动态24小时食管pH值监测小儿胃食管返流

为了解２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ）诊治中的作用，研究小儿病理性ＧＥＲ的特点及其诊断标准，对５０例经钡餐造影诊为ＧＥＲ的患儿进行动态２４小时食管内ｐＨ值监测，３０例健康小儿为对照组，复查１３例病理性ＧＥＲ患儿治疗后（９例为手术治疗）的食管ｐＨ值。结果表明，ＧＥＲ组各项返流指标显著高于对照组。对照组中１例为病理性ＧＥＲ，ＧＥＲ组３１例为病理性，另１９例则为生理性。１３例食管裂孔疝（ＨＨ）患儿均有明显的病理性返流，其各项返流指标除ｐＨ值＜４次数外均显著高于单纯病理性ＧＥＲ；ＨＨ组卧位时返流≥５分钟次数、最长返流时间、总ｐＨ值＜４的时间占总观察时间的百分比和平均返流周期均显著大于立位时；单纯病理性ＧＥＲ组卧位时返流≥５分钟次数、最长返流时间和平均返流周期显著大于立位时，而返流次数则小于立位时。提示小儿病理性ＧＥＲ以卧位时明显，伴有食管裂孔疝者返流更为严重。动态２４小时食管内ｐＨ值监测可用于小儿ＧＥＲ的诊断、分析和疗效评定。     

新生儿胃食管反流发病机理的研究

为探讨新生儿胃食管反流（ＧＥＲ）的发病机理，对３８例经钡餐造影诊为ＧＥＲ的患儿进行食管ｐＨ值动态监测和食管动力功能检查，１５例无症状儿作对照组。结果：ＧＥＲ组各项反流指标均显著大于对照组。３８例中１８例为生理性ＧＥＲ，２０例为病理性ＧＥＲ。病理性反流组下食管括约肌压力（ＬＥＳＰ）和屏障压（ＢＰ）均显著低于对照组，而食管功能的其他指标则差异无显著意义。以总ｐＨ值＜４百分时间２．７７％和综合评分８．９２为９５％参考值上限，则ＧＥＲ组病理性反流的检出率为５５．３％（２１／３８），高于对照组的６．７％（１／１５）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＬＥＳＰ和ＢＰ的９５％参考值下限分别为８．３９ｋＰａ、８．１５ｋＰａ，对照组无一例ＬＥＳＰ低下，ＧＥＲ组ＬＥＳＰ降低占１５．７％（６／３８），二组差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：新生儿期食管功能已成熟，新生儿ＧＥＲ的发生不单是ＬＥＳＰ降低这一因素，还可能与短暂下食管括约肌松驰有关。     

动态24小时食管pH值监测小儿胃食管反流

为了解２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿胃食管返流诊治中的作用。研究小儿病理性ＧＥＲ的特点及其主仍断标准，对５０例经钡餐造影诊为ＧＥＲ的患儿进行动态２４小时食管内ＰＨ值监测，３０例健康小儿为对照组，复查１３例病理性ＧＥＲ患儿治疗后结果表明，ＧＥＲ组各项返流同于对照组。     

早产儿胃食管反流（GER）的食管pH监测及普瑞博思疗效初步研究

本文目的为研究早产儿ＧＥＲ发病情况、临床表现为普瑞博思的治疗效果。本组用食管ＰＨ动态监测仪测定１５例早产儿，临床表现有呕吐、喂养困难、体重增长不良及呼吸暂停。２４小时食管ＰＨ〈４例的百分比大于同正常值为ＧＥＲ阳性。给以口服普瑞博思，１０天后复食管ＰＨ监测。     

儿童胃食管返流102例的临床分析

报道儿童胃食管返流（ｇａｓｔｒｏｅｓｏｐｈａｇｅａｌｒｅｆｌｕｘ，ＧＥＲ）１０２例，采用胃食管钡剂造影作为基本诊断方法。按５级分类法判断病变程度及ＧＥＲ合并症的类型。对儿童ＧＥＲ与并发其他疾病的关系等进行讨论，并对其临床及Ｘ线特点作回顾性分析。对象...     

哮喘反复发作与胃食管反流

本文报告支气管哮喘反复发作５６例，其中２９例出现胃食管反流症状和体位性痉咳及夜间呛咳喘气表现，认为胃食管反流（ＧＥＲ）的发生与患儿年龄、发作频率、治疗反应、病情轻重有关，药物的应用、ＬＥＳＰ的降低、低氧血症、高碳酸血症、食管粘膜缺氧、抗损伤能力下降、小儿对反流物清除速度缓慢是促进ＧＥＲ发生和发展的重要诱发因素。     

放射性核素闪烁显像在小儿胃食管返流诊断中的应用

对１４例胃食管反流（ＧＥＲ）患儿行放射性核素胃食管显像（ＧＥＳ），１１例发现异常征象，诊断的特异性为７８．５％。着重对检查方法、检测指标及诊断标准进行讨论，认为ＧＥＳ具有符合生理、简便无创、动态观测、定量分析及诊断率较高的特点，是诊断胃食管返流的重要手段。     

小儿胃食管反流症

小儿胃食管反流症（ＧＥＲＤ）是一种儿科常见的疾病，它可以导致小儿营养不良、生长发育迟 缓、食管炎、肺炎等多种并发症。目前认为ＧＥＲＤ的发生是由食管下端括约肌张力减低、食管蠕动 和廓清能力降低、解剖因素、食管黏膜屏障的损坏及胃排空功能障碍等因素有关。治疗目的在于 加强食管的抗反流防御机制，减少胃食管反流；减缓症状，预防和治疗并发症以及防止复发，一般 根据症状的轻重不同可分为非系统性治疗、系统性内科治疗和外科手术治疗。     

24小时食管pH值监测在小儿支气管哮喘诊治中的应用

目的探讨胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ）与小儿支气管哮喘的关系，了解２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿哮喘诊治中的作用。方法用便携式２４小时ｐＨ自动记录仪，监测３８例支气管哮喘患儿食管下端ｐＨ值变化，３０例无症状儿为对照组，对１５例合并病理性ＧＥＲ患儿进行抗返流治疗，复查８例。结果哮喘组８项返流指标均显著大于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），其病理性ＧＥＲ的检出率为３９％（１５／３８），显著高于对照组（１／３０）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；小儿哮喘合并病理性ＧＥＲ者其返流以卧位和夜间时严重；经雷尼替丁抗返流治疗后，各项返流指标除了立位ｐＨ＜４时间百分比外，均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１或＜０．０５），近期随访结果显示，哮喘得到有效控制。结论ＧＥＲ是诱发小儿哮喘发作的一个重要因素，哮喘合并病理性ＧＥＲ的患儿对制酸药物抗返流治疗有良好的反应，２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿哮喘的病因诊断和疗效观察上有重要的应用价值。     

早产儿胃电节律和胃食管反流的初步观察

目的 探讨早产儿胃电节律特点与胃食管反流（ＧＥＲ）的关系。西沙比利混悬液对ＧＥＲ的疗效。方法 １９９８年５月～１９９９年５月在我院产科分娩的早产儿４１例，其中男２３例、女１８例。用Ｄｉｇｉｔｒａｐｅｒ ＭＫⅢ型ＰＨ监测仪和Ｄｉｇｉｔｒａｐｅｒ胃电图（ＢＥＧ）检测仪进行食管２４ｈ ｐＨ监测及胃电图检测，根据腹部Ｘ线平片胃在体表投影确定胃体，胃窦的位置放置胃电图电极。喂奶前后各记录３０ｍｉｎ。良管２４     

彩色多普勒超声对胃食管反流的筛检价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声对胃食管反流 (GER)的筛检价值。方法　用彩色多普勒超声以肝左叶为透声窗 ,经剑突下扫查胃食管反流患儿、正常对照儿童各 55例。分别测量与观察腹段食管长度、GER现象及反流发生频率。结果　腹段食管清晰显示率 1 0 0 % ;正常对照组小儿腹段食管长度随年龄增加而增长 ;病例组与之比较显示腹段食管长度缩短。彩超检查GER的灵敏性为 98.1 8% ;特异性为 76 .36 %。结论　彩色多普勒超声可以清晰显示腹段食管 ;胃食管反流患儿腹段食管长度缩短 ;彩色多普勒超声可作为胃食管反流的筛检手段。     

Primary ad secondary gastro-esophageal reflux in pediatric age

AIM: This study takes into consideration children traited for: a) "primary" gastro-esophageal reflux (GER); b) GER "secondary" to delayed gastric emptying; c) some congenital anomalies which can cause or favour GER in pediatric age. METHODS: During 2002, 21 infants or children operated on for "primary" or "secondary" GER and 62 patients operated on for esophageal atresia, diaphragmatic hernia or abdominal wall defect were followed-up to evaluate the frequency and the course of post-operative GER. RESULTS: Patients with "primary" GER had 14% relapses after partial or total fundoplication; all patients with "secondary" GER submitted to fundoplication, usually associated to pyloroplasty, had 0% relapses. One child, after Bianchi's operation, developed an erosive gastritis. Variable degrees of GER developed in 43% of patients operated on for esophageal atresia, in 25% for congenital diaphragmatic hernia and in 0% for abdominal wall defect. In 90% of GER occurred after treatment of esophageal atresia and in 100% of diaphragmatic hernia (predominantely "acquired") an exclusively medical therapy was successfully performed. CONCLUSION: The conclusion is drawn that: a) the relatively high percentage of relapses after fundoplication in "primary" GER may be related to an incorrect classification of a few number of cases ("secondary" GER considered--and treated--like "primary" GER in the '70s and '80s years?); b) fundoplication associated to a best gastric-emptying operation (pyloroplasty) may lead to excellent results in secondary GER; c) esophageal atresia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (not including the abdominal wall defects) can cause GER in most cases responsive to simple medical therapy.     

US in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux in children

Several techniques have been used to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in children, but no single test is sufficiently accurate to completely investigate the problem. Gastroesophageal US has been described as a widely available, noninvasive and sensitive method. It provides morphological and functional information, but its role in the diagnosis of GER in children is still debated. In this paper we review diagnostic approaches to GER in children. We focus on current use of US in the management of children with suspected GER. Reports suggest that US allows exclusion of several non-GER causes of symptoms and that it provides morphological and functional data with high sensitivity and positive predictive value for the diagnosis of GER. Sonographic assessment of findings such as abdominal esophageal length, esophageal diameter, esophageal wall thickness and gastroesophageal angle provide important diagnostic indicators of reflux and related to the degree of GER. There is a need for standardization of the procedure and for defining diagnostic criteria.     

Exercise-induced gastroesophageal reflux in an athletic child

Exercise-induced gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is described in an athletic child with chronic abdominal pain and vomiting in conjunction with strenuous exercise. Although continuous 24-h pH probe monitoring was negative for GER, simultaneous pH probe and exercise stress testing (treadmill) showed a prolonged, continuous episode of acid reflux throughout exercise and the 30-min recovery phase. The authors are unaware of other cases of exercise-induced GER in children and suggest that simultaneous pH probe and exercise stress testing may be a useful technique to evaluate exercise-induced symptoms in children. Moreover, the presence of acid reflux during stress may warrant exercise restriction during the early management of reflux esophagitis.     

Acid gastroesophageal reflux in convalescent preterm infants: effect of posture and relationship to apnea

Concerns regarding gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and associated apnea episodes result in some practitioners having convalescent, prematurely born infants sleep in the prone position. We have tested the hypothesis that such infants would not suffer from clinically important acid GER or associated apnea episodes more in the supine compared with the prone position. Lower esophageal pH was measured and videopolysomnographic recordings of nasal airflow, chest and abdominal wall movements, electrocardiographic activity, and oxygen saturation were made on two successive days of 21 premature infants (median gestational age 28 wk) at a median postmenstrual age (PMA) of 36 wk. On each day, the infants were studied prone and supine. The acid reflux index was higher in the supine compared with the prone position (median 3% versus 0%, p = 0.002), but was low in both positions. The number of obstructive apnea episodes per hour was higher in the supine position (p = 0.008). There were, however, no statistically significant correlations between the amount of acid GER and the number of either obstructive or total apnea episodes in either the supine or prone position. Supine compared with prone sleeping neither increases clinically important acid GER nor obstructive apnea episodes associated with acid GER in asymptomatic, convalescent, prematurely born infants.     

Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), defined as passage of gastric contents into the esophagus, and GER disease (GERD), defined as symptoms or complications of GER, are common pediatric problems encountered by both primary and specialty medical providers. Clinical manifestations of GERD in children include vomiting, poor weight gain, dysphagia, abdominal or substernal pain, esophagitis and respiratory disorders. The GER Guideline Committee of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition has formulated a clinical practice guideline for the management of pediatric GER. The GER Guideline Committee, consisting of a primary care pediatrician, two clinical epidemiologists (who also practice primary care pediatrics) and five pediatric gastroenterologists, based its recommendations on an integration of a comprehensive and systematic review of the medical literature combined with expert opinion. Consensus was achieved through Nominal Group Technique, a structured quantitative method. The Committee examined the value of diagnostic tests and treatment modalities commonly used for the management of GERD, and how those interventions can be applied to clinical situations in the infant and older child. The guideline provides recommendations for management by the primary care provider, including evaluation, initial treatment, follow-up management and indications for consultation by a specialist. The guideline also provides recommendations for management by the pediatric gastroenterologist. This document represents the official recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition on the evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children. The American Academy of Pediatrics has also endorsed these recommendations. The recommendations are summarized in a synopsis within the article. This review and recommendations are a general guideline and are not intended as a substitute for clinical judgment or as a protocol for the management of all patients with this problem.     

Correlation between gastric acid secretion and severity of acid reflux in children

The purpose of our study was to systematically evaluate gastric acid output in children with long-lasting gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) in order to assess its mechanism and the need for anti-acid treatment. The investigation was carried out in 20 males and 10 females, aged 7.5 +/- 3.8 years, with prolonged (>15 months) clinical manifestations of GER. All underwent routine ambulatory 24-h esophageal pH-monitoring and measurement of gastric acid secretion including gastric basal (BAO) (micromol/kg/h), maximal (MAO) and peak acid outputs (PAO) after pentagastrin (6 microg/kg sec) stimulation. Children with heartburn or abdominal pain underwent upper fiber-endoscopy. In group A (moderate GER, n=12), patients had a normal reflux index (pH<4 below 5.2% of total recording time) despite abnormal Euler and Byrne scoring (median 57, 95% confidence interval 53.5-73.4). In group B (severe GER, n=18, among whom 5 were with grade III esophagitis), reflux index was >5.2%. When considering all children, esophageal pH (%) was significantly correlated with MAO and PAO, r=0.33, p=0.05 and r=0.37, p=0.04, respectively. Children of group B exhibited significantly higher BAO (75, 53.96-137.81), MAO (468, 394.1-671.3) and PAO (617, 518.8-782.3) than those of group A, BAO (27, 10.8-38.5), MAO (266, 243.2-348.2) and PAO (387, 322.5-452.7), p<0.05). The five children of group B with severe esophagitis exhibited significantly higher BAO, MAO and PAO than the other 13 children from the same group and those of group A, p<0.05. Children with long-lasting and severe GER hyper-secrete gastric acid. Individual variations in gastric acid secretion probably account for variations in gastric acid inhibitor requirements. Anti-secretory treatment is justified in children with long-lasting GER and high pH-metric reflux index.     

Late follow-up in patients with gastroschisis

During a 16-year period, 60 neonates with gastroschisis were treated at the Department of Pediatric Surgery in Graz; 6 died and 54 (90%) survived. A questionnaire was sent to 45 patients, who were called for a medical examination; 31 patients (69%) came to follow-up, 26 of whom reported minor abdominal problems that could be related to gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Fifteen agreed to 24-h esophageal pH monitoring and/or upper gastrointestinal series; in 7 pathological GER could be demonstrated. Manometric studies in 6 patients revealed a motility disorder of the esophagus. Only 4 children were concerned by a disfiguring scar or the absence of a navel. Heigtt and weight were within normal limits and the children had developed normally.     

酸反流指数在儿童病理性胃食管反流诊断中的价值附12年4 109例食管pH值监测结果分析

目的了解酸反流指数（RI）在儿童病理性胃食管反流（GER）诊断中的价值，探讨儿童病理性GER的诊断标准。方法对在浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院进行食管pH值监测的数据进行归纳和整理，并除外复查和少数未能完成监测的数据。根据Boix Ochoa标准（金标准）综合评分>11.99诊断病理性GER，对RI进行受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析，获得最佳诊断界点值（cutoff value）。通过McNemar卡方检验和Kappa检验，评价各种以RI为基准的病理性GER诊断标准所得结果的差异及其吻合度，并进一步评价各种标准诊断GER的敏感度、特异度等指标的差异。结果1994年9月至2006年5月有5 000例患儿进行食管pH值监测，有效数据者4 109例进入分析，其中男性2 692例，女性1 417例。新生儿476例，～1岁1 553例，～3岁658例，～7岁837例，～12岁513例，～16岁72例。病种构成有13类，依次为：支气管哮喘366例，支气管炎468例，支气管肺炎385例，迁延性肺炎143例，慢性咳嗽184例，慢性咽炎29例，新生儿呼吸暂停102例，新生儿呕吐283例，新生儿肺炎105例，呕吐或伴腹痛1 817例，食管裂孔疝140例，非心源性胸痛55例，营养不良32例。ROC曲线分析显示RI最佳诊断界点为2.9，其敏感度为90.4%，特异度为95.6%（假阳性率<5.0%）。ROC曲线下面积为0.981（95%CI:0.977～0.984），s为0.002，用于诊断病理性GER有统计学意义（P=0.000）。分别以RI≥4.0%（RI 4.0标准）、RI≥2.9%（RI 2.9标准）为病理性GER诊断标准，以手术确诊的140例食管裂孔疝患儿进行分析，与Boix Ochoa标准进行比较。RI 2.9标准的总体吻合度高于RI 4.0标准（κ系数分别为0.892、0.715，P均=0.000）。除了特异度，RI 2.9标准诊断病理性GER的敏感度、准确性和阴性预测值均明显高于RI 4.0标准，而阳性预测值两者相近。结论RI 2.9标准诊断病理性GER有显著意义，与RI 4.0标准相比，有助于提高儿童病理性GER诊断的敏感度和准确性。     

Extensively hydrolyzed protein formula reduces acid gastro-esophageal reflux in symptomatic preterm infants

Background

Gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) is diagnosed frequently in preterm infants. Pharmacological treatment of GER has some potential side effects. Conservative treatment of GER should be the first-line approach and should include body positioning and diet modifications.Formula-fed preterm infants experience frequently symptoms of feeding intolerance. Hydrolyzed protein formula (HPF) is often used in these infants due to their effects on gastrointestinal motility.

Aims

To investigate the role of an extensively HPF (eHPF) on GER indexes in formula-fed preterm infants with symptoms of both GER and feeding intolerance.

Study design

Randomized crossover trial

Subjects

Preterm infants (gestational age ≤ 33 weeks) with symptoms of feeding intolerance (large gastric residuals, abdominal distension and constipation) and GER (frequent regurgitations and/or postprandial desaturations).

Outcome measures

GER indexes detected by 24-h combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring. GER indexes detected after 4 feeds of an eHPF were compared to those detected after 4 feeds of a standard preterm formula (SPF) by Wilcoxon signed ranks test. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

eHPF significantly reduced the number of GERs detected by pH monitoring (p = 0.036) and also the reflux index (p = 0.044) compared to SPF. No differences in impedance bolus exposure indexes nor in GER height were detected.

Conclusions

The use of an eHPF should be evaluated for reducing esophageal acid exposure in preterm infants with feeding intolerance and symptoms of GER. Future research should focus on the evaluation of an eHPF adequate for preterm infants in improving clinical symptoms of GER.