上颌第二磨牙腭根双根双根管1例

上颌第二磨牙一般有近颊根、远颊根和腭根共3个牙根,多为3个根管,也有融合根管者,较少有4个根管者;即使有,也多为近中颊根双根管,2个腭根或腭根双根管者鲜有报道。笔者诊治1例7腭根为双根双根管,报告如下。     

上颌第一磨牙根管系统的研究

目的 观察上颌第一磨牙的根管系统。方法 制备50个上颌第一磨牙透明牙标本,显露根管系统的空间构型,在体视显微镜下观察并记录根管系统的形态,结合应用加以统计。结果 ①上颌第一磨牙近中颊根单根管率为66%,其中Ⅰ型占38%,双根管率为34%,远中颊根Ⅰ型占74%,腭根Ⅰ型占94%。②根管侧支、根尖分歧、根尖分叉多见于近颊根,在近颊根的发生率为40%, 远颊根的发生率为24%,腭根的发生率为6%,发生部位多见于根尖1/3。结论 上颌第一磨牙近颊根的根管系统最为复杂,根管变异较远颊根多,腭根变异最少。     

离体上颌第二磨牙牙根距根尖4 mm的截面解剖研究

目的　测量上颌第二磨牙牙根距根尖4 mm的截面面积,截面根管中央距牙根外壁的最短距离。方法　选择30个离体上颌第二磨牙,从距根尖4 mm的部位垂直根长轴截断牙根,photoshop6.0测量牙根截面的面积以及根管中央距牙根外壁的最短距离。结果　截面面积：近中颊根是（11.32±2.29）mm2,远中颊根是（7.89±1.55）mm2,腭侧根（10.50±2.82）mm2。近中颊根和腭侧根的截面面积均明显大于远中颊根(P<0.01)。牙根截面根管中央距牙根外壁的最短距离：近中颊根是（1.13±0.15）mm, 远中颊根是（1.17±0.17）mm, 腭侧根（1.41±0.24）mm, 腭侧根的最短距离大于近中颊根和远中颊根（P<0.01）。结论　上颌第二磨牙近中颊根和远中颊根距根尖4 mm的部位较细窄,在进行根管预备或桩道预备时易出现根管侧穿、牙根折。     

上颌第二磨牙腭侧双根双根管1例

上颌第二磨牙一般分为近中颊根、远中颊根、腭根,腭侧双根的发生率低,我院治疗l例腭侧双根双管型上颌第二磨牙,现报道如下。1病例报告病人女,63岁,2011-04因右侧上颌后牙根尖窦道2     

上颌磨牙近中颊根根管截面形态的研究

目的：研究国人离体上颌第一、二磨牙近中颊根根管的内径和截面形态，为临床进行上颌磨牙根管治疗提供理论参考。方法：收集离体上颌第一磨牙108个，上颌第二磨牙167个。自根管口水平截取近中颊根，包埋。自根尖面开始每隔1mm横切牙根至距根尖6mm处，第7个横切面平近中颊根的根管口水平面。根管显微镜（DOM）下观察、拍摄每个牙根的7个切片的冠面，记录每个冠面含有的根管数，测量各截面各根管的颊舌径和近远中径，并按标准记录根管截面形状。结果：上颌第一磨牙共截取756个切片，均见近中颊根主根管（MB），464个切片中可观察到近中颊根第二根管（MB2）；上颌第二磨牙共截取1169个切片，含MB共1169个，MB2共442个；含MB2的标本数在上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别为96个和90个，占88．89％和53．89％。近中颊根主根管（MB）的颊舌径多大于近远中径，截面形状以扁形和椭圆形多见，但愈近根尖，两径间的差距愈小，即MB愈近根尖，愈趋向成圆形：近中颊根第二根管（MB2）的颊舌径和近远中径间的差距变化不大，截面形状以圆形最多，椭圆形次之，扁形最少。结论：上颌第一、二磨牙近中颊根的根管截面形态复杂，提示临床上需配合有效的清理和成形技术以提高该牙位的根管治疗成功率。     

上颌第一恒磨牙髓室底及根尖孔的观察

目的 研究上颌第一恒磨牙的髓室底形态,根管口的形态,根管口及根尖孔的数目和位置分布。方法 106颗离体上颌第一恒磨牙,暴露其髓室底,并用苏木素将根尖区染色,用肉眼观察法结合用光滑髓针、15号根管扩大器等探查以明确根管口数,根尖孔数及其位置分布。结果 上颌第一恒磨牙的髓室类似一个底在颊侧的三角形,38.68%为三根管口,61.32%为四根管口,左右分布无差异,四根管口者含一个远中颊侧根管口,一个腭侧根管口,近中颊侧根管又分偏颊、偏腭侧两根管口;远中颊、腭根的根尖均为单孔,近中颊根的双根尖孔率为51.8%,61.54%的根尖孔为侧方开口。结论 上颌第一恒磨牙的开髓洞形应为偏向近中的圆三角形,近中颊根的双根管检出率较高。     

显微CT法研究上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态

目的 使用显微CT研究上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态.方法 随机收集33颗上颌第一磨牙,使用显微CT扫描后重建根管系统.观察并记录各牙根根管形态和分支根管的发生数目、位置.记录各根管口位置并测量根管口间的距离和所成角度.在距离根尖1、2和3mm处进行虚拟切割,记录断面上分支根管暴露情况.结果 上颌第一磨牙近颊根第二根管发生率为75.76%.近颊根发生分支根管为71.64%;近颊根分支根管发生率为72.73%.91.04%的分支根管发生于根尖1/3段,近颊根距根尖3mm处截面分支根管暴露率为12.12%.近颊根第一、第二根管口间的距离为(1.60±0.41)mm.结论 上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态复杂,近颊根根管形态存在较大解剖变异.     

上颌第一磨牙远颊双根管1例

上颌第一磨牙根管系统复杂多样,近颊根双根管发生率较高,而远颊根少有双根管报道。本文报道1例具有5根管的上颌第一磨牙（其中近颊及远颊根各2个根管）。     

上颌第二磨牙5根5根管1例

上颌第二磨牙发生不同类型的变异最常见为近中颊根双根管［1］。上颌第二磨牙4根4根管的变异类型有两种形式：一种是有2个颊根和2个腭根［2］,另一种是有3个独立的颊根和1个腭根［3］。朱征等［4］报道1例同时具备腭侧双根管和近中颊根双根管的5根管上颌第二磨牙病例。然而,腭侧3根管的变异类型未见报道。现报道1例3个腭根的5根5根管上颌第二磨牙病例。     

上颌第一磨牙两根管1例

上颌第一磨牙一般有腭根、近颊和远颊3个牙根，其中以腭根最为粗大。但上颌第一磨牙只有2个牙根的病例较少见，我们诊治1例，报告如下。     

A re-evaluation of the distribution of the elastic meshwork within the periodontal ligament of the mouse

The elastic properties of the periodontal ligament have been attributed, in part, to oxytalan fibers, as no other types of elastic fibers are described there. It has been difficult to study the periodontal elastic meshwork by standard microscopic techniques because it is partially obscured by the adjacent periodontal ligament collagen fibers. Our study employed methods which either completely or partially removed mandibular molar periodontal ligament collagen fibers, exposing a previously undescribed periodontal elastic meshwork. The periodontal elastic meshwork was composed of many elastin lamellae containing both peripheral microfibrils of regular arrangement and central microfibrils of irregular arrangement, which could only be demonstrated in oxidized tissues. Peripheral, regularly arranged bundles of microfibrils resembled oxytalan fibers, which were often adherent to the border of the elastin lamella. Elastin lamellae containing irregular microfibrils resembled elaunin fibers. These fibers probably enclosed either blood vessels, nerves or collagen fiber bundles. Peripheral microfibrils attached elaunin to cementum, alveolar bone, blood vessels, and principal periodontal collagen fibers. Thus, the periodontal elastic meshwork is composed of both oxytalan and elaunin fibers. Microfibrils attach elaunin fibers to the adjacent non-elastic tissue and also form bundles which traverse the periodontal ligament space and are probably the oxytalan fibers demonstrable by light microscopic techniques. This meshwork of oxytalan and elaunin fibers probably contributes to tooth support and maintenance of periodontal homeostasis by dissipating chewing forces and maintaining patency of periodontal blood vessels.     

秦始皇帝陵区出土人第三磨牙的萌出情况

目的：调查秦始皇帝陵区山任陶窑遗址中人体颌骨第三磨牙的萌出情况。方法：选用秦代人体颌骨98副，观察萌出特点，计算阻生率，分析阻生情况。结果：通过对98副标本的观察，发现秦代人同现代人类一样可发生第三磨牙的多种萌出状况，其中包括先天缺失、畸形牙、阻生、正常萌出等。结论：秦始皇帝陵区山任陶窑遗址中人体颌骨具有同现代人类一样的第三磨牙萌出特点。     

螺圈对垂直曲力学行为的影响

目的 研究不同位置的螺圈及预成角度对垂直曲力学行为的影响。方法 利用大型有限元软件 ANSYS进行模拟计算。结果 螺圈的加入对垂直曲的M/F值的变化较明显。结论 对预成螺圈曲进行合理的形状设计,可以达到满意的效果。     

The variability of the curvature of the labial surface of the upper anterior teeth along the facial axis of the clinical crown

OBJECTIVE: To mathematically assess the curvature of upper anterior teeth along the facial axis of the clinical crown (FACC) line to provide information valuable for assessment of enamel growth. METHODS: Forty upper study models were chosen from the Orthodontic clinic at the Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield, UK. The study model incisors and canines were sectioned longitudinally down the FACC line, using a Microslice II cutting machine. Images were captured that showed the proximal view of the tooth curvature from incisal edge/cusp tip to the gingival margin. The images were converted into silhouettes and saved as bitmap files. These were vectorised and converted to an outline of xy data points. The forty xy files were mathematically adjusted so the distance between incisal edge and gingival margin were of equal length. Non Rotational Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was then applied at 20 equal intervals along the curve of each xy file to describe the shape of the teeth. RESULTS: Intra class correlation coefficient for intra-operator repeatability ranged from 0.821-0.998 showing good or excellent levels of reliability. PCA showed variation between tooth types. CONCLUSIONS: The method proved reliable. All tooth types showed that the mid-point region had the greatest rise variable, indicating that the most-prominent point was central or incisal for central and lateral incisors. All were skewed towards the incisal end and had kurtosis at both ends. Central incisors showed least variability. Greater variability was seen within the incisal third than within the gingival third for all tooth types.