带单向活瓣补片治疗室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压

目的 探讨应用自制带单向活瓣补片矫治室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压的方法及疗效.方法 采用自体心包片缝制于中央打孔的涤纶补片上形成单向活瓣,用该补片修补15例伴有重度肺动脉高压的室间隔缺损患者,术后早期观察其血流动力学变化.结果 术后无早期死亡,6例出现低氧血症需呼吸机支持;术后2周复查心脏彩超,12例活瓣已关闭,3例存在右向左分流;其中1例术后2个月活瓣关闭.结论 带单向活瓣补片修补伴重度肺动脉高压的室间隔缺损,术后早期特定情况下活瓣开放,出现右向左分流,可以有效缓解右心室后负荷,使患者能度过术后危险期,减少围手术期病死率.     

外科治疗先天性心脏病合并严重肺动脉高压

目的 探讨外科治疗先天性心脏间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压的方法及疗效.方法 选择合并重度肺动脉高压已出现双向分流的先天性心脏间隔缺损性病例29例.外科手术全部采用单向活瓣补片进行心脏间隔缺损修补,同时术中直视下留置肺动脉内置管泵入前列腺素El(PGEl),必要时同期行二尖瓣成形术和/或三尖瓣成形术,比较术前、术后肺动脉压及血气指标变化用,并超声心动图监测分流情况.结果 肺动脉压和血气指标较术前有明显改善;随访发现2例术后持续肺动脉高压存在,单向活瓣持续右向左分流,其余27例分别于3～6个月后活瓣关闭无分流.结论 单向活瓣补片修补缺损、肺动脉内置管泵入(PGEl)能明显降低肺动脉压、改善血气指标,确保合并严重肺动脉高压的患者围手术期安全;前者能在术后发生严重肺动脉高压时发挥良好的右向左分流"减压"作用,肺动脉压力下降后又能自动关闭;同期行必要的瓣膜成形术有利于降低肺动脉压、改善心功能.     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压诊治分析

目的分析总结先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的手术期处理方法。方法回顾自1998年1月-2008年10月收治的先天性心脏病合并肺高压患者174例的临床资料,其中重度动脉高压38例,年龄8个月～30岁,所有患者均采用体外循环下心内畸形矫治术,室缺合并重度肺高压患者应用单向活瓣补片方法。结果174例患者中死亡4例,术后并发心律失常10例,呼吸道并发症12例,切口感染2例,经积极治疗均痊愈出院。结论先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压,应严格掌握手术适应症,完善术前准备,术中适应的手术方法,术后有效降肺压治疗及呼吸道处理,均可提高治疗的成功率。     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的围手术期处理

目的分析总结先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的围手术期处理经验。方法系统回顾了自2000年1月-2006年10月收治的先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者87例的临床资料，其中重度肺动脉高压19例，年龄6个月～25岁，所有患者均采用体外循环下心内畸形矫治术，室缺合并重度肺高压患者应用单向活瓣补片方法。结果87例患者中死亡2例，术后并发心律失常5例，呼吸道并发症6例，切口感染1例，经积极治疗均痊愈出院。结论先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压，应严格掌握手术适应征，完善的术前准备，术中适宜的手术方法，术后有效的降肺压治疗及呼吸道处理，均可提高治疗的成功率。     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的诊疗分析

目的为了提高先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的外科治疗效果,分析总结107例患者的手术经验。方法回顾分析我科自2000年1月-2008年4月收治的107例先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者的临床资料,年龄7/12岁～27岁,平均年龄(9.8±1.3)岁。患者均在体外循环下行心内畸形矫治术,室缺合并重度肺高压患者应用单向活瓣补片方法。结果107例患者中死亡4例,术后并发心律失常8例,呼吸道并发症9例,切口感染1例,经积极治疗均痊愈出院。结论对先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者应严格掌握其手术适应征,完善的术前准备、确定最适合的手术方法、术后有效的降肺压治疗及呼吸道处理均可提高手术的成功率。     

先天性心脏病室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压的围术期处理

先天性心脏病室间隔缺损(以下简称室缺)合并肺动脉高压相当常见,约占25％左右。当出现重度肺动脉高压时,引起肺血管不同程度的病理性改变。对合并生度肺动脉高压患者进行外科矫治手术的围术期死亡率有明显升高。合理的围术期处理,可明显降低死亡率,提高手术疗效。本文分析了我院1986年5月至1994年12月收治的10例经右心导管检查证实为室缺合并重度肺动脉高压患者,提出其围术期处理措施。 1 临床资料 本组10例均为先天性心脏病室缺患者,其中合并卵圆孔未闭1例,主动脉瓣关闭不全2例,动脉导     

体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术中的心肌保护

目的 探讨体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术中的心肌保护方法 .方法 30例体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术采用经主动脉根部,升主动脉前壁插针荷包固定,间歇温血停搏液顺灌-冷血停搏液顺灌-温血停搏液顺灌,首次灌温4：1氧合血高钾心脏停搏液,待心脏停搏充分后,每间隔30～40分钟再次使用冷4：1氧合血低钾心脏停搏液,开放升主动脉前温4：1氧合血低钾心脏停搏液灌注.结果 开放升主动脉后心脏自动复跳25例,20WS除颤1次后复跳4例, 自动复跳后室颤20WS除颤2次心脏复跳1例.复跳前血钾（4.81±0.45）mmol/L.术后患者均痊愈出院.结论 采用间断经主动脉温血停搏液顺灌-冷血停搏液顺灌-温血停搏液顺灌起到了良好的心肌保护作用,自动复跳率较高.     

先心室缺并重度肺动脉高压的围术期处理（附4例报告）

目的 探讨室缺并重度肺动脉高压的围术期处理。方法 连续4例经心导管检查确诊的室缺并重度肺动脉高压患者在体外循环下行室缺补片修补术，术后应用有效的血管扩张药物，严密监测血流动力学，防治肺高压危象和肺部并发症，结果 所有4例患者均安全度过围术期，临床痊愈出院，半年后随访，紫绀消失，自觉症状明显改善，肺动脉压降至2.46-5.47kPa，下降幅度达50%-75%，心功能均达Ⅰ-Ⅱ级。结论 只要严格掌握手术适应症，一部分室缺并重度肺动脉高压患者就可获得手术治疗机会并安全度过围术期，术后肺动脉高压可望降至接近正常。     

室间隔缺损伴重度肺动脉高压16例临床分析

我院自1977年以来共做各种心导管及造影检查237例次,发现室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压37例,其中伴重度肺动脉高压16例,包括动力型肺高压9例,阻力型肺高压7例.本文通过临床分析阐明了室缺伴动力型肺高压及阻力型肺高压的不同特点及手术适应症.     

前列腺素E1用于先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压术后治疗

目的了解前列腺素E1(PGE1)与硝普钠(NP)对先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压术后的治疗作用.方法30例先天性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者分别使用PGE1(实验组)及NP(对照组)治疗,每组15例.实验组在体外循环手术结束时从中心静脉持续泵注PGE120～30ng/(kg·min);对照组从中心静脉持续泵注NP 2～4μg/(kg·min),观察患者术后平均动脉压(MAP)、平均肺动脉压(PAP)、心脏指数(CI)、肺阻力指数(PVRI)、体循环阻力指数(SVRI)的动态变化.结果PGE1降低肺动脉压力、肺动脉阻力、体循环阻力的作用明显强于NP(P＜0.05),在增加心排血量方面亦优于NP.结论PGE1对先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压疗效显著,比硝普钠更具有优越性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.