骨盆恶性肿瘤的手术切除与重建

[目的]探讨骨盆恶性肿瘤的不同术式的选择和重建方法.[方法]2002年1月至2009年1月收治的符合入选标准的骨盆恶性肿瘤患者54例,依据Enneking骨盆肿瘤分区,行Ⅰ区髂骨翼切除重建18例;Ⅱ区髋臼周围切除与髋臼重建24例 ;Ⅲ区坐、耻骨局部切除7例; Ⅳ区切除范围涉及骶骨5例,随访时间1～5年.[结果]术后随访...     

计算机辅助设计在髋臼恶性肿瘤治疗中的应用:1例报告

背景:髋臼恶性肿瘤切除重建的主要目的是在安全边缘切除肿瘤并最大限度获得骨盆稳定及下肢行走的功能.既往多是通过MRI、CT、X射线片等二维资料评估切除范围,具有相当的主观性,缺乏术前设计.计算机三维重建可从整体及各个切面评估肿瘤侵蚀范围,从而做到精确确定肿瘤切除的范围.目的:评估计算机辅助设计在髋臼恶性肿瘤治疗中的应用价值.方法:1例髋臼血管肉瘤患者,应用薄层CT扫描获取病变部位的二维数据,计算机三维重建解剖学模型,设计截骨范围、个体化髋臼假体及模拟手术过程.按照计算机辅助设计方案切除髋臼肿瘤组织,采用异体半骨盆+个体化全髋关节置换重建骨盆环及右髋关节.结果与结论:异体半骨盆+个体化全髋关节置换后2个月患者开始扶拐患肢不负重行走,6个月患者行走步态基本正常,右髋关节活动良好,无疼痛不适.置换后X射线片提示人工假体与骨盆匹配良好.置换后仅右髋关节外侧有少许皮肤麻木,无深静脉血栓、假体脱位、松动等并发症.提示计算机辅助设计在髋臼周围肿瘤的治疗中有着广阔应用前景,它使手术治疗提升到个体化治疗阶段,使手术更精确、更可靠、更方便,效果更佳.     

人工半骨盆置换治疗骨盆肿瘤患者的护理

骨盆是连接躯干和下肢的重要区域，10％的成骨肉瘤和20％的Ewing肉瘤均易发生于此处。由于骨盆环区域结构复杂，骨盆恶性肿瘤早期不易诊断，而一经确诊多需手术治疗。传统手术方法包括：部分髂骨切除、内半骨盆切除后体外灭活再植或旷置术、髂肾融合术、高温灭活保肢术和骨盆肿瘤切除＋人工半骨盆置换术等。     

1例半骨盆关节假体置换术病人的护理

髂骨肿瘤切除、耻骨及部分髂骨切除,带股骨近端的人工半骨盆置换术治疗骨盆恶性肿瘤,在切除肿瘤的同时保留了肢体及功能[1].由于重建了骨盆环和髋关节,肢体长度不受影响,而且3个月左右即可扶拐行走.     

异体骨复合带血管腓骨重建骨肿瘤切除后大段骨缺损的护理

目的 观察评价带血管腓骨复合异体骨重建长骨恶性肿瘤切除后骨缺损的临床护理方法的效果.方法 对本科19例四肢长骨恶性骨肿瘤患者行保肢手术,肿瘤切除后骨缺损采用带血管自体腓骨复合大段异体骨进行重建,给予正确的围手术期护理和科学的患肢功能锻炼,总结围手术期护理经验.结果 19例患者术后恢复情况均良好,移植腓骨均成活,异体骨与宿主骨愈合良好,未发生感染及骨不连,随访11～46个月,术后MSTS功能评价上肢平均95.2％,下肢平均91.8％.结论 带血管自体腓骨复合异体骨可用于四肢长骨恶性肿瘤切除后骨缺损的重建,正确的围手术期护理和科学的患肢功能锻炼,对于提高手术疗效以及最大限度地改善患肢功能具有重大意义.     

选择性动脉栓塞在胸、腰段脊柱肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的：探讨减少脊柱肿瘤切除时的出血量及提高肿瘤彻底切除的有效方法。方法：用Se1ainger技术经股动脉选择血管造影，逐支选择性栓塞肿瘤靶动脉，术中行病灶切除及脊柱重建。结果：脊柱肿瘤术中选择性靶动脉栓塞，栓塞后未发生相应的合并症，栓塞满意者手术中出血量为400～3000mL，平均1200mL，肿瘤切除后，取自体髂骨植骨或钛网加自体骨植入和前路脊柱器械内固定，术后随访1～3年，平均1年8个月。局部复发3例，转移死亡8例，大小便障碍者4例，11例病人能早期离床活动，原双下肢瘫痪的8例，都有不同程度减轻，9例转移癌术后半年至2年内死亡，其余患者存活。结论：脊柱肿瘤术中选择性栓塞靶动脉可减少术中的出血量，有利于肿瘤与周围组织分离，肿瘤易完全切除。     

人工半骨盆置换治疗Ⅱ型骨盆肿瘤患者的护理

目的:探讨累及髋臼的骨盆恶性肿瘤行半骨盆切除人工半骨盆置换术患者的围手术期护理方法。方法:2005年3月~2008年12月采用半骨盆切除半骨盆假体置换术治疗累及髋臼的骨盆恶性骨肿瘤8例。对患者进行围手术期全面护理干预,包括围手术期心理护理、术前准备、术后护理及早期康复护理。结果:本组患者术后均无并发症发生,骨盆负重良好,髋关节功能良好,生活质量满意度较高,随访2年患者均存活。结论:累及髋臼的骨盆恶性肿瘤行半骨盆切除半骨盆置换术患者的全面围手术期护理,能够有效预防患者发生各种并发症,对促进患者康复,提高术后生活质量具有积极意义。     

1例半骨盆关节假体置换术病人的护理

髂骨肿瘤切除、耻骨及部分髂骨切除,带股骨近端的人工半骨盆置换术治疗骨盆恶性肿瘤,在切除肿瘤的同时保留了肢体及功能。由于重建了骨盆环和髋关节,肢体长度不受影响,而且3个月左右即可扶拐行走。我院于2009年6月10日在全身麻醉下行左侧半骨盆切除特制人工半骨盆假体关节置换术,手术顺利,效果满意。现将该护理配合总结如下。     

组合式半骨盆置换术后早期康复护理对患肢功能的影响

目的：探讨术后早期康复护理干预对骨盆恶性肿瘤半骨盆切除、组合式半骨盆＋全髋关节置换术后的患肢功能的影响。方法：从2004年9月至2007年5月采用半骨盆切除、组合式半骨盆假体＋全髋关节置换术治疗骨盆恶性骨肿瘤8例。其中软骨肉瘤4例,平滑肌肉瘤2例,骨肉瘤1例,恶性骨巨细胞瘤1例。外科分期：IB期6例,ⅡB期2例。术后根据肿瘤切除范围、人工假体置换术后稳定性和骨盆髋周动力肌修复后的平衡程度,决定术后患肢体位、患髋活动范围、是否使用髋部支具;同时指导患者分阶段、渐进地进行患肢足踝、膝、髋关节的主被动训练,以及下床负重时间和步态调整。结果：随访10～32个月,平均15月。1例术后16个月死于恶性肿瘤扩散转移,7例存活。术后8个月患肢功能评定：优2例,良6例。ISOI。S评分：15～26分,平均19．47分。结论：①对骨盆恶性骨肿瘤患者积极进行术后早期康复护理干预能有效的防止人工髋关节早期脱位;②患肢各关节分阶段有序的主动康复护理训练能提高骨盆和髋周肌肉肌力及其平衡度,对维持术后患者行走和步态的稳定有重要意义。     

一例人工半骨盆置换术的手术配合

人工半骨盆肿瘤切除耻骨坐骨及部分髂骨切除,带股骨近端的人工半骨盆置换术,是治疗骨盆恶性肿瘤的方法之一.由于重建了骨盆环和髋关节,肢体长度不受影响,且3个月左右即可扶拐行走,与以往手术方法比较具有既切除了肿瘤又保留了肢体及功能的优点[1].     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.