安徽淮北地区肠杆菌科细菌耐药性检测

目的了解本地区肠杆菌科细菌的耐药现状,为临床医生合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法收集本地区三家医院所分离的326株肠杆菌,分析其菌种分布、耐药性。细菌分离、培养按常规方法,菌种鉴定采用MicroScan WalkAWay-40、Vitek-32全自动微生物分析仪,药敏试验采用微量液体稀释法,超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测采用1999年NCCLS推荐的纸片确证试验。结果在326株肠杆菌科细菌中,分离出大肠埃希菌216株,肺炎克雷伯菌37菌,臭鼻克雷伯菌18株,聚团多源菌19株,产气肠杆菌18株,阴沟肠杆菌18株。ESBLs检出率:大肠埃希菌42.1%、克雷伯菌56.7%;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等对亚胺培南的耐药率最低,分别为1.4%和2.8%;其次为哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦。另外,对庆大霉素和丁胺卡那耐药率也较低。结论淮北地区革兰阴性杆菌菌种分布以大肠埃希菌占首位。亚胺培南是治疗革兰阴性杆菌最有效的药物之一,对于产ESBLs的菌株,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦可以作为优先选用的药物。     

本地区常见革兰阴性杆菌种类及其耐药性分析

目的：探讨、总结本地区细菌苗种分布及其耐药现状。收集894株革兰阴性杆菌，分析其菌种分布、耐药性。方法：细菌分离、培养按常规方法。菌种鉴定采用MicroScanWalkAWay-40、Vitek-32全自动微生物分析仪，药敏实验采用微量液体稀释法，超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检测采用纸片确证试验，高产AmpC β-内酰胺酶检测采用Thomson推荐的液体稀释法。结果：在894株革兰阴性杆菌中，分离出大肠埃希菌340株、铜绿假单胞菌152株、肺炎和产酸克雷伯菌101株、不动杆菌66株。超广谱β-内酰胺酶检出率：大肠埃希菌28．3％、克雷伯菌39．6％；高产AmpCβ-内酰胺酶检出率：铜绿假单胞菌为45．7％、变形杆菌为13．1％，枸橼酸杆菌为72．4％、沙雷菌为27．3％、肠杆菌屑为49％。在革兰阴性杆菌中。亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦药物敏感性较高。结论：本地区革兰阴性杆菌菌种分布以大肠埃希占首位。超广谱-内酰胺酶检测结果分别是：大肠埃希菌为28．3％，克雷伯菌为39．6％；高产AmpCpβ-内酰胺酶检出率分别是；铜绿假单胞菌为45．5％、变形杆菌为13．1％、枸橼酸杆菌为22．4％、沙雷菌为27．3％、肠杆菌属为49％。在革兰阴性杆菌中，亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦可以作为首选药物。     

痰标本中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株的药敏分析

[目的] 了解从痰标本中分离到的革兰阴性杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(BSBLs)及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株的药敏情况。[方法] 收集2001年1月至2002年6月从我院呼吸道感染患者中分离出的革兰阴性杆菌共543株，用双纸片协同试验检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶阳性株，并用K-B琼脂扩散法做药敏试验。[结果] 196株肺炎克雷伯杆菌，278株大肠埃希杆菌，69株阴沟肠杆菌。共检出产BSBLs137株，检出率为25．23％，其中肺炎克雷伯杆菌BSBLs阳性率为28．06%；大肠埃希杆菌BSBLs检出率为23．74％；阴沟肠杆菌BSBLs检出率为23．19%，除亚胺培南、美洛培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他哇巴坦外，产BSBLs株对其它抗生素的耐药率明显高于非产BSBLs株。[结论] 呼吸道感染患者中大肠埃希杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌产BSBLs情况严重，而且BSBLs株多为多重耐药株。亚胺培喃、美洛培喃、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦是治疗由产ESBLs菌引起感染的有效抗生素。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株的药敏分析

目的了解肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及产酸克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株的发生率及耐药特点，指导此类细菌感染的抗菌药物的应用。方法收集2003年6月至2004年6月我院感染患者中分离出来的肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和产酸克雷伯菌218株，用表型确认试验检测ESBLs，用美国Microscan negative panel 21反应板作细菌鉴定和药敏试验。结果218株肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及产酸克雷伯菌中，共检出产ESBLs 70株，检出率为32．11％，其中肺炎克雷伯菌为36．7％，大肠埃希菌为33．33％，产酸克雷伯菌为25．45％；除亚胺培南、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦和头孢西丁外，产ESBLs菌对其他15种抗生素的耐药率均显著高于非产ESBLs菌；亚胺培南、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦和头孢西丁对产ESBLs菌的耐药率最低。结论肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及产酸克雷伯菌产ESBLs情况严重，产ESBLs菌对大多数抗生素耐药性比非产ESBLs菌严重，亚胺培南、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦和头孢西丁是治疗由产ESBLs菌引起感染的有效抗生素。     

下呼吸道感染大肠埃希菌产ESBLs情况和耐药性监测

目的：观察下呼吸道感染大肠埃希菌产ESBLs情况及耐药性。方法：应用MicroScan AutoSCAN-4专用NC21鉴定板筛选大肠埃希菌产ESBLs，用表型确证试验验证，并研究大肠埃希菌对体外抗生素的耐药性。结果：大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦、头孢他啶、阿米卡星的敏感性大于70％；51株大肠埃希菌产ESBLs52．9％，产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢菌素类、青霉素类、氨基糖苷类、复方新诺明等抗生素呈现多重耐药，仅亚胺培南、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦的耐药率在14．8％以下；非ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药率大于70％的有氨苄西林、哌拉西林。结论：本地区下呼吸道感染大肠埃希菌耐药严重，具有较高的产ESBLs流行率，对于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌应以亚胺培南、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦为首选药物。     

2010～2014年临床常见肠杆菌科细菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解2010～2014年度新疆医科大学第一附属医院临床常见肠杆菌科细菌在医院感染中的分布情况及耐药性变迁,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对临床分离菌株进行菌种鉴定并进行敏感性试验,使用K‐B纸片法作补充;根据CLSI M100‐S24标准判断,用WHONET 5．6软件处理数据。结果5年间共检出肠杆菌科细菌12368株,占革兰阴性杆菌的64．1％。其中,第一位是大肠埃希菌占41．0％,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌占31．9％,第三位为阴沟肠杆菌占7．6％;呼吸道是肠杆菌科细菌最常见的感染部位,占34．7％,其次为尿道,占28．6％;大肠埃希菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢替坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南和阿米卡星以及呋喃妥因的耐药率均小于10％;肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率相对较低的药物依次为亚胺培南、头孢替坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、美罗培南和阿米卡星。产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌检出率高于肺炎克雷伯菌,分别为44．8％、30．6％;碳青霉烯类耐药的肠杆细菌（CRE）的检出率：肺炎克雷伯菌高于大肠埃希菌,但近年来都有下降趋势,2014年肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的CRE检出率分别为2．58％和0．96％。结论该院分离的肠杆菌科细菌对抗菌药物呈现不同程度的耐药,临床在治疗肠杆菌科细菌感染时应根据其耐药表型的检测及药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

铜陵地区大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属ESBLs检测及耐药性分析

目的了解安徽省铜陵地区大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属产ESBLs的检出率及其耐药状况。方法铜陵地区2003年1月-2004年12月临床分离大肠埃希菌270株和克雷伯菌属127株用NCCLS表型确证试验（纸片增强法）检测其ESBLs产生率；并用Kirby-Bauer法进行药敏试验。结果大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属ESBLs产生率分别为37．8％和30．7％；产ESBLs株对亚胺培南均呈敏感，对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦及哌拉西林-三唑巴坦耐药率较低，对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较不产ESBLs株高。结论临床上应加强细菌耐药性监测及ESBLs检测，指导临床合理使用抗菌药物，防止产ESBLs菌株的产生和流行。     

重症监护病房革兰阴性杆菌连续六年耐药性监测研究

目的观察和监测重症监护病房常见革兰阴性杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药变化及超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌株的发生率。方法连续监测1998～2003年本院重症监护常见革兰阴性杆菌的耐药状况。用E试验法测定547株革兰阴性杆菌对11种抗菌药物的MIC，并用头孢他啶／头孢他啶 克拉维酸和头孢噻肟／头孢噻肟 克拉维酸E试条检测细菌产ESBL的情况。结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌是监护病房常见革兰阴性杆菌。亚胺培南对所有受试菌保持最高抗菌活性，细菌总耐药率仅为8.04％，肺炎克雷伯菌完全敏感；阿米卡星、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、头孢他啶、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦和头孢吡肟有较高抗菌活性，耐药率分别为18．5％、20．7％、20．8％、21．4％和25．6％，其他抗菌药物耐药率在42．2％-51．6％之间。筛选大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBL产生菌41株，检出率分别为48．5％和29．0％，耐药谱分析，酶型可能以CTX-M为主。所有大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBL菌株都对亚胺培南敏感。6年监测结果相比，所测细菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦耐药率由1998～2000年的11．2％～16．7％增加至2001—2002年的29．5％～30．5％，以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌较明显。大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星耐药率由1998～1999年的45．2％上升至2000～2002年的72．9％，对其他抗菌药物耐药率变化不大。结论亚胺培南对肠杆菌科细菌(含ESBL产生菌)保持最高敏感性和较强的抗菌活性，而对加酶抑制剂β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药率逐年升高。     

下呼吸道感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株的耐药情况分析

目的 研究下呼吸道感染患者中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)及产ESBLs菌株的药敏情况。方法 收集2002年1月至2003年12月我院下呼吸道感染患者中分离出的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌137株，用表型确证试验检测ESBLs；用Kirby-Bauer琼脂扩散法作药物敏感试验。结果 137株大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中，共检出产ESBLs菌84株，检出率为61．31％，其中大肠埃希菌75．51％、肺炎克雷伯菌53．41％；对哌拉西林、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、氯霉素、环丙沙星、复方磺胺甲基异噁唑、亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率差异无统计学意义，产ESBLs菌株对其他13种抗生素的耐药率均显著高于非产ESBLs菌株(P≤0．01)，亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感率最高为100％。结论 下呼吸道感染患者中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs情况严重，治疗本地区产ESBLs菌株下呼吸道感染首选碳青霉烯类抗生素。     

铜陵地区2005年度细菌耐药性监测与分析

目的了解安徽省铜陵地区临床分离菌株耐药状况。方法2005年112月铜陵地区临床分离菌株用Kirby Bauer法进行药敏试验。结果1363株细菌中革兰阳性菌470株占34．5％，革兰阴性菌893株占65．5％。耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分别占金葡菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）的18．3％和84．3％。MRSA和MRCNS对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、复方磺胺甲嗯唑、克林霉素及红霉素等均高度耐药；对磷霉素、利福平、氯霉素和呋喃妥因等耐药率较低；未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、高浓度的庆大霉素、磷霉素、氯霉素和环丙沙星等耐药率较低；屎肠球菌对四环素、磷霉素和氯霉素等耐药率较低；未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁肠球菌。肠杆菌科细菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林高度耐药；大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBLs株分别占41．3％和36．5％，产ESBLs株对19种抗菌药物的耐药率均较非产ESBLs株高，对亚胺培南均无耐药。非发酵菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦和头孢他啶等耐药率较低。结论未发现糖肽类耐药的革兰阳性球菌；革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林三唑巴坦等耐药率低。加强细菌耐药性监测，对合理使用抗菌药物、减少耐药菌株的产生和流行有重要临床指导价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.