中国已婚育龄妇女产前保健服务研究

目的:分析我国已婚育龄妇女产前保健服务状况及其变化。方法:利用《1997年全国人口与生殖健康调查》和《2001年全国计划生育/生殖健康调查》两次调查资料,采用STAT/TRASFER软件转换数据库,经过变量重新设置,连接两次调查的数据库,用SAS8.02软件对数据进行统计分析。结果:①与1997年调查前3年相比,2001年调查前3年育龄妇女的产前检查率增加较小。②1998～2000年间,95%以上城镇妇女接受产前保健服务,76%的农村妇女接受产前检查。③1998～2000年间,西部地区妇女中,超过1/3不做产前检查。西部地区以农村、少数民族、文化程度低的妇女产前保健最为薄弱。西部地区农村产前检查率远低于全国农村的平均水平。④少数民族育龄妇女的产前检查率明显低于汉族育龄妇女;随着文化程度和经济收入的增加育龄妇女对产前保健服务的利用增加。文盲妇女、经济收入低的妇女产前检查率极低。结论:我国产前保健服务状况发展极不平衡,西部地区农村的产前保健服务急待提高。需加强对西部地区和弱势育龄妇女产前保健服务的支持力度。对西部农村妇女,特别是少数民族,文化程度低、经济条件差的妇女应实施财政补贴政策。     

我国农村不同地区孕产妇保健情况分析

目的:了解农村地区孕产妇保健现状,分析其影响因素,从而寻找适当的改进措施。方法:利用现有资料对一类、二类、四类农村,以及城乡之间进行比较分析。结果:孕产妇卫生保健利用率二、四类农村要低于一类农村,特别是四类农村孕产妇住院分娩率较低;孕产妇死亡率边远地区显著高于沿海和内地;四类农村产妇分娩地点主要在家里(73·9%),且接生人员主要是家人(58%);在家分娩的主要原因是经济困难、认为住院分娩没必要、来不及等。结论:加大国家对西部妇幼卫生工作的投入;提高农村卫生机构的服务能力和人力资源素质;加强妇女保健的健康教育工作,进一步提高住院分娩率,将有助于改善西部贫困地区的妇女保健状况。     

新疆、安徽农村地区孕产期保健服务变化趋势分析

目的:了解新疆、安徽两地农村地区孕产期保健服务时间变化情况,及时发现当前我国农村地区孕产期保健服务中存在的问题。方法:自行设计调查问卷,采用整群随机抽样的方法对调查对象在2006年1月由调查员对其进行面对面问卷调查。结果:随着时间推移,调查对象产前检查覆盖率及住院分娩比例等都在不断增加,但仍然存在产前检查开始时间较晚,产前检查次数较少等问题。2000年以来,孕早期检查比例只有52.5%,5次及以上产前检查的比例也只达到54.0%。另外,住院分娩比例也还需进一步提高,非住院分娩妇女中43.8%的人由家人/朋友接生。结论:加强产科建设和培训,进一步提高产前保健服务质量,加大提倡住院分娩的工作力度,以进一步提高我国孕产期保健服务水平。     

农村地区孕产期保健服务时间变化趋势分析

目的 了解新疆、安徽省2地农村地区孕产期保健服务时间变化情况,及时发现农村地区孕产期保健服务中存在的问题.方法 采用整群随机抽样方法,自行设计调查问卷,于2006年1月对新疆、安徽2地15～69岁有过孕产史的已婚育龄妇女进行孕产期保健服务调查.结果 随着时间的推移,新疆、安徽2地孕产期保健服务利用的各项指标均呈现增加趋势(P值均<0.05).但仍然存在产前检查开始时间较晚、产前检查次数较少等问题.2000年以来,孕早期检查比例只有52.5%,≥5次产前检查的比例也只达到54.0%,住院分娩比例只有68.1%.同时,2地区各项指标间差异有统计学意义.结论 新疆、安徽2地农村地区孕产期保健服务总利用水平不高,服务质量有待加强.     

广东省农村育龄妇女产前保健服务研究

目的了解广东省农村育龄妇女产前保健服务利用现状,探讨妇女产前保健的影响因素。方法利用广东省第三次卫生服务调查数据,研究分析调查时15～49岁农村育龄妇女回顾在1998年1月1日-2003年10月20日最后一次活产时的产前保健服务利用情况。结果全省农村育龄妇女产前检查率85.65%,高于全国农村水平;平均产前检查次数5.14次;产前检查次数≥5次的占48.88%;平均初检孕周13.67周;早孕检查率49.50%,低于全国农村水平。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,影响产前保健利用及时性的主要因素有:文化程度、居住地区、职业和活产次;影响产前保健利用足够性的主要因素有:文化程度、居住地区、经济状况、职业、活产次和家庭离最近医疗点的距离。结论广东省农村育龄妇女产前保健覆盖率扩大,产前检查次数及产前检查次数符合率提高,但早孕检查率下降,早孕检查不受重视;全省不同地区间农村妇女的产前保健服务利用不均衡,非珠三角农村妇女产前保健利用明显不足。建议采取相应措施,提高农村育龄妇女文化程度,加强计划生育管理,提高广东省农村育龄妇女孕产期保健服务利用水平。     

新疆北部牧区居民孕产妇保健服务现状分析

目的:描述新疆牧区牧业人口孕产妇保健服务的利用状况,为新疆牧业医院制定人力资源配置规划及能力建设目标提供决策依据。方法:采用分层整群抽样的方法,对新疆3个牧业县1055户游牧和665户定居牧业人口家庭中15～49岁已婚育龄妇女进行家庭健康询问调查并进行比较分析。结果:2008年新疆牧区15～49岁已婚育龄妇女产前检查率为91.9%(游牧90.7%,定居93.3%)、住院分娩率70.0%(游牧65.5%,定居75.3%)、产后访视率21.7%(游牧17.4%,定居26.8%),均远低于2008年全国平均水平;44.8%的孕产妇没有接受孕早期产前检查,在乡镇卫生院、县级及以上医院产前检查的比例较高;非住院分娩妇女中69.7%是由接生员/村医和家人/朋友接生,可及性差是导致新疆牧区孕产妇在家中分娩最主要的原因;新疆牧区游牧产妇的住院分娩率和产后访视率低于定居者;游牧孕产妇保健的可及性低于定居家族。结论:新疆北部牧区牧民孕产妇保健服务需要量大且远未被满足,政府在牧区尤其是游牧点应加大卫生投入,加快建立健全健康保障制度和牧民医疗救助制度,改善妇女的孕产期保健服务利用状况。     

山东省部分地区农村妇女产前保健利用现况及影响因素分析

目的:了解山东省部分地区农村育龄妇女产前保健利用现况及其影响因素。方法:于2009年9月至2010年1月对山东大学卫生研究基地17个村已婚育龄妇女自2004年9月1日以来最后一次分娩的情况进行面对面问卷调查,采用χ2检验和非条件logistic回归模型对产前保健服务利用的影响因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果:孕产妇产前检查率为94.11%,孕早期检查率为72.54%,产前检查≥5次的比例为38.37%。孕期产前保健利用不足的比例为69.48%,产前保健利用过度的比例为9.00%。研究对象年龄、家庭人均年收入、离医疗机构距离以及是否第一次分娩是影响产前保健服务利用的相关因素。结论:山东省部分地区农村妇女产前保健服务利用不足的比例较高,建议进一步采取措施提高农村妇女产前保健服务利用程度,以提高孕产妇的健康水平和婴儿的出生质量。     

1991-2003年中国农村妇女分娩地点变化趋势

目的 描述1991年以来我国农村妇女分娩地点的变化趋势及在地区与人群间的分布.方法 利用我国3次国家卫生服务调查资料进行描述与分析.结果 我国农村妇女在家分娩的比例从1991-1993年的70.12%下降到2001-2003年的27.52%,住院分娩比例则从1991-1993年的27.30%提高到2001-2003年的68.92%：到县及县以上医院分娩比例上升的速率高于到乡镇卫生院分娩的比例;住院分娩率因年龄、生育史、收入、教育及职业的不同而不同.结论 我国农村妇女的分娩地点逐渐从20世纪90年代初的以家庭分娩为主转向了近年的以住院分娩为主,但部分农村（如四类农村）地区妇女的住院分娩率还未达到《中国妇女发展纲要2000-2010》的要求.因此仍需努力提高农村尤其是落后地区农村妇女的住院分娩率.     

吉林省部分地区育龄妇女妊娠期与分娩期卫生保健服务现状调查

目的:了解吉林省孕产妇在妊娠期与分娩期的卫生保健服务状况,探讨进一步改进服务水平的有效途径。方法:采用定量研究方法,选择省内16个县(市、区)计划生育行政部门和服务机构以及相关卫生部门,进行问卷调查,并对调查数据进行整理和统计。结果:调查地区已婚育龄妇女生育率逐年下降,孕产妇的保健情况已逐步得到改善,孕期保健就诊率逐年提高,10年间增幅在20%以上,其间各地孕产妇的妊娠并发症的发生率逐年下降,妊娠合并症主要为贫血和肝炎。近年各地的剖宫产率在逐年增加,家庭分娩仍占有一定比例,个别地区该比例仍居高不下。结论:调查县(市、区)的孕产期保健服务虽已得到改善,但仍存在家庭分娩率高、剖宫产率高和妊娠并发症发生率较高等问题,亟待计生和卫生部门联手,进一步完善服务机制,以提高孕产妇的生殖保健服务水平。     

农村已婚育龄妇女产前保健状况及影响因素分析

目的:了解农村已婚育龄妇女产前保健状况,探讨农村育龄妇女产前保健的影响因素,为孕产期保健提供依据。方法:应用多阶段整群抽样方法选择河北省农村已婚育龄妇女采用面对面的问卷调查方法,对农村已婚育龄妇女进行产前保健状况调查,以产前检查地点为应变量使用累加Logistic模型分析产前检查地点的影响因素。结果:76.5%的已婚育龄妇女进行过产前检查,检查的地点主要是妇幼保健院(42.4%)、其他综合医院(19.4%)。选择检查地点主要原因90.9%觉得交通便利,而未产检的原因61.4%已婚育龄妇女认为不需要或不知道要检查,文化程度、家庭年收入对选择产前检查地点有影响(P<0.05)。结论:增加农民收入,提高农村妇女文化水平,进而改善农村育龄妇女产前保健水平。     

九江市农村育龄妇女孕产期保健服务需求状况分析

目的:了解九江市农村育龄妇女孕产期保健服务需求的现状,探讨农村育龄妇女孕产期保健服务需求的差异。方法:采用分层-整群抽样方法随机抽取九江市3476例农村育龄妇女作为调查对象进行结构式访谈问卷调查。结果:农村育龄妇女普遍存在孕产期保健意识缺乏现象,孕期保健和住院分娩地点主要选择县、乡两级,农村育龄妇女孕期保健的目的主要是为了了解胎儿的发育情况;半数以上不愿意接受医生指导的孕期常规筛查项目,调查对象认为"没必要"筛查;尚有17.3%的农村育龄妇女在停经4个月后才进行初次产检;1.4%的农村育龄妇女选择家庭、村级卫生所为分娩地点。结论:建议给予县、乡两级孕产期保健服务能力建设以持续和重点支持。建议采用进村入户发放传单、张贴标语、讲解典型事例、与家庭成员商谈等更深入细致的健康教育形式,消除农村育龄期妇女孕产期保健知识的盲点。     

中国农村计划生育技术服务质量状况及评价

根据1997年全国人口与生殖健康调查提供的资料对中国农村计划生育技术服务质量的现状进行分析和评价。该调查的第二阶段调查共随机抽取农村已婚育龄妇女9714人,其中曾做过节育手术者669人。由卫生系统各级医疗机构实施的手术占65.7％,由各级计划生育服务机构实施的手术占34.3％。按照手术类型分为女性绝育、放置宫内节育器、人工流产和其他四类手术,妇女最后一次手术时医疗技术服务人员向她们介绍过这种手术的比例依次分别为34.7％、42.3％、33.3％和36.3％。术后给予避孕和保健指导的比例依次分别为40.9％、60.7％、52.4％和45.0％。术后随访的比例依次分别为25.0％、23.0％、9.6％和14.0％。这一结果表明,我国农村计划生育手术服务方面有了相当大的改善。在70年代初术前介绍、术后指导和随访的比例分别为30.1％、44.6％和19.3％。而90年代末则分别增至46.0％、62.7％和22.7％。术后随访仍是一个薄弱的环节。接受过手术的妇女对上述四类手术的满意比例依次为76.5％、80.4％、73.5％和74.7％。调查结果显示,术前做过介绍、术后提供指导和随访的受术妇女,其对手术满意的比例均高,不满意的比例均低。反之亦然。在讨论中指出,在我国广大农村地区已婚育龄妇女在生殖健康方面的自我保健意识和需求仍停留在较?     

“Holy Cow,Does That Ever Open Up a Can of Worms”: Health Care Providers’ Experiences of Inquiring About Intimate Partner Violence

In this longitudinal study from rural Bali, Indonesia, we sought to identify the predictors of birth avoidance among 665 married women of reproductive age who reported the intention to stop childbearing. We found that almost 30% of women who wanted no more children had a subsequent birth during the 4-year study period. Women at highest risk for an unwanted birth were younger, had fewer children, and did not use a long-term contraceptive method. The ability to meet intentions to stop childbearing depended on women's motivation (family size), fecundity (proxied by age), and their use of long-term contraceptive methods. Our results suggest that to reduce unwanted births among rural women, family planning providers should recommend long-term methods to younger women with smaller family sizes who express clear intentions to stop childbearing.     

Maternal Health Care Utilization Among Ever Married Youths in Kyimyindaing Township, Myanmar

This study aimed to identify maternal care services utilization among ever married female youths (15?C24?years) in Kyimyindaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 196 ever married females who had delivered at least one child were included. Multistage sampling was employed. Face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire were carried out. Respondents were asked about their maternal care services utilization at the last pregnancy. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were applied to determine the factors associated with utilization of maternal care services. Overall 96% of respondents received antenatal care (ANC) at least once and 79% had at least 4 ANC visits. The mean number of antenatal visits increased with women??s education level. The majority received late ANC regardless of residence, age, education and family income. Nearly 39% delivered at home, especially in rural areas and 79% of home deliveries were attended by traditional birth attendants (TBAs). Only 56.6% of women received at least one postnatal care visit. Inadequate postnatal care (<6 times) was identified (82.6%). Place of residence, women??s education and ANC frequency were the key determinants for a delivery place and postnatal care. Despite relatively high antenatal care attendance, most women practiced home deliveries and received inadequate postnatal care. Maternal health services need to be focused on rural women and women with little or no education. Quality ANC should be the entry point of safe delivery and postnatal care. Further intensification of information, education and communication activities on ??safe motherhood?? is needed.     

Who meets their intentions to stop childbearing? Results of a longitudinal study in rural eastern bali, indonesia

In this longitudinal study from rural Bali, Indonesia, we sought to identify the predictors of birth avoidance among 665 married women of reproductive age who reported the intention to stop childbearing. We found that almost 30% of women who wanted no more children had a subsequent birth during the 4-year study period. Women at highest risk for an unwanted birth were younger, had fewer children, and did not use a long-term contraceptive method. The ability to meet intentions to stop childbearing depended on women's motivation (family size), fecundity (proxied by age), and their use of long-term contraceptive methods. Our results suggest that to reduce unwanted births among rural women, family planning providers should recommend long-term methods to younger women with smaller family sizes who express clear intentions to stop childbearing.     

Determinants of the utilization of maternal and child health services in Jordan

The utilization of antenatal, delivery and postnatal services by a random sample of married women in Jordan during their most recent pregnancy resulting in a live birth is analysed. Marked variations are shown in the use of these services and of preventive infant care for women living in urban and rural areas. Women with increasing levels of formal education and those living near services were significantly more likely to use services. If effective coverage of these services is to be achieved then it is suggested that greater emphasis should be placed upon outreach and realistic social marketing.     

The socio-economic determinants of maternal health care utilization in Turkey

The purpose of this study is to investigate the individual-, household- and community-level factors that affect women's use of maternal health care services in Turkey. The data used for the study come from the 1993 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS), a nationally representative survey of ever married women 15 to 49 years of age. In order to assess the impact of socio-economic factors on maternal health care utilization, we use logistical regression techniques to estimate models of the prenatal care use and birth delivery assistance among women who have had at least one birth in the three years prior to the survey. Separate models are also estimated for urban and rural women. The results indicate that educational attainment, parity level, health insurance coverage, ethnicity, household wealth and geographic region are statistically significant factors that affect the use of health care services thought essential to reduce infant and child mortality rates. The results of the model are used to provide insights for both micro- and macro-level planning of maternal health service delivery.     

Changes and equity in use of maternal health care in China: from 1991 to 2003

To examine changes and equity in use of maternal care in different types of rural and urban areas in China from the early 1990s to early 2000s. Data were drawn from three National Health Household Interview Surveys conducted in 1993, 1998, and 2003. Analysis was based on married women aged between 15 and 49 who had live births within the 24 months prior to the survey. Nationally, the proportion of women receiving their first pre-natal visit within 12 weeks of gestation and the hospital delivery rate increased rapidly from 20.56 and 37.61% in the early 1990s to 52.60 and 74.02% in the early 2000s, respectively, while the proportion of women receiving at least one post-natal care visit dropped slightly from 56.46 to 54.12% in the same time period. There were large disparities in use of maternal care between urban and rural areas and among different sized cities and rural areas with different levels of socio-economic development. But the disparities narrowed over time, especially among different types of rural areas. The proportion of delivery out of hospital attended by trained staff in rural areas decreased considerably from 68.01% in 1991–1993 to 51.57% in 2001–2003. Maternal care utilization made remarkable progress in the study period, and the gap between rural and urban areas and among different classes of cities and rural areas significantly narrowed. This was probably due to both socio-economic development and targeted investments in improving health services. However, significant gaps remained, requiring attention.     

Skilled care at birth among rural women in Nepal: practice and challenges

In Nepal, most births take place at home, and many, particularly in rural areas, are not attended by a skilled birth attendant. The main objectives of the study were to assess the use of skilled delivery care and barriers to access such care in a rural community and to assess health problems during delivery and seeking care. This cross-sectional study was carried out in two Village Development Committees in Nepal in 2006. In total, 150 women who had a live birth in the 24 months preceding the survey were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The sample population included married women aged 15-49 years. Forty-six (31%) women delivered their babies at hospital, and 104 (69%) delivered at home. The cost of delivery at hospital was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of a delivery at home. Results of univariate analysis showed that women from Brahmin-Chhetri ethnicity, women with higher education or who were more skilled, whose husbands had higher education and more skilled jobs, had first or second childbirth, and having adverse previous obstetric history were associated with institutional delivery while women with higher education and having an adverse history of pregnancy outcome predicted the uptake of skilled delivery care in Nepal. The main perceived problems to access skilled delivery care were: distance to hospital, lack of transportation, lack of awareness on delivery care, and cost. The main reasons for seeking intrapartum care were long labour, retained placenta, and excessive bleeding. Only a quarter of women sought care immediately after problems occurred. The main reasons seeking care late were: the woman or her family not perceiving that there was a serious problem, distance to health facility, and lack of transport. The use of skilled birth attendants at delivery among rural women in Nepal is very poor. Home delivery by unskilled birth attendants is still a common practice among them. Many associated factors relating to the use of skilled delivery care that were identified included age, education and occupation of women, and education and occupation of husbands. Therefore, the availability of skilled delivery care services at the community, initiation of a primary health centre with skilled staff for delivery, and increasing awareness among women to seek skilled delivery care are the best solution.