果,50株肺炎克雷伯氏菌和17株大肠埃希氏菌中的ESBLs阳性率为61．2％。三种碳青霉烯类对阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、不动杆菌等都具有高度的抗菌活性,且对产ESBLs菌株保持高度的抗菌活性。对嗜麦芽黄单胞菌高度耐药。提示碳青霉烯类抗生素是重症监护病人多重耐药菌感染的良好选择。     

帕尼培南/倍他米隆的体外抗菌活性研究

为评价帕尼培南的体外抗菌作用，采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定帕尼培南／倍他米隆对247例临床分离菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC），并与其它5种抗菌药物进行比较，结果表明，帕尼培与亚胺培南体外抗菌作用相仿，但帕尼培南对流感嗜血杆菌，金黄色葡萄球菌包括耐甲氧西林金葡萄球菌（MRSA）和大肠埃希氏菌体外胺培南对肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌等革兰氏阴性菌作用略逊于美罗培南，帕尼培南体外抗菌 于头孢他啶，头孢哌酮／舒巴坦，苯唑西林等其它受试药物。帕尼培南的体外抗菌活性受接种菌量，培养基PH值和血清浓度影响。结果表明，帕尼培南是治疗多重耐药菌所致院内感染和严重需氧菌与厌氧菌混合感染的适用药物。     

头孢他美体外抗菌活性的研究

本文采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）和采用试管稀释法测定最低杀菌浓度（ＭＢＣ）,对比研究了头孢他美与其他４种头孢菌素的体外抗菌活性。结果表明：头孢他美对革兰阳性球菌中的肺炎链球菌,无乳链球菌抗菌活性很强,与头孢克洛相似或略强,而比其他对照药头孢拉定,头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟要强,对葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属抗菌作用较差。对革兰阴性杆菌中的变形杆菌属、福氏志贺菌、大肠埃杀菌,肺炎克雷伯菌、伤寒沙门菌     

替比培南匹伏脂的体外抗菌作用研究

目的 评价替比培南匹伏脂的体外抗菌作用.方法 用琼脂对倍稀释法测定替比培南匹伏脂对519株临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性.结果 对革兰阳性球菌中的肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌及对甲氧西林敏感的金葡菌和凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌,替比培南匹伏脂均显示良好的抗菌活性.尤其是对青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌,替比培南匹伏脂的MIC50最低,为0.25 mg·L-1.本品对流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、产ESBLs和不产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌、易产诱导酶的阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、枸橼酸杆菌、粘质沙雷菌的MIC50为≤0.03～5.00 mg· L-1,低于其他5种抗菌药物.结论 替比培南匹伏脂对社区感染中常见病原菌有较好的抗菌活性.     

注射用法罗培南的体内抗菌活性

目的评价注射用法罗培南的体内抗菌活性。方法建立小鼠腹膜炎模型,比较注射用法罗培南及厄他培南对产酶的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及对甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌、耐万古霉素的粪肠球菌感染小鼠的体内抗菌活性。结果注射用法罗培南对产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和对甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的体内和体外抗菌活性,其ED_(50)分别为10.96、9.12和7.07 mg·kg~(-1),厄他培南则为14.84、12.58和10.16 mg·kg~(-1)。法罗培南对耐万古霉素的粪肠球菌体外敏感,而厄他培南显示耐药。法罗培南对耐万古霉素的粪肠球菌的ED_(50)比厄他培南低66.77%,分别为10.75和32.35 mg·kg~(-1)。结论注射用法罗培南和厄他培南对产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和对甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的体内和体外抗菌活性,两者作用相似。法罗培南对耐万古霉素的粪肠球菌感染可能有治疗作用,效果优于厄他培南。     

β—内酰胺类抗生素对院内感染菌体外抗菌活性的比较

目的：监测常见院内感染菌对７种β－内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性,以指导临床用药。方法：采用双倍肉汤稀释法测定从我院重症监护病房及其它地方病房分离的６种革兰氏阴性杆菌和２种革兰氏阳性球菌共２８０株细菌的最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）。结果：头孢哌酮／舒巴坦（ＣＰＺ／ＳＢ）对革兰氏阴性杆菌的总耐药率最低为１２．７％,其次是亚胺培南（ＩＰＭ）为１３．６％和头孢他啶（ＣＡＺ）２８．６％。除嗜麦芽黄单胞菌外,亚胺配能对其它革兰氏阴性菌的耐药率最低仅为４．５％。大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌产生超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ＥＳＢＬ）为１１．９％。葡萄球菌和肠球菌对第三代头孢菌素的耐药率＞７０％。结论：院内感染菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、亚胺培南和头孢他啶耐药率最低,氨曲南和第三代头孢菌素对革兰氏阴性产酶菌呈现交叉耐药性,而对革兰氏阳性球菌无效     

新的碳青霉烯类抗生素BO—2727的抗菌特性

BO-2727是一种新的可注射的碳青霉烯类抗生素,其抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强.就BO-2727的体内外抗菌活性与美罗培南、亚胺培甫和比阿培南进行比较,BO-2727对甲氧西林耐药性金葡球菌的活性为后3种药物的4～8倍;当浓度为12.5mg/L时,可抑制90%以上的临床分离菌,对铜绿假单胞菌的活性亦强,对亚胺培南耐药菌的活性是亚胺培南的2～4倍.与美罗培南和亚胺培南相似,BO-2727对金葡球菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的活性表现出剂量依赖性.BO-2727可诱导大肠杆菌呈球形,使铜绿假单胞菌出现膨胀.BO-2727对大肠杆菌PBP2的亲和力约为亚胺培南的2倍,对铜绿假单胞菌PBP2和PBP3也有强亲和力.BO-2727与亚胺培南和比阿培南相似,对革兰阳性和阴性菌全身性感染有预防作用.     

In vitro antibacterial activity of imipenem against Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus species. Comparison with thirteen other antimicrobial agents

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of imipenem against recent clinical isolates of Pseudomonas spp. (94 strains) and penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (50 Staph. aureus and 50 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus) was assessed using the Mueller-Hinton agar dilution method. Results were compared with those simultaneously obtained for amikacin, netilmicin, tobramycin, norfloxacin, piperacillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and azthreonam against Pseudomonas spp., and for rifampicin, clindamycin, netilmicin and cefoxitin, besides penicillin and methacillin, against Staphylococcus spp. About 50 and 90% of 84 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were inhibited by concentrations of imipenem equal to or less than 2 and 8 mg/l respectively. The in vitro activity of imipenem was comparable to that of ceftazidime and norfloxacin, but superior to that of the aminoglycosides and all the other antibiotics tested, in terms of potency by weight. Among other Pseudomonas spp. only P. malthophilia (2 strains) proved resistant to imipenem. Rifampicin was the most active antibiotic by weight against Staph. aureus but imipenem was more active than clindamycin and, especially, netilmicin and cefoxitin. Imipenem was highly active also against coagulase-negative staphylococci, with some differences related to the high incidence of methicillin-resistant strains. MICs of imipenem in Mueller-Hinton broth correlated with those obtained in agar, unlike the aminoglycosides. There were no significant inoculum effects on MICs of imipenem and MBCs were within one twofold dilution of MICs in over 75% of assays.     

Ertapenem resistance among Klebsiella and Enterobacter submitted in the UK to a reference laboratory

The emergence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae represents a major public health concern. We investigated ertapenem-resistant clinical isolates of Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. referred to the UK's national reference laboratory for antibiotic resistance. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined and interpreted according to British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy guidelines. Genes for carbapenemases and CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) were sought by polymerase chain reaction, and imipenem hydrolysis was determined by spectrophotometry with crude extracts. From June 2004 to April 2006, 95 Klebsiella spp. and 76 Enterobacter spp. isolates resistant to ertapenem (MICs >2mg/L) were received, 40% of which (38 Klebsiella spp. and 30 Enterobacter spp.) were highly resistant to ertapenem (MICs >16mg/L). Imipenem and meropenem were active (geometric mean MICs <2mg/L) against most isolates with low-level ertapenem resistance but were less active against highly ertapenem-resistant isolates. Only one ertapenem-resistant isolate produced a defined carbapenemase, a Klebsiella pneumoniae with IMP-1 enzyme; one Enterobacter sp. also hydrolysed imipenem, but its carbapenemase remains to be identified. Geometric mean MICs of ertapenem for the collection were reduced five-fold by clavulanic acid for Klebsiella spp. compared with eight-fold by cloxacillin for Enterobacter spp. This study highlights the fact that ertapenem resistance is being detected in Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. in the UK, but that it is rarely mediated by true carbapenemases. Rather, it probably results from combinations of a beta-lactamase - often a CTX-M ESBL in Klebsiella spp. or an AmpC enzyme in Enterobacter spp. - plus impermeability and/or increased efflux. Imipenem and meropenem often remain moderately active against isolates with low-level ertapenem resistance.     

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics using Etest against clinical isolates from 60 medical centres in Japan

An antimicrobial resistance surveillance study was carried out in 60 medical centres across Japan. Resistance to piperacillin was 10.8% in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, while 1.3% or fewer isolates were resistant to other beta-lactams. Klebsiella spp. were more susceptible to imipenem, cefepime and cefpirome. Isolates of Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., indole-positive Proteus and Serratia spp. were susceptible to imipenem, cefepime and cefpirome, while Acinetobacter spp. were most susceptible to cefoperazone/sulbactam, imipenem, ceftazidime (5.8% resistance) and cefepime (7.6%). Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more susceptible to ceftazidime (12.3% resistance), cefoperazone/sulbactam (12.5%) and cefepime (12.6%) than to piperacillin (15.0%), cefpirome (22.6%) and imipenem (30.8%). The percentage of Japanese imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was around 30%.     

国产美罗培南对主要产β内酰胺酶的革兰阴性杆菌体外抗菌活性

目的:了解国产美罗培南对临床分离的主要产β内酰胺酶革兰阴性杆菌体外抗菌活性。方法:PCR 产物克隆测序及表型筛选试验检测大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及阴沟肠杆菌中头孢菌素酶(AmpC酶)和超广谱β内酰胺酶;用琼脂稀释法或Etest法测定国产及进口美罗培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦及头孢哌酮-舒巴坦对149株革兰阴性杆菌的最低抑菌浓度。结果:产超广谱β内酰胺酶的大肠埃希苗和肺炎克雷菌的基因型主要为CTX-M型,阳性率达92％。国产和进口美罗培南和亚胺培南对产酶大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷菌和阴沟肠杆菌的敏感率均为100％,对鲍曼不动杆菌敏感率均为93％,对铜绿假单胞菌敏感分别为83％和 76％。结论:国产美罗培南对革兰阴性杆菌在体外有较强的抗菌活性。     

Susceptibility of clinically isolated bacterial strains to imipenem/cilastatin sodium

In vitro antibacterial activities of imipenem/cilastatin sodium (imipenem) and other beta-lactams against clinically isolated 353 bacterial strains were investigated. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1. Imipenem (IPM) showed potent antibacterial activities against Gram-positive cocci such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae. 2. IPM had inferior or equivalent antibacterial activities to beta-lactams against clinically isolated Enterobacteriaceae, that is, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Proteus spp. 3. IPM showed potent antibacterial activities against clinically isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter anitratus but not against Xanthomonas maltophilia.     

头孢拉宗等9种抗菌药物对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的:对比研究头孢拉宗等9种抗菌药物对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌以及肺炎克雷伯菌的体外抗菌活性。方法:采用琼脂平板二倍稀释法测定头孢拉宗等9种抗菌药物对临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌115株、肺炎克雷伯菌30株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果:产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁(100%和96.7%)、美罗培南的敏感率最高(100%和96.7%),对头孢拉宗(98.3%和93.3%)、头孢美唑(93.0%和96.7%)和阿米卡星(95.7%和96.7%)的敏感率较高,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(92.1%和60.0%)、头孢他啶(62.6%和73.3%)比较敏感,但对头孢噻肟(3.5%和0)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(43.5%和36.7%)的耐药率很高。结论:头孢拉宗对产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均有很强的体外抗菌活性。     

Studies on the synergism of sulbactam and beta-lactam antibiotics under in vitro conditions and in healthy volunteers after intravenous administration. Antibacterial activity in vitro, compatibility and pharmacokinetics of the drugs in combination

Sulbactam, a new beta-lactam inhibitor, increased the in vitro activity of cefotaxime, mezlocillin and piperacillin against 803 clinical bacterial isolates. The synergism of sulbactam and these antibiotics was particular marked against 467 beta-lactamase positive strains, both aerobic and anaerobic. In the presence of sulbactam the mean minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antibiotics against beta-lactamase positive bacteria were greatly reduced: with cefotaxime by 58%, with mezlocillin by 64% and with piperacillin by 70%. Sulbactam alone at low concentrations inhibited the growth of only a few strains (Neisseria spp., Acinetobacter spp.). The inhibitor proved to be very stable in infusion media under a variety of conditions and was compatible in vitro with 14 different beta-lactam antibiotics. The pharmacokinetics profiles of sulbactam and the antibiotics cefotaxime, mezlocillin and piperacillin were similar after infusion to healthy volunteers. The relevant pharmacokinetic parameters of the single substances were essentially unchanged when administered in combination. The general similarity between the pharmacokinetics of sulbactam and of the beta-lactam antibiotics appears to be an essential precondition for the therapeutic success of such a synergistic combination. Thus the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of sulbactam apparently permit flexible dosage in combination with different penicillins or cephalosporins and sulbactam can be administered as non-fixed combination in the clinical treatment of bacterial infections.     

In vitro activities of various piperacillin and sulbactam combinations against bacterial pathogens isolated from Intensive Care Units in Taiwan: SMART 2004 programme data

We investigated the in vitro activity of various piperacillin and sulbactam combinations against Gram-negative bacterial isolates from Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in Taiwan. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 1030 bacterial isolates recovered from ICUs of nine major teaching hospitals was performed using the agar dilution method. Sulbactam was added to piperacillin either at a fixed sulbactam concentration of 4 mg/L and 8 mg/L or at a piperacillin:sulbactam ratio of 2:1 and 4:1. Piperacillin/sulbactam at a ratio of 2:1 or a fixed 8 mg/L concentration of sulbactam had better activities against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens than other piperacillin/sulbactam formulations. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, piperacillin/sulbactam (2:1 or 4:1 ratios) had MIC(90) values (minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of the organisms) of 64 mg/L (>90% susceptibility) compared with 64 mg/L for cefoperazone/sulbactam (68% susceptibility) and 128 mg/L for piperacillin/tazobactam (82% susceptibility). For Acinetobacter baumannii, both piperacillin/sulbactam (either 2:1 ratio or a fixed 8 mg/L sulbactam) and cefoperazone/sulbactam were the most potent agents. Adding sulbactam to piperacillin resulted in increased susceptibility rates among piperacillin-resistant P. aeruginosa (53-57% in either 2:1 or 4:1 ratios) and A. baumannii (38-46% in either 2:1 ratio or a fixed 8 mg/L concentration of sulbactam) isolates. Results of susceptibility tests with piperacillin/sulbactam are dependent on the method used. Piperacillin/sulbactam combinations possessed better in vitro activities than piperacillin alone or piperacillin/tazobactam against P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii.     

阿洛西林及其它常用抗菌药物对京沪两地898株细菌的体外抗菌活性测定

目的研究阿洛西林及其它8种临床常用抗菌药物对常见病原体的体外抗菌活性。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定阿洛西林、美洛西林、哌拉西林、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮、左氧氟沙星和阿奇霉索9种药物对上海、北京两地898株临床分离细菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果阿洛西林对肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）的MIC50／MIC90分别为0．06／2、0．06／0．5和2／8，三种细菌对阿洛西林的敏感率均高达100％。粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌对阿洛西林的敏感率分别为91％、13％、68％和38％。阿洛西林分别列于9种受试药物的第一、第一和第三位。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对阿洛西林的敏感率分别为41％、65％和39％，低于第三代头孢菌素但优于美洛西林和哌拉西林。结论阿洛西林的抗菌谱广，对革兰阳性菌、阴性菌均有较为理想的抗菌活性，是目前用于社区及医院感染治疗的重要选择药物之一。