Treatment of chronic cardiac insufficiency with normal left ventricular systolic function

Chronic cardiac failure with normal left ventricular systolic function is observed in conditions without ventricular failure (pericardial adiastole, obstruction to intracardiac blood flow) or with ventricular failure due to isolated abnormalities of left ventricular filling. These forms of cardiac failure are often subject to diagnostic error. However, it is essential that they be recognised because traditional therapy must be used with caution and because of the efficacy of treatment of the underlying pathology whenever this is possible.     

心脏肌钙蛋白I对急性心肌梗死患者心功能预后的判断价值

目的 :探讨心脏肌钙蛋白 I（c Tn I）对急性心肌梗死 （AMI）患者心功能预后的判断价值。方法 :AMI患者 34例（溶栓再通组 18例 ,未溶栓组 16例 ） ,每例患者采用序列采血测定血清 c Tn I,并检测 1月末左心室射血分数（L VEF）。结果 :AMI患者血清的 ∑c Tn I与 1月末 L VEF呈负相关 （P<0 .0 5 ）。溶栓再通患者的 c Tn I峰值浓度与1月末 L VEF进行相关分析 ,有明显的负相关 （P<0 .0 5 ） ,未溶栓患者的 c Tn I峰值浓度与 1月末 L VEF无明显相关 （P>0 .0 5 ） ,溶栓再通患者 c Tn I峰值浓度明显高于未溶栓患者 （P<0 .0 1）。结论 :AMI患者的 ∑c Tn I和溶栓再通患者的峰值浓度均可作为判断左心功能的预后指标。     

cTnT、cTnI在急性病毒性心肌炎诊断中的价值

目的 探讨心肌损伤指标肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)对急性病毒性心肌炎的临床诊断价值。方法116例首次诊断为急性病毒性心肌炎患者,在其发病的一至二周内,同时定量检测血清cTnT、cTnI和心肌酶谱系列肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)及其同功酶(CK-MB)、血清谷草转氨酶(sGOT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)并作比较。结果 116例急性病毒性心肌炎患者中,共有53例cTnT异常升高,阳性率为45.7%;共有75例cTnI异常升高,阳性率为64.7%;而CK、CK-MB、sGOT、LDH检测阳性率分别为10.3%、7.8%、6.9%、12.9%。上述结果分别与cTnT及cTnI结果作卡方检验均有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论 病毒性心肌炎患者在急性期心肌损伤指标检测中,cTnT、cTnI比传统的CK、CK-MB、sGOT、LDH有更好的敏感度,是及时反映心肌损伤的良好的观察指标。     

血清肌钙蛋白I、肌酸激酶同工酶对急性心肌梗死诊断价值的对比研究

目的：对比研究血清肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）对急心肌梗死（AMI）的诊断价值。方法：采用化学发光法定量检测17例AMI、14例不稳定性心绞痛（UA）、9例陈旧性心肌梗死（OMI）患血清中的cTnI及CK-MB。结果：17例AMI患cTnI浓度均大于1.5ng/ml，11例UA及9例OMI患cTnI浓度小于1.5ng/ml，3例UA患大于1.5mg/ml。13例AMI、5例UA和1例OMI患CK-MB浓度大于5.0ng/ml，其余患CK-MB浓度均小于5.0ng/ml。CTnI诊断AMI的敏感性为100％，特异性为86.96％，阳性预测价值为85％，阴性预测价值为100％，正确率为92.5％；CK-MB诊断AMI的敏感性为76.47％，特异性为73.91％，阳性预测价值为68.42％，阴性预测价值为80.95％，正确率为75％。结论：cTnI对急性心肌梗死的诊断价值优于CK-MB。     

Patterns and diagnostic value of cardiac troponin I vs. troponin T and CKMB after OPCAB surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) has been shown to be a specific marker for myocardial injury in cardiac surgery. The object of this prospective study was to determine the patterns and kinetic and diagnostic value of cTnI, cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and creatine kinase MB (CKMB) activity after minimally invasive coronary revascularization using an octopus device on the beating heart (OPCAB). METHODS: 48 patients (33 male/15 female, mean age 68.3 +/- 8.7 years) underwent their first elective OPCAB surgery with median sternotomy without mortality. The mean number of grafts was 2.0 +/- 0.8 per patient. Preoperative mean ejection fraction was 56.6 % +/- 14.9%. CTnI and T levels, total creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB activity in the serum were measured before operation, at arrival at the ICU, and 6, 12, 24, 48 and 120 hours afterward. Serial 12-lead ECGs were recorded preoperatively and at days 1, 2 and 5. The relationship between perioperative data and postoperative cTnI and cTnT levels and CKMB were statistically identified for all variables. RESULTS: The best cutoff value for cTnI was 8.35 micrograms/l. The patients were grouped by the ECG findings and maximal slopes of cTnI postoperatively (group I: unchanged ECG and cTnI < 8.35 micrograms/l, n = 38; group II: unchanged ECG and cTnI > 8.35 micrograms/l n = 6; group III: Q-wave in ECG and cTnI > 8.35 micrograms/l, n = 4). Baseline serum concentrations of cTnI were in the normal range, and significantly increased after surgery with a peak 24h after the operation. Maximal slopes of cTnI ranged in group II between 9.1 and 18.0 micrograms/l, and in group III between 35.9 and 88.8 micrograms/l. There was strong concordance between maximum cTnI, cTnT (p < 0.0001) and CK-MB levels (p = 0.003). First cTnI levels immediately post-op correlated with the maximum cTnI levels during the postoperative course (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: CTnI after minimal invasive surgery shows a characteristic pattern with a maximum at 24h after the operation. The measurement of postoperative biochemical marker concentrations, specially cTnI, reflects myocardial injury incurred during the procedure. It is an accurate method for confirming or excluding a perioperative myocardial injury diagnosis after OPCAB surgery.     

Prognostic value of cardiac troponin I in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome

AIM: To elucidate relationship between initial blood levels of troponin I and occurrence of such events as death, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass surgery, and angioplasty in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome. MATERIAL: One hundred one patients aged 32-78 years admitted to coronary care unit within 24 hours after onset of pain including 69 (68.3%) with unstable angina and 32 (31.7%) with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. METHOD: Troponin I was determined by immunoassay, values below 0.4 ng/ml were considered normal. RESULTS. During 30 days of hospitalization there were 16 (35.5%) and 5 events (8.9%) events (p=0.001) among 45 patients who had elevated level of troponin I (group 1) and 56 patients with normal troponin I (group 2), respectively. By 6 months events occurred in 19 (42.2%) and 6 (10.7%) patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.0004). CONCLUSION: Thus elevated blood level of troponin I in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome has important value for prognosis.     

A comparison of cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I in patients with acute coronary syndromes

The majority of studies have shown that the performance of assays for cTnT and cTnI is almost identical in detecting AMI in patients with coronary artery disease. Currently cTnT may have an advantage over cTnI because available laboratory and POC platforms are standardized to a single reference material. Nevertheless, the decision to use cTnT or cTnI a given laboratory will probably be made on the basis of cost and the availability of automated instrumentation within that institution, and not necessarily on assay performance. A laboratory is unlikely to purchase an instrument to perform a single test. Because cTnI will soon be available on all commercial immunoassay analyzers, it seems likely that cTnI will become the analyte of choice.     

Cardiac troponin I in patients with acute lower limb ischemia

The presence, cause, and clinical significance of elevated cardiac troponin I in patients with acute lower limb ischemia is yet unknown. Forty-six patients (20 men [43%]; mean age 72 +/- 10 years, range 42 to 92) with acute lower limb ischemia were enrolled in this study. Serial creatine kinase (CK), CK isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), and troponin I measurements were obtained in all consecutive patients. Peak levels were evaluated for each patient. Twenty-four patients (52%) had elevated peak troponin I levels (>0.2 ng/ml) during their hospitalization. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to their peak troponin I levels: 11 patients (24%) had peak troponin I levels >1 ng/ml (the high troponin I group), 13 (28%) had levels of 0.2 to 1 ng/ml (the intermediate troponin I group), and the remaining 22 (48%) had peak troponin I levels <0.2 ng/ml (the low troponin I group). The peak CK levels were 10,263 +/- 16,513, 1,294 +/- 1,512, and 934 +/- 1,045 IU/ml (p = 0.04) in the 3 different troponin I subgroups, respectively, and the peak CK-MB levels were 143 +/- 170, 38 +/- 31, and 38 +/- 43, respectively (p = 0.04). Troponin I was positively correlated with CK (R = 0.35, p = 0.017) and CK-MB (R = 0.38, p = 0.009). The mean length of hospitalization was 8.3 +/- 6.2 days for the whole study group and did not vary among the 3 troponin I groups (10.5 +/- 10.9 vs 8.6 +/- 4.9 vs 7.2 +/- 4.0 days, p = 0.762). There were no differences in mortality during hospitalization among the 3 groups (4 of 11 vs 1 of 13 vs 4 of 22 patients, p = 0.22). In conclusion, patients with acute lower limb ischemia often have elevated cardiac troponin I levels. Elevated troponin I levels were not associated with the duration of hospitalization or with in-hospital mortality in this group of patients.     

快速肌钙蛋白T检测对急性冠状动脉综合征的诊断和预后的临床研究

目的　探讨快速肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)定性测定对急性冠状动脉综合征患者诊断和预测的价值。方法　对 12 6例急性冠状动脉综合征分别于发病 0～ 6h ,6h ,2 4h ,4 8h ,72h和 7d ,14d测定cTnT ,CK ,CK -MB ,并观察不稳定型心绞痛 (UAP)患者住院期间心性事件发生率。结果　 12 6例急性冠状动脉综合征患者中cTnT总阳性率为 80 9%和CK -MB 4 6 0 %相比有显著性差别 (P <0 0 1)。 6 8例UAP患者心性事件总发生率为 33 8% ,其中cTnT阳性组发生率明显高于cTnT阴性组 (5 0 0 %vs 4 2 % ,P <0 0 0 1) ;cTnT定性检测UAP心性事件的敏感性为 95 7% ,特异性为 5 1 1%。结论　快速cTnT定性测定能灵敏地反映急性心肌损伤 ,对急性冠状动脉综合征患者的诊断和预后有较高的判断价值     

实验性肺炎大鼠肌钙蛋白T的变化及其与心脏收缩功能的关系

目的探讨实验性肺炎大鼠血清肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)的变化及其与心脏收缩功能的关系,以明确肺炎是否可引起心肌受损,以及发生心肌受损的机理。方法建立金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎大鼠模型后第5天行经胸超声心动图检查。测量指标:左室舒张末内径(LVDD)、左室收缩末内径(LVSD)、主动脉血流峰值流速(PFVA)、主动脉血流速度积分(Viao)、肺动脉血流峰值流速(PFVP)、肺动脉血流速度积分(Vipa),并计算左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室短轴缩短率(LVFS)。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测大鼠血清cTnT的水平,并分析cTnT与心脏收缩功能的关系。结果肺炎组大鼠与对照组比较,PFVA、PFVP、Viao、Vipa、LVEF、LVFS显著减少(P均<0.01)。肺炎组大鼠血清cTnT水平显著高于对照组,且与LVEF、LVFS呈负相关(P均<0.05)。结论严重金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎可引起心力衰竭,其发生机理与心肌损害和肺动脉高压有关。血清cTnT可作为诊断心肌受损的生化指标。     

Clinical usefulness and prognostic value of elevated cardiac troponin I levels in acute pulmonary embolism

Background

Right ventricular myocardial ischemia and injury contribute to right ventricular dysfunction and failure during acute pulmonary embolism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the assessment of right ventricular involvement and short-term prognosis in acute pulmonary embolism

Methods

Thirty-eight patients with acute pulmonary embolism were included in the study. Clinical characteristics, right ventricular involvement, and clinical outcome were compared in patients with elevated levels of serum cTnI versus patients with normal levels of serum cTnI.

Results

Among the study population (n = 38 patients), 18 patients (47%) had elevated cTnI levels (mean ± SD 1.6 ± 0.7 ng/mL, range 0.7-3.7 ng/mL, median, 1.4 ng/mL), and comprised the cTnI-positive group. In the other 20 patients, the serum cTnI levels were normal (≤0.4 ng/mL), and they comprised the cTnI-negative group. In the cTnI-positive group (n = 18 patients), 12 patients (67%) had right ventricular dilatation/hypokinesia, compared with 3 patients (15%) in the cTnI-negative group (n = 20 patients, P = .004). Right ventricular systolic pressure was significantly higher in the cTnI-positive group (51 ± 8 mm Hg vs 40 ± 9 mm Hg, P = .002). Cardiogenic shock developed in a significantly higher number of patients with elevated serum cTnI levels (33% vs 5%, P = .01). In patients with elevated cTnI levels, the odds ratio for development of cardiogenic shock was 8.8 (95% CI 2.5-21).

Conclusions

Patients with acute pulmonary embolism with elevated serum cTnI levels are at a higher risk for the development of right ventricular dysfunction and cardiogenic shock. Serum cTnI has a role in risk stratification and short-term prognostication in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.     

肌钙蛋白测定在急性冠脉综合征中的应用

心肌肌钙蛋白(Cardiac Troponins,cTn)作为心肌损伤的非酶学指标,在急性心肌梗死的诊断中因其敏感性高、特异性强、在血液中出现早、持续时间长、对微小心肌损伤具有诊断价值等优点近年备受重视,目前已作为新的"金标准"而逐渐取代肌酸激酶同功酶MB(CK-MB)的地位,并广泛应用于急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)的诊断、治疗、危险分层及预后评价等各个方面.     

血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ、肌酸激酶同工酶对急性心肌梗死诊断价值的对比研究

目的对比研究血清肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)对急心肌梗死(AMI)的诊断价值.方法采用化学发光法定量检测17例AMI、14例不稳定性心绞痛(UA)、9例陈旧性心肌梗死(OMI)患者血清中的cTnI及CK-MB.结果17例AMI患者cTnI浓度均大于1.5ng/ml,11例UA及9例OMI患者cTnI浓度小于1..5ng/ml,3例UA患者大于1.5mg/ml.13例AMI、5例UA和1例OMI患者CK-MB浓度大于5.0 ng/ml,其余患者CK-MB浓度均小于5.0 ng/ml.cTnI诊断AMI的敏感性为100%,特异性为86..96%,阳性预测价值为85%,阴性预测价值为100%,正确率为92.5%;CK-MB诊断AMI的敏感性为76.47%,特异性为73.91%,阳性预测价值为68.42%,阴性预测价值为80.95%,正确率为75%.结论cTnI对急性心肌梗死的诊断价值优于CK-MB.     

An assessment of the concentration-related prognostic value of cardiac troponin I following acute coronary syndrome

In 2004 the British Cardiac Society redefined myocardial infarction by cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration: ≤ 0.06 μg/L (unstable angina), >0.06 to < 0.5 μg/L (myocardial necrosis), and ≥ 0.5 μg/L (myocardial infarction). We investigated the effects of this classification on all-cause mortality in 1,285 patients from the Evaluation of the Methods and Management of Acute Coronary Events (EMMACE)-2 registry. There were 528 deaths (6.6-year all-cause mortality 41.1%). Survival was greatest in the cTnI ≤ 0.06-μg/L subgroup at 30 days (p = 0.005), 6 months (p = 0.015), 1 year (p = 0.002), and 6.6 years (p = 0.045). After adjustment there was no significant difference in survival between the cTnI >0.06- to < 0.5-μg/L and ≥ 0.5-μg/L subgroups. Increased mortality (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval) was associated with ages 70 to 80 years (2.58, 1.17 to 3.91) and >80 years (3.30, 3.50 to 5.06), peripheral vascular disease (1.50, 1.16 to 1.94), heart failure (1.36, 1.05 to 1.83), diabetes mellitus (1.68, 1.36 to 2.07), severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (1.50, 1.00 to 2.21), and creatinine per 10 μmol/L (1.65, 1.02 to 1.08), whereas ages 50 to 60 years (0.55, 0.32 to 0.96), β blockers (0.53, 0.44 to 0.64), aspirin (0.80 0.65 to 0.99), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (0.67, 0.56 to 0.80), statins (0.73, 0.59 to 0.90), and revascularization (0.33, 0.12 to 0.92) were associated with a lower risk of death. In conclusion, although quantitative evaluation of cTnI concentration in patients with acute coronary syndrome with cTnI > 0.06 μg/L was associated with no added prognostic information, the dichotomization of patients by cTnI status ("positive" and "negative") facilitates acute coronary syndrome risk stratification.     

Short- and long-term prognostic value of cardiac troponin I and dobutamine echocardiography in patients with stabilized acute coronary syndromes

Background: This study investigated the short- and long-term prognostic values of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and dobutamine echocardiography (DE) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who stabilized after medical treatment. Methods and results: 171 consecutive patients of ACS accepted blood sampling for cTnI at the emergency department and DE at 4.9±0.6 days after admission. The prognostic values of cTnI, DE, and combined cTnI and DE were separately investigated at follow up periods of 30 days, 1 year and 3 years for hard events (cardiac death and non-fatal myocardial infarction) and all spontaneous events. CTnI was elevated in 55 (32%) patients and DE was positive in 114 (67%) patients. Elevated cTnI with positive DE were found in 44 (26%) patients. Within 30 days, the combination of elevated cTnI and positive DE provided more accurate prognostic information than each test result alone, and was the only independent predictor for both hard (p=0.014) and all events (p=0.012). After 1 year, cTnI alone had no prognostic value. The combination of an elevated cTnI level and a positive DE only had a prognostic value for all events (p=0.015). However, DE was an independent predictor for both hard (p=0.006) and all events (p=0.002). Neither cTnI alone nor cTnI combined with DE had a significant 3-year prognostic value. However, DE maintained its prognostic value and was still an independent predictor after 3 years for both hard (p=0.024) and all events (p=0.004). Conclusions: For patients with stabilized ACS, the diagnostic finding of elevated cTnI combined with a positive DE has a better short-term prognostic value than each test alone. However, DE alone has a better long-term prognostic value.