Management of postcricoid and upper esophageal hemangioma

To discuss management of postcricoid and upper esophageal hemangiomas in infants. Four children presenting with progressive feeding and/or respiratory disturbance underwent endoscopy including systematic esophagoscopy revealing the hemangioma of the postcricoid area and extending to the lumen of the upper esophagus. In the three children with severe disturbance, systemic steroids were insufficient and open surgical excision brought the hemangioma under control. No significant stenosis occurred despite prolonged progressive oral feeding up to 1 month after surgery. The fourth child whose disturbance was moderate, was managed by intralesional steroids. Various solutions have been proposed for the treatment, i.e. conservative approach or partial or complete destruction or excision, management of postcricoid hemangioma by intralesional steroids or by open surgical excision. Indications will require greater series.     

Circular excision and purse-string suture technique in the management of facial hemangiomas

Hemangiomas are the most common soft tissue tumors in infancy. Treatment options for hemangiomas are numerous. The scar after lenticular excision and linear closure is often unacceptable. Localized cutaneous infantile hemangioma acts like a tissue expander. Therefore, circular excision and purse-string suture technique are applicable for hemangioma at any stage. For 2-year period we have operated 14 patients with hemangioma using circular excision and purse-string suture technique. In eight patients hemangioma was localized in the head and neck region. Two infants with large hemangioma of the face are presented in this article. One patient had hemangioma with ulceration resistant to conservative treatment. Second patient had giant hemangioma, which caused partial disturbation of visual axis. We applied circular excision and purse-string suture technique in both patients. The results were good, without any postoperative complications.     

Open excision of subglottic hemangiomas to avoid tracheostomy

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of open excision as an alternative to tracheostomy in the management of subglottic hemangioma. DESIGN: A retrospective review of patients undergoing open surgical excision of subglottic hemangiomas over a 10-year period. SETTING: A tertiary pediatric center. PATIENTS: The study included 22 children ranging in age from 2 to 42 months (median age, 5 months) who underwent open excision of subglottic hemangioma over a 10-year period. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were treated with single-stage procedures, with postoperative endotracheal intubation for an average of 5 days. One patient who had a preexisting tracheostomy was treated with a 2-stage procedure and underwent decannulation 2 months after excision. Seven other patients were tracheostomy dependent at the time of excision and underwent decannulation at the time of the procedure. Cartilage grafts were inserted in 10 patients. There were no problems with subglottic stenosis. Twenty-one patients reported good voice and no airway symptoms after a mean follow-up period of 42 months. Five patients had significant postoperative problems. Three patients required further endoscopic procedures for removal of granulation tissue, and 1 patient, who remains minimally symptomatic, developed an anterior glottic web. One patient required a 6-month course of steroids after surgery to treat residual glottic hemangioma. CONCLUSIONS: Open surgical excision of subglottic hemangiomas can be performed as a single procedure, avoiding a tracheostomy, when modern surgical techniques developed for laryngotracheal reconstruction are incorporated. This approach can avoid repeated endoscopic procedures, prolonged treatment with corticosteroids, and years spent with a tracheostomy waiting for spontaneous involution of the hemangioma.     

Management of congenital subglottic hemangioma.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of individualized management of congenital subglottic hemangioma (CSH) at the Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago; describe treatment modalities, including endoscopic excision with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser, systemic corticosteroids, and intralesional corticosteroid injection with short-term intubation; and determine the success of these various strategies in avoiding tracheotomy. METHODS: During the 10-year period between January 1, 1988 and December 31, 1997, 28 infants were diagnosed with CSH. A retrospective review of medical records was undertaken to determine demographics, presenting symptoms, location of the lesion, therapeutic modality, and complications. All patients were contacted at the time of writing. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients met the criteria for this study. Gender distribution was 1.8:1 female to male. Age at diagnosis ranged from 4 weeks to 8 months, with a mean of 78.8 days and a median of 60 days. The location of CSH was most often posterior and on the left. Associated hemangiomas were found in 14 (50%) cases. The most common symptoms were stridor and cough. Management included 1 to 13 operative direct laryngoscopies and bronchoscopies, endoscopic excision with the (CO2) laser, and the use of systemic and intralesional corticosteroids. No patient required tracheotomy. CONCLUSION: Morbidity and the need for tracheotomy in CSH patients can be minimized using a combination of therapeutic modalities. Each infant's treatment is individualized based on the severity of the patient's symptoms and the morphology of the lesion.     

Cavernous hemangioma of the middle turbinate: a case report

Most cavernous hemangiomas present at birth or soon after. Cavernous hemangiomas of the nasal cavity, which are rare, usually do not present until adulthood; their incidence peaks in the fourth decade of life. Most affected patients experience epistaxis or hemoptysis and an enlarging lesion in the nose. Histologically, cavernous hemangiomas appear as closely packed, dilated vascular channels lined with a layer of flattened endothelial cells. We describe the case of a 32-year-old man who was admitted to our clinic with the complaint of a nasal obstruction. On anterior rhinoscopy, he was found to have a hypervascularized and hypertrophied left middle turbinate and septal deviation. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the paranasal sinuses demonstrated a well-defined cystic lesion that had arisen within the bony left middle turbinate and caused deviation of the septum to the right. The lesion was excised via endoscopic surgery with general anesthesia. No complications occurred during the postoperative period. Histologic examination identified the tumor as a cavernous hemangioma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the English-language literature of a cavernous hemangioma appearing as a cystic mass in the middle turbinate.     

Propranolol for the treatment of subglottic hemangiomas

IntroductionInfantile subglottic hemangiomas are rare causes of airway obstruction. They begin to proliferate at 1–2 months of age and can cause biphasic stridor with or without respiratory distress. Diagnosis requires direct visualization by direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. Various therapeutic options have been utilized for treatment, including tracheotomy, open surgical excision, laser ablation, intralesional steroid injection, systemic steroids, and now oral propranolol.MethodsWe present a retrospective chart review of infantile subglottic hemangiomas over a 5-year span (January 2005–2010) at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. IRB approval was obtained, and charts were reviewed to find patients with subglottic hemangiomas, including patient characteristics, presentation, workup, medical and surgical management, and outcomes. A case presentation demonstrates diagnostic, management, and treatment strategies and dilemmas encountered.ResultsNine patients were found to have infantile subglottic hemangiomas. Six of nine patients were treated with laser excision, with five of the six having localized subglottic hemangiomas. In 2009, three of four patients were initiated on propranolol as first-line treatment; the fourth had comorbidities which precluded this. Of the three, two showed improvement, while a third, who also had bearded hemangioma, required tracheotomy.DiscussionInfantile subglottic hemangiomas are rare but essential in the differential diagnosis of biphasic stridor. Although propranolol has been effective in treating cutaneous and airway hemangiomas, our experience suggests that this is not consistent for subglottic hemangiomas. In an area where airway compromise can be lethal, we must extend caution and monitor these patients closely as they may require adjuvant therapy.     

鼻内镜下切除鼻腔妊娠期血管瘤的体会

目的探讨鼻内镜下切除鼻腔妊娠期血管瘤的疗效及安全性。方法分析2008年1月—2018年1月北京市仁和医院诊治的5例鼻腔妊娠期血管瘤患者的临床资料,鼻内镜下应用低温等离子射频切除鼻腔妊娠期血管瘤,术中出血1~100 ml,平均出血20 ml,术后观察疗效。结果5例均治愈,术后无出血及并发症,血管瘤均一次性切除,随访1年无复发。结论鼻腔妊娠期血管瘤如果反复出血或出现并发症,宜尽早手术治疗。鼻内镜下应用低温等离子射频切除鼻腔妊娠期血管瘤,具有操作简单、出血少、痛苦小、术后恢复快及微创等优点,是治疗鼻腔妊娠期血管瘤的有效方法,值得临床应用和推广。     

Endoscopic resection of benign and malignant tumors in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus

Endoscopic resection of nasal and paranasal sinus tumors is more aesthetic and less invasive than conventional resection, such as Luc's operation and lateral rhinotomy. We clarified the effect of radical endoscopic tumor excision and the control of local bleeding hazardous in endoscopic surgery. Subjects were patients with benign lesions in the nasal cavity, medial wall of the maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, and/or sphenoid sinus without concurrent malignant lesions. Although patients selection for malignant tumor excision was based on (1) possible en bloc resection, (2) low-grade malignant tumors, and (3) tumors in the nasal cavity and adjoining paranasal sinus, the final decision was made individual. Subjects were 23 patients with benign tumor (10 inverted papilloma, 9 hemangioma, 2 juvenile angiofibroma, and 2 other tumors) and 4 with malignant tumor (olfactory neuroblastoma, acinic cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and chondroid chordoma) in the nasal and paranasal sinus. The tumor was resected en bloc except for patients with inverted papilloma (2 cases) and chondroid chordoma. Recurrence in benign tumors was zero during a mean observation of 21 months. One with chondroid chordoma, however, suffered a recurrent lesion 7 months after the initial operation. The lesion was successfully salvaged by a similar endoscopic procedure and subsequently treated with electron beam irradiation. Preoperative arterial embolization, laser coagulation, and ligation of the sphenopalatine artery were very useful in reducing blood loss during surgery and maintaining a clear endoscopic view. In intraoperative bleeding volume, less than 100 ml of bleeding occurred during surgery in 23 of 27 patients. The endoscopic excision of benign lesions in the nasal and paranasal sinus is thus as effective as conventional radical surgery. Endoscopic removal of malignant lesions remains controversial because of the small number of patients and short postoperative observation.     

Intraosseous cavernous hemangioma of the middle turbinate

Hemangiomas mostly arise from the soft tissues, and intraosseous hemangiomas are uncommon. They usually occur in the vertebra and skull bones, and intraosseous hemangioma of the nasal cavity is exceedingly rare. We describe a 56-year-old woman who was referred to our hospital with a tumor in her right nasal cavity, without subjective symptoms such as epistaxis. The tumor was located at the front end of the right middle turbinate. Enhanced computed tomography demonstrated a 3 cm × 2 cm expansive bony tumor replacing the bottom of the right middle turbinate with some partial enhancement effects. The characteristic honeycomb appearance was observed. The tumor and right middle turbinate were excised en bloc by the endoscopic endonasal approach. No complications or severe bleeding occurred during the peri-operative period. Histological examination showed endothelium-lined blood-filled vascular spaces within the bony trabeculae, which suggested the typical pattern of intraosseous cavernous hemangioma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of intraosseous cavernous hemangioma of the middle turbinate in the English literature.     

Evolving treatments in the management of laryngotracheal hemangiomas: will propranolol supplant steroids and surgery?

There has been a dramatic evolution in the treatment of laryngotracheal hemangiomas during the past decade and recent accounts and case reports of propranolol treatment have been encouraging. The purpose of the study is to determine the clinical course and outcomes of treating laryngotracheal hemangiomas at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in the last 8 years with the various modalities. We review with contemporary surgical techniques, including propranolol, and determine the results, limitations and complications. The study was a retrospective review of all patients referred to the Otolaryngology service at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia with symptomatic laryngotracheal hemangiomas between January 2002 and December 2010. The study consisted of 30 infants, ranging in age from 1 to 18 months at time of diagnosis. Surgical interventions included open surgical excision, laser surgery, microdebrider excision and/or propranolol therapy. The main outcome measures include improvement in symptoms, decannulation, number of required treatments and airway size. All but two patients underwent an initial trial of steroids. Thirteen patients underwent open surgical excision, 9 requiring cartilage grafts and 12 were done in a single stage. Twelve surgical patients remained asymptomatic. One patient with diffuse mediastinal disease experiencing postoperative airway symptoms despite a normal appearing airway improved on propranolol. Two patients underwent at least 2 laser ablations, 4 responded to systemic steroids alone, and 1 had microdebrider resection. In the last 14 months, 12 patients have had propranolol therapy at a dose of 2 mg/kg divided every 8 h. Eight patients improved clinically within 1 week of initiating treatment. Four patients failed to respond to propranolol therapy; 1 patient subsequently underwent open excision and the other continued with a tracheostomy for 18 months and finally was decannulated. A third patient had a partial response, but remains relatively asymptomatic. A fourth patient has had no response at all. There were no major complications from propranolol; minor complications included diarrhea and decreased appetite. This study gives an overview of the evolution of hemangioma treatment at our institution over the last 8 years. Surgical excision remains an effective treatment for subglottic hemangiomas. Carefully administered, propranolol may demonstrate efficacy as a first-line agent in most cases avoiding surgery, tracheostomy, prolonged steroids, or as treatment of diffuse and unresectable disease. However, some lesions may be resistant to propranolol and require surgery or long-term steroids.     

Intramuscular hemangioma in the head and neck.

Intramuscular hemangioma is a distinct type of hemangioma occurring within skeletal muscle and making up less than one per cent of all hemangiomas. They occur most often in the trunk and extremities, perhaps beacuse of the larger muscle volume in thos areas. 13.5 per cent of intramuscular hemangiomas do occur in the head and neck region and for this reason they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of head and neck masses. The first case of an intramuscular hemangioma of the digastric muscle is presented and confirmed by electron microscopic sections. An interesting finding in this tumor is the proliferation of both endothelial cells and pericytes. Hemangiomas are classified according to vessel size; "large vessel" cavernous, "small vessel" capillary, and "mixed". Various etiologies and modalities of treatment are discussed, and total excision with ligation of the feeding vessels is advocated to prevent the high incidence of later recurrence.     

Use of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser in management of subglottic hemangiomas

OBJECTIVE: to study the role of KTP laser in management of subglottic hemangioma. DESIGN: retrospective analysis of patients with subglottic hemangioma treated by the senior authors. Setting: tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: twelve patients with subglottic hemangiomas. INTERVENTION: patients were treated with KTP laser (eight cases), CO(2) laser (two cases) or observation (two cases). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: resolution of symptoms, decrease in size of subglottic hemangioma or tracheotomy decannulation. RESULTS: All patients treated with KTP laser or CO(2) laser had resolution of symptoms and five tracheotomy-dependent children were decannulated. CONCLUSION: subglottic hemangioma is a potentially life-threatening disease seen in young children. Most authors recommend use of either CO(2) or open surgical excision. There is very little data available on the use of KTP lasers in the management of subglottic hemangiomas. The KTP laser beam is preferentially absorbed by hemoglobin making this laser system more applicable to the treatment of vascular tumors such as the hemangioma. KTP laser is a good tool for management of subglottic hemangioma with a low incidence of complications.     

Subglottic hemangiomas in infants: treatment with intralesional corticosteroid injection and intubation

Six children with a subglottic hemangioma were treated in the Sophia Children's Hospital in the period 1982-1987 by means of intralesional corticosteroid injection, followed by intubation. After treatment all children were symptomfree. In 3 patients this result was attained after 1 injection, in 2 after 3 injections. One patient needed 5 injections. The average duration of intubation was 19 days (7-36). Three months (1/2-7 1/2) after the onset of therapy all patients were free of symptoms. No serious complications were observed. No patient needed a tracheotomy. The average follow-up period was 3.3 years (1 1/2-5 1/2). The authors feel that not only the effect of intralesional corticosteroids, but also local gentle pressure by the tube is of therapeutic importance. The above-mentioned treatment of subglottic hemangioma in children is now the treatment of choice in our clinic.     

Endoscopic open rhinoplasty enables a cosmetic approach for a rare case of intraosseous cavernous hemangioma in the nasal bone

A rare case of intraosseous cavernous hemangioma was identified in the nasal root. Using a combination of endoscopic surgery and open rhinoplasty, an osteotomy was performed and resection of the hemangioma was successfully achieved with transcolumellar and infracartilaginous incisions and 2 stab incisions. No adverse side effects were observed after the procedure, no tumor recurrence was observed at the 16-month-postoperative follow-up. The preserved periosteum contributed to the osteogenesis and thus, a need for a reconstructive surgery was indicated. The favorable outcomes associated with this approach justify and authenticate the use of endoscopy-assisted open rhinoplasty in the treatment of intraosseous cavernous hemangiomas without leaving ventral surgical scarring.     

Facial nerve hemangioma of the geniculate ganglion: An endoscopic surgical approach

Facial nerve hemangiomas are rare benign tumors arising from the venous plexus surrounding the facial nerve. Surgical management of these tumors is controversial. The goal of surgery is complete tumor removal with restoration of facial nerve function and preservation of hearing, wherever possible. The approaches most used are the translabyrinthine and middle cranial fossa approaches. In this report, we describe the first facial hemangioma treated with an endoscopic transcanal approach, combined with a retroauricular transmastoid minicraniotomy for closure of the dural defect. A great auricular nerve graft was used to reconnect interrupted nerve segments. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a hemangioma of the first genu of the facial nerve. With magnification of the structures, the transcanal endoscopic approach allowed a radical excision of the neoplasm permitting hearing function preservation, with the possibility to work with a minimally invasive approach with respect to the labyrinthine block and cochlea. Compared to a middle cranial fossa approach, the transcanal endoscopic approach avoided labyrinthine block removal and brain retraction.     

Subglottic hemangioma

Subglottic hemangioma is a rare condition that can be potentially life threatening because of airway obstruction. It is common for subglottic hemangioma to be misdiagnosed as croup initially. Infants with a subglottic hemangioma and cutaneous facial hemangiomas in a "beard" distribution should be evaluated for PHACE syndrome. Endoscopic laser resection is effective for subglottic hemangioma but carries a chance of subglottic stenosis, up to 25%. Open excision of subglottic hemangioma is an excellent option, particularly in patients with bilateral or circumferential subglottic hemangioma. It is a more extensive surgery when compared with endoscopic laser resection. Surgeons who do not have access to a pediatric intensive care unit staffed by experienced pediatric intensivists should not use this procedure.     

Indikationen zur prim?ren operativen Therapie von Gef??anomalien im S?uglingsalter

LASER THERAPY: Since the introduction of laser therapy for treatment of hemangiomas and vascular malformations, primary surgical therapy has gradually lost importance. Particularly hemangiomas, but also venous malformations and lymphangiomas, are nowadays primarily treated by different types of lasers. Especially the Nd:YAG laser with a percutaneous or transcutaneous application technique often leads to satisfying results. SURGICAL THERAPY: Surgical therapy is mostly used secondarily in late childhood or in adults after several laser applications for excision of residual scars or other corrective procedures. Despite these improvements in laser therapy, there is still an indication for primary surgical treatment in subcutaneous vascular malformations and in rapidly growing hemangiomas after unsuccessful laser therapy. Even in large vascular anomalies, safe excision with only a little blood loss is possible if the tumors are encapsulated. CASE REPORTS: In this paper we want to point out the necessity of primary surgery in three children in whom complications such as loss of sight, facial nerve palsy, and a lethal outcome due to massive hemorrhage in a cystic lymphangioma could be avoided.     

Kavernöses Hämangiom der Glandula parotis im Erwachsenenalter

Parotid hemangiomas are rare in adults. Whereas both capillary and cavernous hemangiomas are seen in children, only cavernous hemangiomas have thus far been reported in adults. Clinically, cavernous hemangiomas usually present as slowly growing, soft or firm, movable, painless parotid masses. Severe pain and swelling can occur, however, depending on the size of the hemangioma or in particular in the presence of acute hemorrhage or thrombosis. CT and MRI are the diagnostic tools of choice. Prior to surgery, magnetic resonance angiography or intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography should be performed to investigate the vascular supply of the tumor. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for small lesions. Large cavernous hemangiomas usually require superficial or total parotidectomy. Especially in the case of extended lesions, the facial nerve may be difficult to identify and should be monitored intraoperatively.     

Management of laryngeal hemangioma in adults: a case report

Hemangiomas are the most common vascular tumors mostly (60%) seen in the head-neck region. Head-neck hemangiomas are seen frequently in the oral cavity, rarely in the larynx. Adult laryngeal hemangiomas are rare and often seen in the supraglottic region, therefore causing dysphagia/dysphonia. We presented two-cases with laryngeal hemangioma, discussed the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of adult cavernous hemangiomas. A forty-one-year-old female patient applied to hospital with hoarseness and breathing difficulty lasting for three years. A cavernous hemangioma located on laryngeal surface of the epiglottis was excised through a transoral endoscopic approach. The patient had no symptoms after the operation but on the postoperative 34th month follow-up she was admitted to our clinic again because of difficulty during swallowing. Relapsed hemangioma was diagnosed and reoperated by open surgery (laryngofissure). After reoperation the patient had symptomatic relief in three months and videolaryngoscopic examination showed granulation tissue. The patient's regular follow-up was continued. A forty-year-old female other patient was applied to hospital with hoarseness and swallowing difficulty worsening in three months. Hemangioma located in the postcricoid area with extensive to hypopharynx-esophagus junction was diagnosed. The location of the lesion in imaging techniques was evaluated with the thoracic surgery and gastroenterology department and we decided not to do any operation and follow-up patient by considering the severity of symptoms, location of lesion and complications of operation.     

鼻内镜下低温等离子射频治疗鼻腔血管瘤

目的 探讨鼻内镜下低温等离子射频治疗鼻腔血管瘤的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2007年10月至2009年10月诊治的15例鼻腔血管瘤患者的临床资料,全部患者均于鼻内镜下实施低温等离子射频切除术,术后观察疗效.结果 所有患者肿瘤均1次完整切除,出血量为1～150 ml,平均约15 ml,术后鼻腔仅以明胶海绵保护创面,未另行其他填塞止血,术后无出血及并发症,患者痛苦小,恢复快.随访2个月至2年均无复发.结论 鼻内镜卜低温等离子射频切除术治疗鼻腔血管瘤具有简单、微创等优势,是治疗鼻腔血管瘤的一种有效方法 .