Effect of prostaglandin E2 on recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells

Recombinant human (rh) bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) stimulates osteoblastic differentiation in cells isolated from human periodontal ligament (HPLC), and this action of rhBMP-2 may be modulated by prostaglandins (PGs), which are local regulatory factors in the bone metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on rhBMP-2-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in cultured HPLC. rhBMP-2 (500 ng/ml)-stimulated alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity was enhanced by simultaneous treatment with low concentrations (10(-10)-10(-8) M) of PGE2, whereas a high concentration (10(-6) M) of PGE2 suppressed it. rhBMP-2 did not induce cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression or subsequent PGE2 production, whereas it remarkably suppressed rhIL-1 beta-induced COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 production. The rhBMP-2 action on osteoblastic differentiation in HPLC was also enhanced by co-treatment with 0.25 to 25 ng/ml of rh interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). The ALPase activity stimulated by simultaneous treatment with rhBMP-2 and rhIL-1 beta was partially inhibited by addition of 10(-6) M of indomethacin, which completely inhibited rhIL-1 beta-induced PGE2 production. These results reveal that PGE2 at different concentrations exerts a biphasic effect on BMP-2-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in HPLC, BMP-2 inhibits IL-1 beta-induced PGE2 production through suppressing COX-2 expression, and the BMP-2-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation may be enhanced by the endogenous PGE2 induced by BMP-2 and IL-1 beta. These suggest that BMP-2 action on osteoblastic differentiation in HPLC may be modulated by PGE2 in autocrine and paracrine fashions.     

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulates osteoblast differentiation and suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human bone cells isolated from mandibulae

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), a member of the transforming growth factor superfamily, is one of the most potent growth factors that stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. We investigated the effects of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) on osteoblast differentiation and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production in human bone cells (HBC) isolated from mandibulae of 3 adult patients. rhBMP-2 at concentrations over 50 ng/ml significantly stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity and parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation, which are early markers of osteoblast differentiation, in HBCs. rhBMP-2 (500 ng/ml) also enhanced the level of PTH/PTH related-peptide receptor mRNA expression in HBCs. Although neither HBCs untreated nor treated with rhBMP-2 produced measurable amounts of osteocalcin, which is a marker of more mature osteoblasts, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [l,25(OH)₂D₃] induced ostocalcin mRNA expression and its protein synthesis in these cells. rhBMP-2 inhibited l,25(OH)₂D₃-induced osteocalcin synthesis in HBCs at both the mRNA and protein level. rhBMP-2 also significantly suppressed MMP-1 production and MMP-1 mRNA expression at concentrations over 500 ng/ml. These results suggest that rhBMP-2 exerts anabolic effects on human osteoblastic cells derived from mandibulae by stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and down-regulation of MMP-1 synthesis.     

rhBMP-2对人牙周膜细胞骨桥蛋白表达的影响

目的　深入了解牙周膜细胞 (periodontalligamentcells,PDLC)的成骨样细胞特性 ,以及非胶原蛋白在牙周组织矿化中的作用。方法　在体外培养条件下 ,观察重组人骨形成蛋白 2(recombinanthumanbonemorphogeneticprotein 2 ,rhBMP 2 )作用前后是否对矿化相关蛋白之一的骨桥蛋白 (osteopontin ,OPN)在人PDLC中的存在及表达情况产生影响。在小玻片上培养第 5代PDLC ,分为加rhBMP 2 (5 0 μg/L)刺激的实验组和不加任何因子的空白对照组 ,以地高辛标记的OPNcDNA探针 ,采用原位杂交技术对PDLC中OPN的表达情况进行检测 ;同时做PBS替代探针和RNA酶预处理的方法学对照。结果　对照组、替代对照和RNA酶预处理的PDLC均显示为阴性反应 ,没有显示出OPN的阳性表达信号 ;实验组PDLC的胞浆中可见明显的OPN阳性反应 ,表达信号较强。结论　rhBMP 2的刺激作用可使PDLC表达出较强的OPN阳性信号 ;表明在一定条件和外界因子的诱导下 ,PDLC具有向成骨特性方向转变的潜能 ,对牙周组织再生有促进效应。     

Human periodontal ligament cell responses to recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 with and without bone allografts

BACKGROUND: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) has been found to promote the osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. Its effect depends on the delivery system used. In this study we examined the effect of rhBMP-2 on the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells cultured alone or with 3 different bone allografts. METHODS: The rhBMP-2 effect on cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation was examined by measuring [3H] thymidine incorporation and ALPase activity, respectively, on human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. Two human demineralized freeze-dried allografts of cortical (DFDBAco) and cancellous (DFBDAca) bone origin and 1 non-demineralized freeze-dried allograft (FDBA) of cancellous bone origin, derived from different tissue banks, were used to evaluate the rhBMP-2 effect on cell osteoblastic differentiation. The measurements were taken on various days. RESULTS: rhBMP-2 decreased hPDL cell proliferation. rhBMP-2 acted on the third day of the process of cell differentiation, had a specific time of action, achieved its peak effect on the fourth and fifth days, and then did not provoke any further effects. The 3 bone allografts were efficiently combined with rhBMP-2. The combination of rhBMP-2 and DFDBAco showed the effect with the longest duration. rhBMP-2, on day 4, made the inactive bone allograft more active while, on the other days, its effect was dependent on the allograft alone. CONCLUSIONS: rhBMP-2 promotes the osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells and decreases cell proliferation. In this study rhBMP-2 in the presence of the bone allografts tested resulted in hPDL cell differentiation.     

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ和骨形态发生蛋白-2对人牙周膜细胞增殖的作用

目的：重组人胰岛素样生长因子－Ｉ（ｒｈＩＧＦ－Ｉ）、重组人骨形态发生蛋白－２（ｒｈＢＭＰ－２）分别或联合应用对人牙周膜（ＰＤＬ）细胞增殖的影响。方法：采用组织块法体外培养人ＰＤＬ细胞,ＭＴＴ法测定ＰＤＬ细胞在不同生长因子刺激下的增殖情况。结果：ｒｈＩＧＦ－Ｉ、ｒｈＢＭＰ－２都可促进人ＰＤＬ细胞的增殖,这种促增殖作用呈一定的浓度依赖性,ｒｈＩＧＦ－Ｉ与ｒｈＢＭＰ－２联合应用对人ＰＤＬ细胞的增殖有协同作用,且与单独应用相比相差显著。结论：ｒｈＩＧＦ－Ｉ、ｒｈＢＭＰ－２可望作为牙周再生的生物活性介质,ｒｈＩＧＦ－Ｉ与ｒｈＢＭＰ－２联合应用对ＰＤＬ细胞的促增殖作用更强。     

Synthetic ameloblastin peptide stimulates differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells

Objective

This study investigates the effect of the N-terminal region of a synthetic porcine ameloblastin peptide on the proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (PDLC).

Design

We used a cell counter to assess the effect of ameloblastin peptides on the proliferation of PDLC. To investigate the effect of ameloblastin peptides on the differentiation of PDLC, we examined quantitative analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity by the Bessey–Lowry enzymological method, mineral nodule formation by Dahl's method, and expression of mineralization-related genes by RT-PCR. We used an anti-ameloblastin antibody to determine whether stimulation of ALP activity was caused by the peptide.

Results

At all concentrations examined, the effect of the ameloblastin peptide on cell proliferation was not significantly different compared with the control. However, the peptide significantly stimulated ALP activity in a dose-dependent manner. ALP activity was significantly inhibited by an anti-ameloblastin antibody, which caused ALP levels to revert to their approximate levels in the untreated condition. At concentrations greater than 1 ng/ml, the peptide promoted mineralized nodule formation of PDLC. And the peptide induced higher expressions of ALP and bone sialoprotein (BSP) than the control.

Conclusion

Our results show that the ameloblastin peptide upregulate ALP and BSP levels and can enhance calcification of PDLC. Thus, we suggest that the N-terminal synthetic ameloblastin peptide promotes the differentiation activity of PDLC.     

人牙周膜干细胞的分离鉴定及骨形态发生蛋白-2对其趋化效应的研究

目的研究人牙周膜干细胞（PDLSCs）对骨形态发生蛋白-2（BMP-2）的趋化反应。方法通过有限稀释法分离、培养人PDLSCs,利用免疫荧光染色检测人PDLSCs波形丝蛋白及干细胞表面标志物STRO-1的表达,检测人PDLSCs多向分化能力,通过克隆形成实验和5-溴-2-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷（BrdU）共培养的方法检测其干细胞特性。利用24孔的Transwell细胞培养室来检测人PDLSCs对BMP-2的趋化反应,光镜下计迁移至滤膜下侧面的不同视野的细胞数。结果人PDLSCs抗波形丝蛋白染色阳性,表达干细胞表面标志物STRO-1,体外诱导培养的人PDLSCs能够向成骨细胞和成脂细胞分化,具有较高的自我更新能力,并在体外呈克隆状生长。在100、200 ng·mL-1 BMP-2实验组,Transwell细胞培养室中迁移的细胞数目显著多于空白对照组（P<0.01）。结论BMP-2对人PDLSCs有趋化效应。     

Enhanced adipogenic differentiation and reduced collagen synthesis induced by human periodontal ligament stem cells might underlie the negative effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on periodontal regeneration

Song D‐S, Park J‐C, Jung I‐H, Choi S‐H, Cho K‐S, Kim C‐K, Kim C‐S. Enhanced adipogenic differentiation and reduced collagen synthesis induced by human periodontal ligament stem cells might underlie the negative effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 on periodontal regeneration. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 193–203. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) is a potent inducer for the regeneration of mineralized tissue, but has a limited effect on the regeneration of cementum and periodontal ligament (PDL). The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of rhBMP‐2 on the in vitro and in vivo biologic activity of well‐characterized human PDL stem cells (hPDLSCs) and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of minimal periodontal regeneration by rhBMP‐2. Material and Methods: hPDLSCs were isolated and cultured, and then transplanted into an ectopic subcutaneous mouse model using a carrier treated either with or without rhBMP‐2. Comprehensive histologic, histometric and immunohistochemical analyses were performed after an 8‐wk healing period. The effects of rhBMP‐2 on the adipogenic and osteogenic/cementogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs were also evaluated. The effect of rhBMP‐2 on both soluble and insoluble collagen synthesis was analyzed, and the expression of mRNA and protein for collagen types I, II, III and V was assessed. Results: In the present study, rhBMP‐2 promoted both adipogenic and osteogenic/cementogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs in vitro, and the in vivo potential of hPDLSCs to form mineralized cementum and organized PDL tissue was down‐regulated following treatment with rhBMP‐2. Collagen synthesis, which plays a crucial role in the regeneration of cementum and the periodontal attachment, was significantly reduced, with associated modification of the relevant mRNA and protein expression profiles. Conclusion: In summary, the findings of the present study suggest that enhanced adipogenic differentiation and inhibition of collagen synthesis by hPDLSCs appear to be partly responsible for the minimal effect of rhBMP‐2 on cementum and PDL tissue regeneration by hPDLSCs.     

Interactions of regenerative, inflammatory and biomechanical signals on bone morphogenetic protein-2 in periodontal ligament cells

Nokhbehsaim M, Deschner B, Winter J, Bourauel C, Rath B, Jäger A, Jepsen S, Deschner J. Interactions of regenerative, inflammatory and biomechanical signals on bone morphogenetic protein‐2 in periodontal ligament cells. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 374–381.© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Regeneration of periodontal tissues by EMD remains a major challenge because a number of modifying factors are as yet unknown. The effects of EMD seem to be mediated, at least in part, by bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2). This in vitro study was performed to examine whether the effects of EMD on BMP‐2 activity are modulated by inflammatory and/or biomechanical signals. Material and Methods: Periodontal ligament cells were seeded on BioFlex^® plates and exposed to EMD under normal, inflammatory or biomechanical loading conditions for 1 and 6 d. In order to mimic proinflammatory or biomechanical loading conditions in vitro, cells were stimulated with interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), which is increased at inflamed periodontal sites, and cyclic tensile strain of various magnitudes, respectively. The synthesis of BMP‐2, its receptors (BMPR‐1A, BMPR‐1B and BMPR‐2) and its inhibitors (follistatin, matrix gla protein and noggin) were analyzed using real‐time RT‐PCR and ELISA. Results: In EMD‐treated cells, BMP‐2 synthesis was increased significantly at 1 d. EMD also induced the expression of all BMP receptors, and of the BMP inhibitors follistatin and noggin. In general, IL‐1β and biomechanical loading neither down‐regulated BMP‐2 nor up‐regulated BMP inhibitors in EMD‐stimulated cells. However, IL‐1β and biomechanical loading, when applied for a longer time period, caused a down‐regulation of EMD‐induced BMP receptors. Conclusion: EMD induces not only BMP‐2, but also its receptors and inhibitors, in PDL cells. IL‐1β and biomechanical forces may counteract the beneficial effects of EMD on BMP‐2 activity via the down‐regulation of BMP receptors.     

牙周膜相关蛋白1在人牙周膜细胞成骨分化过程中的表达

目的 研究牙周膜相关蛋白1（PLAP-1）在人牙周膜细胞（PDLC）成骨分化过程中的表达变化,为明确PLAP-1 在牙周组织中的作用奠定基础.方法 酶消化法培养人PDLC,免疫细胞化学染色鉴定其来源和PLAP-1 的表达,茜素红染色和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）实验鉴定其成骨分化能力,定量反转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测其成骨分化过程中,PLAP-1、Periostin、RGD-CAP、RUNX2、OCN 和OPN mRNA 表达变化,Western blot 检测PLAP-1、RUNX2 和OCN 蛋白表达变化并进行统计分析.结果 培养的人PDLC 来源于间充质;人PDLC 矿化诱导21 d 后茜素红染色阳性,矿化诱导后7、14、21 d 时ALP 活性较对照组明显增高（P ＜ 0.05）,具有成骨分化能力;PLAP-1 免疫细胞化学染色阳性;定量RT-PCR 和Western blot 结果显示,人PDLC 在mRNA 和蛋白水平均表达PLAP-1,且mRNA 表达量随人PDLC 成骨分化过程发生变化,诱导14 d上调,诱导21 d 下调,较对照组有明显差异（P ＜ 0.05）,Western blot 检测蛋白表达显示类似的表达趋势.结论 PLAP-1 在基因及蛋白水平均高表达于人PDLC,其表达量随人PDLC 成骨分化成一定模式,提示其参与调控牙周膜的功能与稳定,但其精细的调控功能还有待进一步深入研究.     

The role of sirtuin 1 in osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells

Lee Y‐M, Shin S‐I, Shin K‐S, Lee Y‐R, Park B‐H, Kim E‐C. The role of sirtuin 1 in osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 712–721. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) promotes the differentiation of keratinocytes and mesenchymal stem cells, but inhibits the differentiation of muscle and fat cells. However, the involvement of SIRT1 in the differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells into osteoblast‐like cells remains unclear. To identify the role of SIRT1 in human periodontal ligament cells, we measured SIRT1 mRNA and SIRT1 protein levels during the osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. Additionally, we investigated the effects of overexpressing and underexpressing SIRT1 on the differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells, and the signaling mechanisms involved. Material and Methods: Expression of SIRT1 and osteoblastic differentiation markers was assessed by RT‐PCR, real‐time PCR, Alizarin red staining and western blotting. Results: Marked upregulation of SIRT1 mRNA and SIRT1 protein was observed in cells grown for 3 d in osteogenic induction medium (OM). Activation of SIRT1 using resveratrol and isonicotinamide stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in a dose‐dependent manner, as assessed by the expression of mRNAs encoding alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, osterix and Runx2, and induced calcium deposition. In contrast, inhibition of SIRT1 using sirtinol, nicotinamide and gene silencing by RNA interference suppressed mineralization and the expression of osteoblast marker mRNAs. Further mechanistic studies revealed that resveratrol treatment increased the phosphorylation of Akt, adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), Smad 1/5/8 and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, but reduced OM‐induced activation of nuclear factor‐κB. Conversely, application of sirtinol suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt, AMPK, Smad 1/5/8, p38, ERK and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, and enhanced nuclear factor‐κB activity, in OM‐stimulated cells. Conclusion: These data suggest that SIRT1 is a potent regulator of differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells and may have clinical implications for periodontal bone regeneration.     

IL-6 induces osteoblastic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells

Interleukin (IL)-6 has been considered as an osteolytic factor involved in periodontal disease. However, the function of IL-6 in osteoblastic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells is not clear. We examined the effects of IL-6 and its soluble receptor (sIL-6R) on osteoblastic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells. Osteoblastic differentiation was induced by ascorbic acid. Osteoblast markers, including alkaline phosphatase activity and Runx2 gene expression, were examined. The mechanism of action of IL-6 on osteoblastic differentiation was evaluated by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I production and specific inhibitors for the IL-6-signaling molecule. IL-6/sIL-6R enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and Runx2. Alkaline phosphatase activity was reduced by anti-IGF-I antibody. Mitogen-activated protein kinase and Janus protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors diminished alkaline phosphatase induced by IL-6/sIL-6R. We conclude that IL-6/sIL-6R increases ascorbic-acid-induced alkaline phosphatase activity through IGF-I production, implying that IL-6 acts not only as an osteolytic factor, but also as a mediator of osteoblastic differentiation in periodontal ligament cells.     

骨形成蛋白—2和成纤维细胞生长因子对人牙周膜细胞增殖的联合效应

目的：探讨重组人骨形成蛋白－2（rhBMP-2)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF) 单独或联合作用对人牙周膜细胞（PDLCs)增殖的影响。方法：体外培养人PDLCs,分别用不同浓度的rhBMP-2和bFGF单独或联合作用,用四唑盐比色法（MTT法）进行观察。结果：rhBMP-2和bFGF单独作用后PDLCs的增殖较对照组有明显的升高;而rhBMP-2与bFGF联合作用后PDLCs的增殖较各自单独作用有更明显的升高（P＜0．05）。结论：rhBMP-2与bFGF联合应用对于促进人PDLCs的增殖具有协同作用。     

Bone repair following recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulated periodontal regeneration

BACKGROUND: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in an absorbable sponge (ACS) carrier is currently being evaluated as candidate therapy for periodontal regeneration. The objective of this study was to characterize, in some detail, tissue reactions following surgical implantation of rhBMP-2/ACS into periodontal defects. METHODS: Four young adult, male beagle dogs with surgically induced, bilateral, critical size, supra-alveolar, mandibular premolar defects sequentially received rhBMP-2/ACS (rhBMP-2 at 0.2 mg/ml) in right and left jaw quadrants. After 4 or 8 weeks of healing, experimental teeth with surrounding tissues were harvested and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Surgical implantation of rhBMP-2/ACS into large supra-alveolar periodontal defects resulted in a variable tissue response without marked difference between 4- and 8-week observations. New bone, exceeding the volume of the normal alveolar process, had formed within 4 weeks. The regenerated bone tissue consisted of finely trabeculated woven bone. Marrow spaces exhibited a continuous lining of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and resting cells. The marrow spaces contained numerous large, thin-walled vessels but were almost devoid of collagen fibrils or fibroblasts. Large voids (seromas) encountered in the newly formed bone were free of structured elements except for occasional aggregates of effete erythrocytes. A variety of tissue reactions were observed along the root surface including areas of resorption, areas of hard tissue deposition, and areas without resorptive or appositional activity. Ankylosis was a frequent observation, although areas showing characteristics of a periodontal ligament with a fine layer of acellular fiber cementum and occasional inserting Sharpey's fibers were also observed. Osteoblasts facing the root surface often appeared to be in a highly active state judged by their cuboidal shape, well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria, and the presence of an adjacent layer of preosteoblasts. Conspicuous bundles of wide collagen fibrils near the dentin surface as well as within the marrow spaces were considered to represent remnants of the ACS. These fibrils were associated with areas of mineralization as verified by examination of undecalcified specimens. CONCLUSIONS: rhBMP-2/ACS elicits a rapid osteoinductive process throughout the implant as well as along and onto the instrumented adjacent root surface. Lamellated trabecular bone was the predominant regenerated tissue. A typical cementum-periodontal ligament-alveolar bone relationship was a rare observation. The great variability in histological tissue response along the instrumented root surface indicates that the stimulus to hard tissue formation resided primarily in the rhBMP-2/ACS implant rather than in the root surface.     

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for peri-implant bone regeneration: a case report

Background: Currently, clinicians have a limited treatment arsenal in the repair of peri‐implant defects. The aim of the present report is to present the clinical results of treating a dental implant using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)‐2 in an elderly patient. Methods: A 75‐year‐old man presented for routine dental prophylaxis. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed significant loss of attachment and bone loss around an implant replacing the maxillary left first molar. The patient did not report any symptoms, and the implant showed no signs of mobility. Because of the severity of the defect, regenerative treatment using a combination of rhBMP‐2 and freeze‐dried bone allograft was used. Results: The patient was followed for 80 weeks postoperatively. By 28 weeks, significant probing depth reduction and radiographic bone fill was observed, and the original implant crown was replaced. From 28 weeks postoperatively to 80 weeks, no significant clinical or radiographic changes were observed. Conclusions: rhBMP‐2 represents a potential therapeutic modality for severe peri‐implant hard tissue loss. Future studies should examine parameters, such as surgical technique, to maximize the rhBMP‐2‐driven regenerative outcomes.     

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 stimulation of bone formation around endosseous dental implants

BACKGROUND: Successful endosseous implant placement requires that the implant be stable in alveolar bone. In certain cases, the implant can be stabilized in native bone but some part of the implant is not covered by bone tissue. This often occurs during placement of implants into extraction sites or in areas where bone resorption has occurred and the ridge width is not sufficient to completely surround the implant. In those cases, the clinician usually employs a procedure to encourage bone formation. These procedures typically include a bone graft and/or membrane therapy. Recent advances have led to the isolation, cloning, and production of recombinant human proteins that stimulate bone formation. One of these bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMP-2) has been extensively studied in animal models and is currently being tested in human clinical trials. METHODS: In this study, rhBMP-2 was tested using a collagen sponge carrier to stimulate bone formation in defects in the canine mandible around endosseous dental implants. Six animals had a total of 48 implants placed. rhBMP-2 with the collagen carrier was implanted around 24 of these, the remainder having only the collagen carrier placed. Half the sites were covered with a nonresorbable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. Histologic analysis was performed after 4 and 12 weeks. The area of new bone formed, percentage of bone-to-implant contact in the defect area, and percentage fill of the defect was calculated. RESULTS: The addition of rhBMP-2 resulted in significantly greater amounts of new bone area and percentage of bone-to-implant contact and with more percentage fill after 4 and 12 weeks of healing. The area of new bone formed was reduced after 4 weeks when a membrane was present but after 12 weeks, there was no significant difference between membrane and non-membrane treated sites. In some specimens, new bone was found coronal to the membranes, with rhBMP-2-treated sites having greater amounts than non-rhBMP-2-treated sites. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that a bone differentiation factor significantly stimulates bone formation in peri-implant bone defects in the canine mandible. In addition, bone-to-implant contact was significantly enhanced along the rough implant surface. Membrane-treated sites had less new bone formation after 4 weeks of healing but were similar to non-membrane sites after 12 weeks. These results demonstrate that rhBMP-2 can be used to stimulate bone growth both around and onto the surface of endosseous dental implants placed in sites with extended peri-implant osseous defects.     

辛伐他汀对人牙周膜细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的:研究辛伐他汀对人牙周膜细胞增殖和成骨分化的影响.方法:将第4 代人牙周膜细胞在条件矿化培养液中诱导培养,同时加入不同浓度的辛伐他汀(10-9、10-8、10-7、10-6 mol/L),噻唑蓝(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium,MTT)法检测细胞增殖情况,4-硝基苯基磷酸二钠盐(4-nitrophenyl phosphate,hexahydrate,PNPP)偶氮法检测碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性.结果:辛伐他汀各浓度组均能促进人牙周膜细胞的增殖和分化,其中10-8、10-7、10-6 mol/L组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),10-7 mol/L的辛伐他汀组促进细胞增殖和ALP活性的作用最明显.结论:适宜浓度的辛伐他汀可有效促进人牙周膜细胞的增殖和成骨分化.     

雌激素受体β对牙周膜细胞骨向分化能力影响的研究

目的 研究小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)抑制人牙周膜成纤维细胞(human periodontal ligament fibroblast cell,HPLF)中雌激素受体β(estrogen receptor β,ERβ)后,对17β-雌二醇(E2)诱导的成骨能力的影响。方法 设计并合成针对ERβ基因siRNA的寡核苷酸序列,插入载体形成重组载体。重组载体经测序鉴定后,以脂质体法转染至HPLF细胞中,蛋白质印迹法及RT-PCR法检测转染前后ERβ的表达情况。鉴定后用1×10-7mol/L的17β-E2干预经ERβsiRNA转染的HPLF细胞和未经ERβsiRNA转染的HPLF细胞,测定细胞的碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性和骨钙素(os-teocalcin,OCN)含量。结果 测序鉴定重组质粒后,蛋白质印迹法及RT-PCR结果 显示ERβsiRNA载体可特异地抑制HPLF细胞中ERβ的表达。经雌激素干预后,HPLF细胞ALP活性和OCN含量高于对照组(P<0.01),但ERβsiRNA载体稳定转染的HPLF细胞ALP活性和OCN含量与对照组相比没有显著性差异。结论 雌激素可能通过ERβ亚基促进人牙周膜成纤维细胞的骨向分化能力。     

rhBMP-2微球温敏型凝胶剂的药剂学特征及对人PDLCs增殖的影响

目的：观察rhBMP-2微球温敏型凝胶的药剂学特征及对人牙周膜细胞（PDLCs）增殖的影响。方法：采用W／O／W型乳化溶剂挥发法以聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物（PLGA）为材料制备空白微球,通过吸附法制备rhBMP-2载药微球。以单甲基聚乙二醇-羟基乙酸共聚物（MPEG—PLGA）为材料制备凝胶,采用夹心酶联免疫吸附法测定释药速度。采用四唑盐比色法（MTT）及酶动力学法测定细胞增殖和碱性磷酸酶活性。结果：rhBMP-2微球呈规则球形,表面多孔,粒径为（19．6±2.3）μm,微球凝胶剂相转变温度为36℃左右,微球凝胶剂体外释药曲线符合Higachi方程,28d的累积释放度为80％。rhBMP-2微球凝胶剂能明显促进牙周膜细胞的增殖和提高ALP活性,随时间推移在第10d时rhBMP微球凝胶促PDLCs生长的作用明显强于rhBMP溶液。结论：rhBMP-2微球温敏型凝胶剂具有明显的缓释特征,与溶液剂相比促进PDLCs增殖作用更持久。