玄冬冲剂治疗急性咽炎118例

目的：观察玄冬冲剂对急性咽炎的治疗效果。方法；将门诊患急性咽炎的178例患随机分为治疗组（118例）和对照组（60例），并分别治疗1个疗程。结果：治疗组用玄冬冲剂治疗，显效73例，有效39例，无效5例，临床总有效率94．9％；对照组用清热散结片治疗，显效20例，有效24例，无效和16例，临床总有效率73．3％。两组疗效比较，有极显性差异（P＜0．01）。结论：玄冬冲剂适用于治疗急性咽炎。     

中西医结合治疗急性脑血管病临床研究

目的观察中西医结合治疗急性脑血管病的临床疗效。方法运用中西医结合疗法治疗急性脑血管病102例，并与常规西药治疗急性脑血管病98例，随机对照。结果治疗组：治愈26例，显效50例，有效15例，无效7例，恶化4例。总有效率89．2％，显效率74．5％。对照组：治愈18例，显效41例，有效18例，无效13例，恶化8例。总有效率78．6％，显效率60．3％。两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。     

柴胡解表冲剂治疗急性上呼吸道感染169例分析

目的 探讨柴胡解表冲剂治疗孕妇急性上呼吸道感染的临床效果.方法 用柴胡解表冲剂(柴胡、桂枝、连翘、白芍、黄芩各10 g,银花30 g)治疗急性上呼吸道感染169例,同时与169例无糖型感冒清热冲剂对照组对照.结果 治疗组痊愈44例,显效62例,有效48例,无效15例,总有效率91.12%;对照组痊愈6例,显效44例,有效46例,无效73例,总有效率56.8%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 柴胡解表冲剂治疗上呼吸道感染疗效满意.     

抗感胶囊的制备及临床观察

目的：探讨抗感胶囊的制备工艺及临床疗效观察。方法：通过治疗病毒性感冒进行临床验证。结果：治疗组138例，显效56例，有效72例，总有效率为92．8％；对照组130例，显效50例，有效69例，总有效率为91．6％。薄层色谱结果现供试品与对照药材色谱在相应的位置上，显相同斑点色。结论：该制剂处方合理，制备工艺可行，临床疗效满意。     

肠胃康冲剂治疗急性胃肠炎200例

目的：观察肠胃康冲剂治疗急性胃肠炎的临床疗效。方法：200例急性胃肠炎患，给肠胃康冲剂口服，每次1袋，每日3次，辅以补液对症治疗。结果：经治疗，200例患，痊愈189例（94．50％）；显效3例（1．50％；有效1例（0．50％），无效7例（3．50％）。总有效率96．50％。结论：应用胃康冲剂口服治疗急性胃肠炎，疗效显，且使用安全，无不良反应及副作用。     

中西医结合治疗慢性肥厚性咽炎疗效观察

目的：观察金嗓利咽丸联合微波治疗慢性肥厚性咽炎的临床疗效。方法：于门诊就诊慢性咽炎患者216例，随机分为两组，治疗组口服金嗓利咽丸联合微波热凝法治疗，对照组口服草珊瑚含片或健民咽喉片治疗．均治疗2周评定疗效。结果：治疗组总有效率92．4％，显效率72．9％，对照组总有效率653％，显效率26.5％。结论：口服金嗓利咽丸联合微波热凝治疗慢性肥厚性咽炎有较好临床疗效。     

中药治疗乳腺增生130例临床报道

目的：观察乳腺增生方治疗乳腺增生的临床疗效。方法：乳腺增生患者260例随机分为治疗组治疗及对照组各130例：分别予乳腺增生方及乳康片治疗6周，观察临床疗效。结果：治疗组痊愈65例，显效39例，有效13例，无效13例，总有效率为90％；对照组痊愈13例，显效26例，有效39例，无效52例，总有效率为60％。经Ridit检验，P〈0．01。结论：乳腺增生方对乳腺增生病有治疗作用和抑制作用。     

生脉注射液改善慢性阻塞性肺病患者免疫功能的疗效观察

目的：探索生脉注射液对COPD患者机体免疫功能的改善及临床疗效观察。方法：62例COPD患者随机分为治疗组32例和对照组30例，在西医常规治疗基础上，治疗组加用生脉注射液静脉滴注。结果：治疗组临床控制2例，显效20例，有效7例，无效3例，总有效率90．63％；对照组临床控制0例，显效13例，有效9例，无效8例，总有效率73．33％；治疗组患者的血清IgG、IgA、IgM含量显著提高。两组治疗前后临床疗效及免疫球蛋白比较经统计学处理P＜0．05。结论：生脉注射液可提高COPD患者机体的免疫力，促进其恢复健康。     

中医治疗支气管哮喘患者的临床疗效分析

目的分析研究中医治疗支气管哮喘的临床疗效。方法将64例支气管哮喘患者随机分为观察组和对照组各32例，观察组采用中药进行治疗，对照组采用吸入二丙酸倍氯米松气雾剂治疗，观察记录两组患者的临床疗效和不良反应。结果观察组临床控制10例（31．25％），显效13例（40．63％），有效5例（15．63％），无效4例（12．50％），总有效率为87．50％；对照组临床控制7例（21．88％），显效6例（18．75％），有效11例（34．38％），无效8例（25．00％），总有效率为75．00％，两组患者的总有效率差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论中医治疗支气管哮喘疗效肯定，疗效优于单用西药治疗，值得在临床上推广。     

银杏达莫注射液治疗慢性肺原性心脏病心力衰竭30例

目的观察银杏达莫注射液治疗慢性肺原性心脏病心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法将心功能分级（NYHA）均为Ⅳ级的慢性肺原性心脏病急性加重期患者60例随机分为2组。对照组30例予常规综合治疗，治疗组30例加用银杏达莫注射液20mL加入5％葡萄糖注射液250mL静脉滴注，1次／d，10d为1个疗程。结果治疗组显效15例，有效12例，无效3例，总有效率为90．0％；对照组显效12例，有效10例，无效8例，总有效率73．3％。两组疗效差异具有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论在常规综舍治疗基础上辅以银杏达莫注射液治疗慢性肺原性心脏病急性加重期心力衰竭，可提高临床疗效，促进心脏功能恢复，改善预后。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.