标准大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗重型颅脑外伤侧裂区损伤29例临床分析

目的探讨标准大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术在重型颅脑外伤侧裂区损伤治疗中的应用价值。方法将58例重型颅脑外伤侧裂区损伤患者随机分为观察组和对照组各29例,观察组采用标准大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗,对照组采用常规大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗,比较两组治疗效果。结果观察组术后GCS评分明显高于对照组,ICP、脑水肿体积和中线移位均明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组总生存率为82．76％,对照组总生存率为44．83％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论标准大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术可以彻底有效地清除重型颅脑外伤侧裂区损伤患者的坏死脑组织并确切止血,有效清除其颅内血肿,改善其血液循环,降低其颅内高压,从而降低病死率,提高患者的生存质量。     

舒适护理在颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术围术期中的应用效果评价

目的了解舒适护理在颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术围术期中的应用效果。方法将我院2017年2月至2018年12月的100例颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术患者,随机分组,对照组给予传统护理,舒适组开展舒适护理。比较两组满意度;颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术操作时间、颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术后住院时间;护理前后应激程度评估值;颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术并发症。结果舒适组满意度、应激程度评估值、颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术操作时间、颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术后住院时间、颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术并发症对比对照组有优势,P <0.05。结论颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术患者实施舒适护理效果确切。     

预见性护理措施在颅骨缺损伴脑积水同期手术护理中的临床应用效果评价

目的了解舒适护理在颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术围术期中的应用效果。方法将我院2017年2月至2018年12月的100例颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术患者,随机分组,对照组给予传统护理,舒适组开展舒适护理。比较两组满意度;颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术操作时间、颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术后住院时间;护理前后应激程度评估值;颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术并发症。结果舒适组满意度、应激程度评估值、颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术操作时间、颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术后住院时间、颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术并发症对比对照组有优势,P <0.05。结论颅脑外伤开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术患者实施舒适护理效果确切。     

标准大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗对冲性颅脑损伤患者临床效果的影响

目的探讨标准大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗对冲性颅脑损伤患者临床治疗效果的影响。方法选取我院所收治的对冲性颅脑损伤患者。随机将患者分为研究组和对照组。研究组对冲性颅脑损伤患者采用标准大骨瓣开颅减压手术。对照组对冲性颅脑损伤患者采用大骨瓣开颅手术。分别对两组患者的临床治疗效果、并发症发生情况进行比较分析。结果与术前相比,两组患者术后GCS评分均明显提高,颅内压水平均明显降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,研究组患者术后GCS评分明显提高,颅内压水平均明显降低,颅内压高、迟发型血肿以及脑积水等并发症的发生率明显降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论标准大骨瓣开颅减压术能显著提高对冲性颅脑损伤患者临床治疗效果,降低术后并发症的发生,适于临床的推广和应用。     

超低位大骨瓣开颅颞肌下减压辅助亚低温在重型颅脑创伤伴脑疝患者治疗中的应用

目的 总结超低位大骨瓣开颅颞肌下减压术辅助亚低温在重型颅脑创伤伴脑疝患者中的应用价值.方法 按随机原则,将重型颅脑创伤伴脑疝患者88例分成研究组48例,对照组40例,两组病例手术方法均采用超低位大骨瓣开颅颞肌下减压术,术后研究组辅以亚低温治疗.术后对两组病例的GCS评分、脑池显示率、瞳孔回缩率和治疗结果进行监测和分析.结果 术后GCS评分、脑池显示率、瞳孔回缩率和治疗结果等指标,研究组与对照组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 超低位大骨瓣开颅颞肌下减压,能有效缓冲重型颅脑创伤伴脑疝患者颅内压,同时辅助亚低温治疗,有利于降低脑氧消耗、减轻脑水肿和促进神经功能的恢复,在重型颅脑创伤伴脑疝患者中应用具有重要的临床应用价值.     

标准外伤大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤疗效观察

重型颅脑损伤患者致死或致残的主要原因为损伤后血肿形成、脑水肿、脑肿胀所导致难以控制的颅内压增高,手术是其治疗的主要方法 [1],充分的内外减压是手术成功的关键.采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗急性幕上颅内血肿和脑挫裂伤、恶性颅内高压,在欧美国家临床得到广泛应用,文献报道疗效较好[2].我院神经外科从2006年11月至2008年11月采用标准外伤大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤患者,疗效满意.     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤32例分析

<正>重型颅脑损伤是基层医院神经外科的常见急诊病例,病死率高达42%～70%[1]。手术清除血肿/降低颅内压无疑是治疗过程中的重要一环,手术方式多数学者推崇采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术。左延卿等[2]认为大骨瓣减压术具有骨窗范围大,使挫伤的大脑半球充分显露。有利于清除血肿和静脉回流,使损伤的大脑半球、侧裂血管充分减压,有效降低颅     

改良标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤

目的在标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术的基础上加以改良,提高重度颅脑损伤病人的救治效果。方法本组有78例病人采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅,在手术显微镜下清除血肿及受损脑组织,彻底止血,引流管从外侧裂处尽量深入以达到或接近鞍上池,将额顶部骨瓣或全部骨瓣用丝线网织漂浮固定。结果本组存活70例,根据GCS：康复良好46例,中残16例,重残7例,植物生存1例,死亡8例。骨瓣浮出高度、复位时间与脑脊液压力检测基本吻合,可达到充分减压的目的,骨瓣愈合情况较为理想。结论改良标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术适用于绝大多数重度颅脑损伤病人,对于术中恶性脑膨出,脑组织膨出骨窗2cm者本法不适用。     

标准去骨瓣血肿清除术对重度颅脑外伤侧裂区损伤的疗效观察

目的对重度颅脑外伤侧裂区损伤患者采取标准去骨瓣血肿清除术治疗后的疗效加以阐述。方法选择我院2017年3月至2019年1月收治的重度颅脑外伤侧裂区损伤患者120例,经头颅放射线及相关临床检查显示,符合《神经外科学》重度颅脑外伤侧裂区损伤诊断标准。发病至入院时间1～6 h,术前格拉斯哥昏迷评分3～8分,平均(4.3±1.2)分。全部患者均具有手术指症,选择静吸复合麻醉。选择耳廓上方至顶骨中线切口,前方至额部发际。颅骨钻眼4～5个,铣刀切开骨瓣,骨窗大小约15 cm×12 cm,暴露颞叶和部分额叶。于颞叶前部切开硬脑膜,再做纵行"T"字切口,硬脑膜做悬吊,充分显露额顶部各叶和颅窝。清除血肿,并探查大脑中动脉血运情况,及时复位脑疝和去除坏死脑组织。手术治疗后转入NICU继续治疗并做生命体征支持治疗。对患者呼吸、脉搏、血压、瞳孔、GCS评分、颅内压力进行观察和记录,术后复查CT,评估脑组织水肿情况和中线结构位移情况。结果患者GCS评分较术前显著提高,术后第1天平均(5.9±1.1)分,术后第3天平均(7.8±1.6)分,术后第7天平均(8.5±1.8)分。术后复查CT,脑水肿及中线位移情况好转。术后3个月随访,恢复良好/中度残疾69例(占病例总数57.5%),植物状态/重度残疾30例(占病例总数25%),死亡21例(占病例总数17.5%),患者存活率为82.5%。结论治疗后患者脑水肿情况明显减轻,通过CT复查显示患者中线结构位移不明显。采取标准去骨瓣血肿清除术达到了扩大颅腔、降低颅压的目的。颅压降低后有利于促进静脉回流,改善脑组织缺血、缺氧状态,从而形成良性循环。骨窗的位置和大小也保证了能够更好的清除血肿和复位脑疝,减少继发性神经损伤。综上所述,标准去骨瓣血肿清除术用于重度颅脑外伤侧裂区损伤的治疗,可以及时有效清除血肿,减轻脑水肿,改善预后,提高患者存活率,值得推广应用。     

硬膜外血肿清除联合去骨瓣减压对重型对冲性颅脑损伤的效果观察

目的探讨硬膜外血肿清除联合去骨瓣减压对重型对冲性颅脑损伤的效果。方法将70例重型对冲性颅脑损伤患者随机分为两组各35例,研究组实施硬膜外血肿清除联合单侧或双侧去骨瓣减压,对照组实施实施单侧去骨瓣减压。记录患者术后1 d、3 d、7 d的颅内压,术后随访3个月,采用GOS预后评分标准评估患者的预后。结果研究组术后1 d、3 d、7 d的颅内压分别为(32.12±8.89)mm Hg、(25.72±4.26)mm Hg、(14.12±4.39)mm Hg,明显低于对照组的(32.87±6.58)mm Hg、(26.09±5.38)mm Hg、(19.12±4.39)mm Hg(P <0.05)。研究组预后良好31例(88.6%)明显高于对照组的21例(60.0%)(P <0.05)。结论重型对冲性颅脑损伤患者采用硬膜外血肿清除联合单侧或双侧去骨瓣减压术质量可获得更好的预后。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.