N-(4-甲基-香豆素-7-基)-Nα-叔丁氧羰基-Nω-乙酰基赖氨酰胺(MAL)的合成

目的:改进N-(4-甲基-7-香豆素-7-基)-Nα-(叔丁氧羰基)-Nω-乙酰基赖氨酰胺(MAL)的合成方法.方法:以间氨基酚为原料,经氨基保护、环合、脱保护、活化缩合等5步反应得目标化合物MAL.结果:改进后的合成方法简便、反应条件温和,且提高了产率.目标化合物结构经UV,IR,1H-NMR,MS-ESI分析确证.结论:该方法原料易得、操作简便,总收率31.8%.     

4-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲基)姜黄素合成及其抗肿瘤活性

目的:合成4-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲基)姜黄素(C086),并对其体内外抗肿瘤活性进行评价。方法:以芳香醛、乙酰丙酮为原料,Knovenagel缩合、氢化还原、Claisen-Schmidt缩合三步反应制备目标化合物。以姜黄素为对照,MTT法考察目标化合物对人慢性粒细胞白血病急变细胞株K562、人急性髓系白血病细胞株HL-60、人肝肿瘤细胞株HepG2、小鼠黑色素瘤细胞株B-16、人结肠癌细胞株SW480、人神经母细胞瘤细胞株SH-SY5Y、人胰腺癌细胞株Bxpc-3、人胃癌细胞株MGC80-3的抑制活性。考察目标化合物体内抑制人结肠癌SW480裸鼠移植性肿瘤活性。结果:目标化合物结构经核磁和质谱确证,对上述细胞株的IC50值依次为2.90,4.11,4.11,3.55,4.78,7.92,18.8,17.1μmol.L-1,均明显比姜黄素强,100mg.kg-1.d-1灌胃给药对人结肠癌SW480裸鼠移植性肿瘤的抑瘤率为40.7%,小鼠的体质量无明显减轻。结论:合成了4-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲基)姜黄素,体外对多种肿瘤细胞抑制活性明显强于Cur,体内能明显抑制结肠癌移植瘤的生长。     

N-羟乙基-2-(3′-硝基联苯基-4-亚甲磺酰基)乙酰胺的合成

目的:合成磷酸二酯酶3B(PDE3B)选择性抑制剂N-羟乙基-2-(3′-硝基联苯基-4-亚甲磺酰基)乙酰胺。方法:以对溴苄溴为初始原料经Williamson成醚反应、氧化、酰化和Suzuki偶联4步反应合成了目标化合物。结果:目标产物的结构经核磁共振氢谱、碳谱、质谱及红外光谱等确证,4步反应的总收率为24．8%。结论:该合成路线原料易得,操作简便,可用于放大制备。     

2-[(吡啶-4-基)甲基氨基]-N-[4-(三氟甲基)苯基]苯甲酰胺的合成工艺研究

目的合成2-[(吡啶-4-基)甲基氨基]-N-[4-(三氟甲基)苯基]苯甲酰胺(Ⅰ)。方法以邻硝基苯甲酸为起始原料,经氯代、氨解、水合肼还原、缩合、硼氢化钠还原共5步反应合成得到目标化合物Ⅰ。结果与结论经5步反应合成了目标化合物Ⅰ,其结构经核磁共振氢谱、质谱确证。改进后的合成工艺反应条件温和,操作简便,收率可达54.5%。     

N-羟乙基-2-(3''''-硝基联苯基-4-亚甲磺酰基)乙酰胺的合成

目的：合成磷酸二酯酶3B（PDE3B）选择性抑制剂N-羟乙基-2-（3＇-硝基联苯基-4-亚甲磺酰基）乙酰胺.方法：以对溴苄溴为初始原料经Williamson成醚反应、氧化、酰化和Suzuki偶联4步反应合成了目标化合物.结果：目标产物的结构经核磁共振氢谱、碳谱、质谱及红外光谱等确证,4步反应的总收率为24.8%.结论：该合成路线原料易得,操作简便,可用于放大制备.     

(2S, 3S)-3-氨基-2-羟基-4-苯丁酰胺的合成

目的 合成α-酮基酰胺肽类钙蛋白酶抑制剂的必需结构片段 (2S, 3S)-3-氨基-2-羟基-4-苯丁酰胺（1）。 方法 以(S)-2-氨基-3-苯丙醇为起始原料,经过苄基保护、Parikh-Doering 氧化、氰化水解、酰胺化和脱保护共5步反应合成目标化合物。结果与讨论 目标化合物和中间体的结构均经1H-NMR和13C-NMR谱确证,该合成路线方法简捷,适于大量制备。     

2-(2-取代苯基)噻唑-4-(甲)乙酸类化合物的设计、合成及抗肿瘤活性

目的为了寻找有效的Pin1小分子抑制剂,以2-苯基咪唑-4-甲酸为先导化合物,设计并合成了18个2-(2-取代苯基)噻唑-4-(甲)乙酸类化合物8a-8r。方法以2-甲氧基苯甲酸为起始原料,经8步反应得到目标化合物;利用已建立的酶活性筛选平台测试了目标化合物浓度为10μmol·L~(-1)时对Pin1酶的抑制率;采用MTT法,考察了目标化合物对人前列腺癌PC-3细胞的生长抑制作用。结果与讨论合成了18个未见文献报道的化合物,其结构经~1H-NMR谱和MS谱确证;多数化合物具有Pin1抑制活性,其中化合物8 h的抑制率达到100%;化合物的整体细胞生长抑制作用较弱,化合物8 c和8 g对PC-3细胞具有中等生长抑制作用。     

4-(2-甲胺基)乙氧基苄胺合成

目的合成4-(2-甲胺基)乙氧基苄胺,以降低生产成本。方法以N,N-二甲基乙醇胺为原料,经氯化、醚化、肟化、氢化反应得到目标化合物。结果成功得到目标化合物,经核磁共振氢谱确证结构正确。结论该方法三步反应总收率65.6%,且反应条件温和,原料廉价易得,适合工业化生产。     

7,8-二甲氧基-3-(3-碘丙基)-1,3-二氢-2H-3-苯并氮杂革-2-酮的制备

目的合成抗心绞痛的新药伊伐布雷定的关键中间体7,8-二甲氧基-3-(3-碘丙基)-1,3-二氢-2H-3-苯并氮杂--2-酮。方法以3,4-二甲氧基苯乙酸为原料,经卤化、酰化、环合、烷基化、碘取代等反应制得目标化合物。结果五步反应总收率为63.6%,产物经MS1、HNMR确证结构。结论所用工艺路线具有原料易得、操作简便、收率较高的特点,适用于该中间体的放大制备。     

7,8-二甲氧基-3-(3-碘丙基)-1,3-二氢-2H-3-苯并氮杂-2-酮的制备

目的合成抗心绞痛的新药伊伐布雷定的关键中间体7,8-二甲氧基-3-(3-碘丙基)-1,3-二氢-2H-3-苯并氮杂--2-酮。方法以3,4-二甲氧基苯乙酸为原料,经卤化、酰化、环合、烷基化、碘取代等反应制得目标化合物。结果五步反应总收率为63.6%,产物经MS1、HNMR确证结构。结论所用工艺路线具有原料易得、操作简便、收率较高的特点,适用于该中间体的放大制备。     

Molecular mechanisms of ZD1839 （Iressa）-induced apoptosis in human leukemic U937 cells

Aim： To investigate the molecular mechanisms of ZD 1839-induced apoptosis in human leukemic U937 cells. Methods： The inhibition of human leukemic U937 cell growth was assessed by 3-（4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl）-2,5-diphnyl-2H-tetrazolim bromide （MTT） assays, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） release, and cell cycle distribution. The expression of anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins was detected by Western blot analysis. Results： This study demonstrated that ZD1839 induced apoptosis in leukemic U937 cells by the downregulation of Bcl-2, caspase activation and subsequent apoptotic features. Cotreatment with ZD 1839 and the caspase- 3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk blocked apoptosis, indicating that caspase-3 activation is at least partially responsible for ZD 1839-induced apoptosis. The ectopic expression of Bcl-2 attenuated caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and subsequent indicators of apoptosis, including sub-G1 DNA content and LDH release. These results indicate that the downregulation of Bcl-2 plays a major role in the initiation of ZD1839-induced apoptosis, and that the activation of a caspase cascade is involved in the execution of apoptosis. Furthermore, ZD1839 treatment triggered the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） and the downregulation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase （JNK）, extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK） and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/Akt. The inhibition of the ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways also significantly increased cellular death. Conclusion： ZD 1839 activated caspase-3 and the inhibited Bcl-2 in human leukemic U937 cells through the downregulation of the ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways.     

6-甲氧基-7-[(1-甲基-4-哌啶)甲氧基]-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮的合成工艺研究

目的 对6-甲氧基-7-[(1-甲基-4-哌啶)甲氧基]-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮的合成工艺进行研究.方法 以1-叔丁氧羰基-4-对甲苯磺酰氧甲基哌啶和香草酸甲酯为起始原料,经过脱叔丁氧羰基、甲基化、硝化、还原,最后经Niementowski环合得到.结果 实验总收率约为56％.结论 优化的新工艺减少了反应步骤、降低了制备成本、简化了反应操作条件、提高了产率,更适合工业化生产.     

ZD1839 ('Iressa') as an anticancer agent

ZD1839 ('Iressa') is an orally active, selective epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor which blocks signal transduction pathways implicated in the proliferation and survival of cancer cells and other host-dependent processes promoting cancer growth. In preclinical studies, ZD1839 produced reversible growth inhibition and growth delay in a wide range of tumour cell lines and human tumour xenografts. Moreover, this activity was enhanced when ZD1839 was coadministered with cytotoxic agents. Preliminary results from phase I trials in patients with advanced disease and a wide variety of tumour types suggest that ZD1839 has an acceptable tolerability profile and promising clinical efficacy, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ZD1839 is currently in phase III clinical development for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. In addition, further trials are ongoing or planned in a number of other tumour types.     

Molecular mechanisms of ZD1839-induced G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells

Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been proposed as a target for anticancer therapy. ZD1839 (Iressa) is a quinazoline derivative that selectively inhibits the EGFR tyrosine kinase activity and is under clinical use in cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in ZD1839-mediated anticancer effects remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, exposure of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells to ZD1839 caused G1 arrest, and subsequently induced apoptosis. Moreover, ZD1839 increased the protein levels of p27(KIP1) and retinoblastoma-related Rb2/p130 while decreased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), CDK4, CDK6 and cyclin-D1, cyclin-D3. In vitro kinase assay showed that ZD1839 decreased these CDKs expression in A549 cells, leading to significantly reduce their kinase activities. In addition, ZD1839-induced death of A549 cells with characteristics of apoptosis including apoptotic morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and enhancement of TUNEL-positive cell. These events were accompanied by a marked increase of Fas protein expression, and activation of caspase-2, -3, -8. Co-treatment of cells with Fas antagonist antibody significantly blocked ZD1839-induced apoptosis. Caspase-8 and caspase-3 inhibitors, but not a caspase-9 inhibitor, were also capable of restoring cell viability. Our results indicate that downregulation of the expression and function of CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin-D1 and cyclin-D3, as well as upregulation of p27(KIP1) and pRb2/p130, are strong candidates for the cell cycle regulator that arrests ZD1839-treated A549 cells at G1 phase. Furthermore, upregulation of Fas appears to play a major role in the initiation of ZD1839-induced apoptosis, activation of caspase-8/caspase-3 cascade is involved in the execution phase of this death program.     

2-(3-氰基-4-羟基)苯基-4-甲基-5-噻唑甲酸乙酯的合成

目的优化非布司他关键中间体2-(3-氰基-4-羟基)苯基-4-甲基-5-噻唑甲酸乙酯(4)的合成方法。方法采用"一勺烩"方法,以4-羟基苯甲腈为起始原料,首先与硫氢化钠和无水氯化镁在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中反应,所得中间体不经分离,直接加入2-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯进行环合反应,得到2-(4-羟基)苯基-4-甲基-5-噻唑甲酸乙酯(2);然后通过六亚甲基四胺/三氟乙酸进行Duff反应,得到2-(3-甲酰基-4-羟基)苯基-4-甲基-5-噻唑甲酸乙酯(3);再经盐酸羟胺/甲酸/甲酸钠体系脱水得到目标化合物。结果经四步反应合成非布司他关键中间体4,总收率为22.6%,其结构经核磁共振氢谱、质谱确证。结论改进后的工艺终产品无需柱色谱纯化,适合工业化生产。     

A sensitive assay for ZD1839 (Iressa) in human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection: validation and use in Phase I clinical trials

A specific and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitative determination of ZD1839 ('Iressa') concentrations in treated healthy volunteers and patients with cancer has been developed and validated. Plasma samples (0.5 ml) were extracted, at basic pH, with methyl-t-butyl ether using deuterated ZD1839 as an internal standard. The extracts were chromatographed on an Inertsil ODS3 column eluted with acetonitrile/ammonium acetate and ZD1839 and the internal standard quantified by mass spectrometric detection. The method was validated with respect to linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and stability. The precision and accuracy of the assay were good and the LOQ was 0.5 ng/ml. The assay has been successfully applied to a number of clinical and pharmacokinetic studies and been shown to be robust and reliable during routine use.     

(2S,3R)-1-二甲氨基-3-(3-甲氧基苯基)-2-甲基戊-3-醇的合成工艺研究

目的 对(2S,3R)- 1-二甲氨基-3-(3-甲氧基苯基)-2-甲基戊-3-醇合成工艺进行研究.方法 以3-戊酮为起始原料,经Mannich反应、手性拆分、Grignard反应等步骤合成(2S,3R)-1-二甲氨基-3-(3-甲氧基苯基)-2-甲基戊-3-醇,并对化学拆分进行工艺优化.结果 合成(2S,3R)-1...     

Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of the orally active selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 in healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of ZD1839 (Iressa), an orally active selective epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. DESIGN: Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies of pharmacokinetics and tolerability, followed by a nonblind, randomised, 2-period crossover study to assess the effect of food on bioavailability. SETTING: Two centres in the UK. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Healthy male volunteers aged between 18 and 62 years. INTERVENTIONS: The first study investigated the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of ascending single oral doses of ZD1839 (1 to 75mg). The second study investigated the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of multiple doses of ZD1839 (100mg once daily for 3 days). The third study investigated the effect of food on the bioavailability of a single 50mg dose of ZD1839. OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS: Peak plasma drug concentrations (Cmax) of ZD 1839 occurred between 3 and 7 hours after administration. Cmax and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were dose-proportional from 10 to 100mg. The terminal elimination half-life (t1/2beta) was 28 hours (range 12 to 51 hours). Cmax was reduced by 34% and AUC by 14% by ingestion of food; t1/2beta was not affected. Urinary recovery of ZD1839 was <0.5%, indicating that this was not a major route of elimination. The pharmacokinetics of ZD1839 during administration of multiple doses could be predicted from day 1 values. There were no serious adverse events or withdrawals, and the frequency of adverse events was similar that with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the further clinical investigation of ZD 1839. The elimination half-life suggests that once daily oral administration is appropriate.     

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (PD168393) potentiates cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel against androgen-independent prostate cancer cells

Recent data showed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, such as ZD1839, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents for androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) did not produce promising results in clinical settings. More effective regimens involving novel stronger inhibitor of EGFR and better combinations are needed. The anti-tumor activity of PD168393, an irreversible EGFR inhibitor, with or without chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of AIPC was investigated in vitro. In results, both the androgen-independent cell lines PC-3 and DU145 expressed higher levels of EGFR than the androgen-dependent MDA PCa 2b and androgen-responsive LNCaP cells by Western blotting. DU145 was much more sensitive to PD168393 and ZD1839 than MDA PCa 2b. PD168393, but not ZD1839, significantly potentiated paclitaxel cytotoxicity against DU145 by MTT assay and median-effect analysis. The combination of PD168393 or ZD1839 with other cytotoxic agents including docetaxel and 5-fluorouracil, however, was either additive or antagonistic. Compared to paclitaxel alone, PD168393 significantly enhanced paclitaxel-induced DNA fragmentation, sub-G1 fraction accumulation, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, cytochrome C release, caspase-3 activation and eventually apoptosis. These molecular events were accompanied by Bad up-regulation, p53 and p21Waf1/Cip1 induction, ERK1/2 inactivation and inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation in the presence of PD168393. These effects did not involve significant alteration in the Akt1/2 and STAT3 signaling pathway. In conclusion, the combination of paclitaxel and PD168393 produced a profound synergistic growth inhibition of AIPC cells. Combining PD168393 with paclitaxel may have clinical benefits and warrants further investigation.     

Characterization of sequence-dependent synergy between ZD1839 ("Iressa") and oxaliplatin

ZD1839 ("Iressa"), a selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), is currently undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation in several solid tumors. The present study aimed to assess the effect of ZD1839 in combination with oxaliplatin in the colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and LoVo. For in vitro chemosensitivity testing, cells were treated with serial dilutions of each drug sequentially at a fixed ratio of doses that corresponded to 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2, 1, 1.5 and 2 times the individual IC(50) values. Oxaliplatin followed by ZD1839 produced a synergistic effect. In contrast, oxaliplatin following ZD1839 exhibited an additive effect at best. Mass spectrometry examination revealed that ZD1839 modestly enhanced cellular oxaliplatin accumulation and platinum-DNA (Pt-DNA) adducts (P>0.05). In additional studies, high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that oxaliplatin had no effect on ZD1839 accumulation. In contrast, ZD1839 markedly inhibited removal of Pt-DNA adducts (P<0.05). With oxaliplatin treatment (1 day) followed by ZD1839 (1 day), then incubation with drug-free medium (1 day), 90% of Pt-DNA adducts remained. Apoptosis examination revealed that oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis was prolonged by sequential oxaliplatin followed by ZD1839 treatment compared with oxaliplatin alone. Further experiments revealed that ZD1839 decreased cellular gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.CONCLUSIONS: The above observations provide a mechanistic explanation for the synergy of oxaliplatin followed by ZD1839, and suggest that this treatment combination warrants further preclinical and clinical investigation.