太原市主要交通路口汽车尾气污染状况

目的了解太原市主要交通路口汽车尾气污染状况,为控制汽车尾气污染提供依据。方法选择太原市交通路口A和B作为监测点,2008年3—4月各自连续采样一周。采用质量法测定细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度。索氏提取法提取PM2.5无机成分,采用原子荧光仪测定无机成分中砷、汞,采用原子吸收仪测定镍、镉、铬、铅、矾,采用盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法测定NO_x,采用非色散红外吸收法测定CO。结果A路口空气中PM2.5日均浓度为1.604 mg/m~3,显著高于B路口(0.64 mg/m~3),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A路口空气中镍、铅、汞、镉、铬5种元素的浓度均高于B路口,汞、铅浓度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A路口空气镍浓度最高达0.842μg/m~3。A路口的CO和NO_x浓度分别为5.054、0.106 mg/m~3,显著高于B路口(0、0.063mg/m~3),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论太原市主要交通路口汽车尾气污染严重,特别是PM2.5、CO和镍。     

珠海西区空气中颗粒物(PM2.5)污染水平的初步研究

目的监测分析珠海西区PM2.5污染水平。方法选择城乡固定监测点,以中流量采样器采集大气中的PM2.5,重量法测定,每个点采样3 d以上。结果珠海市西区PM2.5平均浓度为0.092 mg/m3;城区PM2.5平均浓度为0.10 mg/m3,乡村平均浓度为0.078 mg/m3,(P>0.05);在交通繁忙路段(车流量>200辆/5 min)PM2.5平均浓度为0.13 mg/m3,非繁忙路段(车流量<200辆/5 min)平均浓度为0.084 mg/m3,(P<0.01);风速>0.5 m/s时,PM2.5平均浓度为0.054 mg/m3,风速<0.5 m/s时,PM2.5平均浓度为0.11 mg/m3,(P<0.01)。结论珠海市西区PM2.5污染水平较国内其他大城市低,但超过了美国和世界卫生组织的标准限值;城乡污染无显著性差异;交通繁忙路段明显高于非繁忙路段;风速提高时,污染水平显著降低。     

2013年冬春季济南市某办公场所室内空气颗粒物质量浓度分析

目的了解冬春季节室内空气颗粒污染物污染水平。方法于2013年1—5月工作日期间在济南市某办公场所采用LD-5C(B)微电脑激光粉尘仪对室内空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5进行监测。结果济南市冬春季节室内颗粒物PM2.5、PM10平均质量浓度分别为0.082、0.115 mg/m3;采暖期室内PM2.5、PM10的质量浓度(0.152、、0.191 mg/m3)高于非采暖期(0.050、、0.079 mg/m3),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);采暖期室内PM2.5/PM10为0.807,非采暖期PM2.5/PM10为0.598,差异有统计学意义(Z=4.917,P=0.001);室内外PM2.5相关系数r=0.878,P=0.001;室内外PM10相关系数r=0.701,P=0.001。结论济南市冬春季节室内颗粒物污染较重,室内外颗粒物质量浓度有较好的相关性,采暖对室内细颗粒物浓度影响较大。     

大气细颗粒物污染监测及其遗传毒性研究

目的比较燃煤污染型城市(太原市)和燃煤与汽车尾气混合污染型城市(北京市)细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染水平并研究其遗传毒性。方法采用滤膜法采集太原市和北京市大气中细颗粒物,并用单细胞凝胶电泳法,以人肺泡上皮细胞(A549)作为靶细胞,测定细颗粒物对细胞DNA的损伤。结果北京市冬季大气中PM2.5为0.028～0.436mg/m3,太原市为0.132～0.681mg/m3。细颗粒物在5、50、200μg/ml浓度内染毒12h和24h均可引起人肺泡上皮细胞DNA损伤,与阴性对照组相比,其拖尾率和尾长差异均有显著性(P<0.05),且存在剂量-反应关系。结论细颗粒物具有一定程度的遗传毒性。     

大气颗粒物污染特征研究

目的探讨并比较不同来源颗粒物的污染特征.方法选择北京和太原的两个采样点,采用TSP-PM10-PM2.5-2型颗粒物分级采样器并配以玻璃纤维滤膜采集大气颗粒物,测定不同季节不同条件下日常及沙尘暴爆发时气溶胶的质量浓度、粒径分布;采用高效液相色谱仪分离并测定沙尘暴及日常气溶胶尤其是细颗粒物中的苯并[a]芘,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定细颗粒物上铅的浓度.结果太原和北京的PM10分别为0.401 mg/m3和0.226mg/m3,TSP分别为0.551 mg/m3和0.381 mg/m3,均超过我国空气质量二级标准0.15 mg/m3和0.30mg/m3.太原和北京的PM2.5分别为0.275 mg/m3和0.169 mg/m3,均超过美国EPA细颗粒物空气质量标准0.065 mg/m3.沙尘暴期间和非沙尘暴期间北京的PM2.5分别为0.373 mg/m3和0.165 mg/m3;苯并[a]芘浓度分别为1.38 ng/m3和7.7 ng/m3.结论我国北京和太原两城市颗粒物污染严重,沙尘暴爆发时更为严重.     

太原市室内外空气中颗粒物污染特征

目的研究太原市室内外空气颗粒物污染特征。方法于2004年4月-2006年10月在太原市21个社区541户家庭采用Aerocet531型粉尘仪-粒子计数器在采暖期和非采暖期测定室内外空气中PM1.0、PM2.5、PM7.0、PM10.0和TSP的浓度。应用Stata 9.0统计软件进行统计学分析。结果太原市空气污染最严重的社区室内、外TSP浓度分别为1 030.70和1 681.46μg/m3,采暖期与非采暖期比较,采暖期颗粒物浓度高于非采暖期;室外颗粒物浓度高于室内。对室内、外TSP贡献最大的是粒径2.5～7.0μm的颗粒物(PM>2.5～7.0),相应的构成比分别为37.58%和34.70%,其中室内污染以PM≤7.0(粒径≤7.0μm的颗粒物)为主,室外污染以PM>2.5(粒径>2.5μm的颗粒物)为主。不同粒径颗粒物相关性分析结果表明,TSP与PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,相关系数为0.928 0。室内、外采暖期PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,采暖期相关系数高达0.675 3。结论太原市主要颗粒物污染为PM>2.5～7.0,室外空气颗粒物污染对室内影响较大,采暖期室内、外PM>2.5～7.0高度相关。     

上海市宝山区空气中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)污染状况分析

[目的]了解上海市宝山区空气中颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的污染水平,为PM2.5污染防治提供参考。[方法]2007年选择钢研所和罗泾监测点分别作为污染区和对照区,采用称重法进行PM10、PM2.5浓度测定。[结果]宝山区空气中PM10、PM2.5年平均浓度分别0.102mg/m3和0.054 mg/m3;冬春季节浓度高于夏秋季;钢研所监测点浓度高于罗泾监测点浓度;PM2.5占PM10的比值为0.55。[结论]上海宝山区空气中颗粒物污染较严重,存在明显季节变化和地区差异。PM2.5在PM10的比例已超半,应重视细颗粒物的空气污染和健康危害。     

太原市大气多环芳烃水平及孕妇体内多环芳烃负荷关系研究

目的 了解太原市大气多环芳烃污染水平及孕妇体内多环芳烃(PAHs)负荷水平,并对两者之间的关系进行探讨.方法于2007年8月至2008年2月,在太原市某社区进行环境空气颗粒物定点采样,测定PM2.5水平及其吸附的9种PAHs水平.同时,随机调查了155名孕妇,收集基本信息,采集产前尿样,测定尿1-羟基芘水平.结果 采暖期间PM2.5浓度(0.299 mg/m3,2007年11至12月)高于非采暖期(0.142 mg/m3,2007年9至10月).大气颗粒物中含有一定量PAHs,其中B(a)P水平为0.030 3 μg/m3,是国家居民区大气中B(a)P的浓度标准(0.01 μg/m3)的3倍.采暖期分娩的孕妇尿中1-OHPvy(0.97 μmol/mol Cr)高于非采暖期分娩的孕妇(0.71 μmol/mol Cr).尿1-OHPy 水平与同期空气中PM2.5的变化趋势一致.结论 太原市大气颗粒物污染严重,并含有较高水平的PAHs;孕期妇女体内具有一定水平的PAHs负荷,并同大气污染具有一定的相关性,提示进行污染控制及行为干预的必要性.     

大中型商场空气中PM10和PM2.5污染水平分析

目的了解平顶山市大中型商场室内空气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒(PM2.5)的污染情况.方法于2004年4月10-16日,利用便携式气溶胶监测仪,对平顶山市区的中原商场、商业大楼、食品城总店3家大型购物中心不同楼层空气中PM10和PM2.5进行现场测定和分析.结果中原商场、商业大楼、食品城总店空气中PM10的浓度均值分别为0.212、0.108、0.056 mg/m3,PM2.5的浓度均值分别为0.179、0.092、0.043 mg/m3.3家商场空气中PM10的浓度均值均未超标;中原商场、商业大楼空气中PM2.5的浓度均值超标,超标倍数分别为1.75和0.42倍.人流量越大,空气中PM10和PM2.5的浓度越高.同一层内,各采样点的PM10和PM2.5浓度不同,且差别很大.地下1层空气中PM10和PM2.5污染水平高于其他楼层,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).3家商场室内空气中PM2.5/PM10浓度平均比值为0.853.经相关性分析发现,两者存在线性关系,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论大中型商场内存在颗粒物的污染来源,商场内空气中颗粒物污染严重.     

长沙市主要路口交通性污染现状

目的了解长沙市主要路口交通性污染现状。方法现场监测长沙市6个主要路口噪声、NO2、臭氧 (O3)和总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP)浓度及车流量 ,每天3次 ,连续5d。结果6个主要路口车流量为1203～3715辆/h ,噪声为69～88dB(A) ,NO2 为0.092～0.238mg/m3,O3 为0.238～0.303mg/m3,TSP为0.71～1.47mg/m3;O3 超标率达93%～100% ,平均98%。结论长沙市主要路口噪声和O3 污染最严重 ,交通污染与车流量、路口环境及车辆类型有关     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.