经尿道二次电切治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤的临床研究

目的 观察经尿道二次电切术(repeat transurethral resection,ReTUR)治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤的的临床疗效.方法使用经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)治疗的187例术后病理证实为非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌患者中根据肿瘤突破黏膜层(T1期)为高级别癌及术后标本有无肌层组织筛选出63例患者,排除含因肿瘤波及范围较广而改行膀胱癌根治术或因某些原因而未继续治疗的患者.所有患者均于术后4～7周行ReTUR术,术后第一天即开始规范化疗,记录其手术效果及并发症.结果 63例行ReTUR术的患者中40例(63.5%)发现无肿瘤残留,23例(36.5%)有肿瘤残留;术后病理检查证实:19例残留肿瘤未侵及肌层,其中Ta期11例,T1期8例;4例(17.4%)肿瘤侵及肌层均为高级别癌.8例(12.7%)在初次切除时肿瘤分期被低估,Ta期、T1期各为4例.ReTUR术中3例(4.8%)发生膀胱穿孔;2例发生膀胱出血.所有均获随访,随访6～48个月,平均(24±1.5)个月.结论 TUR治疗膀胱非浸润性膀胱癌术后容易复发或进展,应于初次手术后4～7周常规行ReTUR术,能早期发现及清除残留复发的肿瘤,并可提高肿瘤分期的准确性及时优化治疗方案,提高患者的长期生存率.     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌

目的 探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)治疗复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌的疗效.方法 本组复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌63例,肿瘤单发36例,多发27例.肿瘤直径0.2～3.0 cm,术前均经膀胱镜检查,活检病理检查确诊为低级别尿路上皮癌.所有患者均行TURBT,术后常规卡介苗或化疗药物膀胱灌注,定期复查膀胱镜.结果 63例均顺利完成手术,无严重手术并发症.术后61例获得随访,随访时间8～62个月,平均36个月,38例长期稳定,未见复发;23例复发,复发率37.7%(23/61).其中17例再次行TURBT,手术后9例病情稳定,8例术后再次复发,再行TURBT 1～4次(其中5例临床分期增至T2,鉴于患者高龄或全身情况较差,仍采用TURBT治疗);6例术后复发,因临床分期增加至T2～T3,行开放手术,其中2例行膀胱部分切除术,4例行根治性膀胱切除术.随访期间死亡2例.结论 对于复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌,TURBT安全性高,并发症少,疗效确切.对于进展为T2期的老年体弱膀胱癌患者,多次TURBT可改善生活质量,延缓患者生命,可有选择性地应用.     

经尿道电切联合丝裂霉素膀胱内灌注治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌

目的 探讨经尿道电切术(transurethral reseetion of bladder tumor,TURBT)及术后使用丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C,MMC)膀胱内灌注治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效. 方法 本组46例非肌层浸润性膀胱癌均采用TURBT,术后使用MMC膀胱内灌注治疗. 结果 所有病例均一次完整切除.随访2年,37例非肌层浸润性膀胱癌无复发,7例分别于1年内复发,2例2年内复发.复发病例均再行TURBT并继续MMC膀胱内灌注. 结论 TURBT治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌具有手术简单、损伤小、出血少、恢复快和疗效好等优点.MMC膀胱内灌注能明显减少非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的复发.     

经尿道气化电切加电切术治疗膀胱肿瘤的探讨

自2000年5月～2003年12月。我院采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤气化电切术(TUVBt)加经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt)治疗膀胱肿瘤患者42例。效果满意。现报告如下。     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术加前列腺电汽化术治疗膀胱癌并前列腺增生

近4年来，我院采用经尿道前列腺电气化术(TUVP)治疗前列腺增生(BPH)患者298例，其中并发膀胱肿瘤患者22例同期施行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt)，取得满意疗效，现报告如下。     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗膀胱肿瘤疗效观察

目的探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)的临床疗效。方法对30例膀胱肿瘤患者行TURBT,回顾性分析其临床疗效。结果 30例患者中,28例1次性切除膀胱肿瘤。术中并发闭孔反射1例,1例发生膀胱壁穿孔而改行膀胱部分切除。手术时间10⁴5 min,平均(25±3.5)min。术中无输血、死亡等发生。平均住院时间5 d。术后均获随访6个月45 min,平均(25±3.5)min。术中无输血、死亡等发生。平均住院时间5 d。术后均获随访6个月³年。5例(16.7%)肿瘤复发,1例术后2年内肿瘤转移扩散死亡。结论 TUVBT操作简单、损伤小、术后恢复快、并发症少、瘤体切除较彻底,值得临床应用。     

经尿道膀胱电切术后吡柔比星灌注治疗表浅性膀胱癌临床分析

目的总结膀胱肿瘤电切术（transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBt）加吡柔比星（tetrahydnopyrany adriamyrin,THP）灌注治疗表浅性膀胱癌的疗效。方法48例表浅性膀胱癌患者,均行TURBt,术毕用THP40mg＋注射用水40ml行灌注化疗30min,术后每周化疗1次,共8次,然后改为每个月1次,持续1年。结果均顺利完成手术,术中未出现膀胱穿孔、膀胱出血等并发症。48例患者平均随访2.1（0.5~3）年,术后1年内6例在非原来位置复发（12.5%）,再次行TURBt加THP灌注,随访1年无复发。结论TURBt加THP膀胱灌注疗效确切,可降低复发率,是治疗表浅膀胱癌的有效方法。     

对比分析经尿道钬激光电切和经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗浅表性膀胱癌的疗效

目的探讨经尿道钬激光电切术治疗浅表性膀胱癌的临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析本院2013年6月至2015年1月收治的118例浅表性膀胱癌患者的临床资料,分为观察组和对照组,观察组采用经尿道钬激光膀胱肿瘤电切术,对照组采取经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,对比分析两组患者的手术时间、术中失血量、膀胱冲洗时间、住院时间、尿管留置时间、并发症发生率及术后复发率。结果所有患者随访1月至2.5年,平均(18.3±5.8)月,与对照组相比,观察组患者术中失血量(26.2±4.6)ml、膀胱冲洗时间(25.3±7.5)分钟和尿管留置时间(21.6±5.9)分钟明显更短,且术后并发症发生率(1.7%,1/58)明显更低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经尿道钬激光膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗浅表性膀胱癌临床疗效确切,具有术中出血量少、术后并发症发生率低等优势,值得临床进一步推广应用。     

第二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术预防高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌术后肿瘤复发的临床研究

目的 探讨高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者行二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切(TURBT)术的意义.方法 已行第一次TURBT的高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者70例随机分为对照组和二次TURBT:对照组患者在电切术后行膀胱内化疗药物(丝裂霉素C)灌注治疗;二次TURBT组完成对照组治疗,术后3个月第一次复查时行第二次TURBT为实验组.两组患者随访2年,观察肿瘤复发的情况.结果 2年内实验组患者膀胱肿瘤的复发率相比对照组患者的复发率显著降低(P<0.05).结论 第二次TURBT术能有效降低高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者术后肿瘤复发率.     

TURBt联合髂内动脉灌注化疗治疗浸润性膀胱癌

目的：寻求浸润性膀胱癌的有效治疗方法。方法：对经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术（TURBt)联合髂内动脉化疗的12例浸润性膀胱癌患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果；2年内死亡3例，生存2-4年6例，生存5年以上3例，没有明显的并发症。结论：TURBt联合髂内动脉化疗为晚期浸润性膀胱癌，尤其是不能或不愿行膀胱全切术者提供了一有效的治疗方法。     

浅表膀胱癌TURBt术后吡柔比星膀胱保留灌注化疗预防复发的随访研究

目的随访观察浅表膀胱癌经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBt）后毗柔比星膀胱保留灌注化疗对干预膀胱癌复发的影响。方法选取浅表膀胱癌TURBt术后患者109例,分为观察组62例和对照组47例。术后,对照组未给予膀胱保留灌注化疗,观察组予以膀胱保留灌注吡柔比星治疗．随访2年．观察两组的复发率,以及观察组膀胱保留灌注化疗的不良反应。结果术后3～6个月内,对照组膀胱癌复发率呈下降趋势,此后呈逐渐升高的趋势;观察组各时间段内膀胱癌复发率基本呈现降低趋势;两组累积复发率均呈逐渐升高的趋势,但观察组累积复发率升高趋势平缓,而对照组累积复发率升高趋势急剧。各时间段内观察组膀胱癌复发率、累积复发率均低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论吡柔比星膀胱保留灌注化疗有效降低了浅表膀胱癌TURBt术后膀胱癌的复发率,且未出现严重的不良反应,临床应用比较安全,对预防TURBt术后膀胱癌复发具有积极而重要的干预意义。     

髂内动脉栓塞化疗联合TURBT治疗膀胱癌疗效观察

应用髂内动脉栓塞化疗术联合经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术（TURBT）治疗膀胱肿瘤9例。结果3年复发率为22．2％，与同期膀胱部分切除术（20％）相同，明显低于单纯膀胱肿瘤电切术（3．5％）。显示动脉栓塞化疗可使肿瘤血管萎缩，瘤体明显缩小，控制严重血尿，减少术中出血，防止肿瘤细胞播散转移，促使粘膜原位癌消失，增加了肿瘤电切的切除率。认为这种联合治疗方法可以取代膀胱部分切除术，对减少膀胱部分切除的次数，保留膀胱及其生理功能有一定意义。     

经尿道电汽化术同期治疗膀胱癌并BPH28例报告

目的:探讨膀胱肿瘤并发BPH患者同期施行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术及经尿道前列腺电汽化术的可行性.方法:对同期施行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术及经尿道前列腺电汽化术的28例膀胱癌并发BPH患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析.结果:该组患者均顺利康复,无明显并发症,术后复诊,3例出现肿瘤复发,复发部位均未位于前列腺窝.结论:同期行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术及经尿道前列腺电汽化术安全、可行,疗效可靠.     

Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Context

The use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer is still controversial.

Objective

To determine the optimal use of chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings in patients with advanced urothelial cell carcinoma. Bladder preservation is also discussed.

Evidence acquisition

A critical review of the published literature on chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced bladder cancer was performed.

Evidence synthesis

The presence of occult micrometastases at the time of radical cystectomy leads to both distant and local failure in patients with locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Both neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies have been evaluated in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer. Studies evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy have been limited by inadequate statistical power to detect meaningful clinical answers as well as by experimental arms utilizing inadequate chemotherapy.

Conclusions

The aggregate of available evidence suggests that neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy should be considered as a standard of care for patients with muscle-invasive or locally advanced operable bladder cancer. In patients who are either unfit for or refuse radical cystectomy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiation can render bladder preservation possible for patients who attain an excellent clinical response. With the introduction of new cytotoxic drugs, there is a need for well-designed studies to address the optimal utility of perioperative therapy in high-risk patients with bladder cancer.     

髂内动脉灌注化疗治疗浸润性膀胱癌

目的探讨浸润性膀胱癌的非手术治疗方法。方法自１９９１年１１月至１９９８年１月应用髂内动脉灌注化疗治疗浸润性膀胱癌２６例,其中１２例行化疗泵植入术和盆腔内动脉再分布术。结果完全缓解率（ＣＲ）２３．１％（６／２６）,部分缓解率（ＰＲ）６９．２％（１８／２６）;副作用较静脉化疗明显减轻。结论此种方法可以作为不能手术切除的浸润性膀胱癌的治疗或作为术前的辅助治疗。     

腹腔镜无管化兔头回肠原位新膀胱治疗浸润性膀胱癌：附视频

目的探索腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除及无管化兔头回肠原位新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌的初步经验。方法回顾分析2012年3月至2012年12月采用腹腔镜治疗浸润性膀胱癌3例,3例患者年龄分别为57、65及76岁。取回肠50cm,中部40cm剖开缝成“W形”新膀胱,两端各保留5cm肠管形似兔耳与新膀胱体呈兔头形状,两侧兔耳部分别植入两侧输尿管,术中双侧输尿管内未留置双J管或外支架管,回肠新膀胱无留置造瘘管,新膀胱底部与后尿道断端吻合,仅在新膀胱内留置双腔尿管。初步观察手术时间、并发症、住院日数等。结果手术时间为分别为380、402及430min,1例术后肠粘连,对症治疗后好转。无伤口感染、尿漏及其他并发症。结论腹腔镜无管化兔头回肠原位新膀胱术治疗经选择的浸润性膀胱癌是可行的。     

非肌层浸润性膀胱癌合并良性前列腺增生患者同期行经尿道电切手术的疗效和安全性分析

目的 探讨合并BPH的非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者同期行经尿道电切(TUR)手术的疗效和安全性.方法 合并BPH的非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者46例(A组)同期行TURBt和TURP治疗,非肌层浸润性膀胱癌仅行TURBt的男性患者69例(B组)作为对照组.A组年龄54～80岁,平均69岁;肿瘤单发37例、多发9例,肿瘤直径0.5 ～3.5 cm,平均2.8 cm.B组55～82岁,平均70岁;肿瘤单发54例、多发15例;肿瘤直径0.5～24.0 cm,平均2.9 cm;2组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结果 2组均顺利完成手术.随访24 - 96个月,平均44个月.2组复发率分别为50.0％( 23/46)、50.7％ (35/69),首次无复发间期分别为20、18个月,肿瘤进展率分别为6.5％、7.2％,2组差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组术后发生前列腺窝内膀胱癌复发2例、B组l例,均为T1G3肿瘤.结论 同期行TUR手术治疗浅表性、低级别膀胱肿瘤合并BPH患者安全可行,但对于T1G3患者应慎重.     

Prognostic significance of non-papillary tumor morphology as a predictor of cancer progression and survival in patients with primary T1G3 bladder cancer

Objective  To investigate the prognostic significance of tumor morphology in relation to progression and survival in patients with primary T1G3 bladder cancer (BC) Methods  After review of pathology, 194 patients who were diagnosed with primary T1G3 BC after clinically complete transurethral resection between 1989 and 2005 were seen. Of these patients, 144 underwent surveillance and 50 underwent immediate cystectomy. Tumor morphology (gross and microscopic) in addition to other clinicopathological factors such as tumor size, multifocality, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), carcinoma-in-situ (CIS), intravesical therapy, and the absence of proper muscle were evaluated with regard to recurrence, progression, upstaging, and survival. In addition, correlations between tumor morphology and other factors were analyzed. Results  Median follow-up was 52.5 months. Five-year cancer-specific survival rates were 92.1% for entire cohort, 95.6% for surveillance group, and 84.0% for immediate cystectomy group, respectively. During surveillance, recurrence and progression were noted in 43.1, 13.2%, respectively. Of the potential prognostic factors analyzed, non-papillary morphology (both gross and microscopic) was a significant parameter of progression and intravesical therapy was significantly predictive of recurrence. After immediate cystectomy, 34% were upstaged. Non-papillary morphology and the absence of proper muscle were related to upstaging. For entire patients, non-papillary morphology and the absence of proper muscle were also significant predictors of patient’s survival (P = 0.048, HR = 4.826, and P = 0.007, HR = 5.663, respectively). Non-papillary tumors were significantly related to the presence of LVI and CIS compared to papillary tumors. Conclusions  Non-papillary tumor morphology was a predictor of cancer progression and survival in patients with primary T1G3 BC.     

Maximizing cure for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: integration of surgery and chemotherapy

Context

The optimal treatment strategy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer remains controversial.

Objective

To determine optimal combination of chemotherapy and surgery aimed at preserving survival of patients with locally advanced bladder cancer.

Evidence acquisition

We performed a critical review of the published abstract and presentation literature on combined modality therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We emphasized articles of the highest scientific level, combining radical cystectomy and perioperative chemotherapy with curative intent to affect overall and disease-specific survival.

Evidence synthesis

Locally invasive, regional, and occult micrometastases at the time of radical cystectomy lead to both distant and local failure, causing bladder cancer deaths. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy regimens have been evaluated, as well as the quality of cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection.

Conclusions

Prospective, randomized clinical trials argue strongly for neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by high-quality cystectomy performed by an experienced surgeon operating in a high-volume center. Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery is also effective when therapeutic doses can be given in a timely fashion. Both contribute to improved overall survival; however, many patients receive only one or none of these options, and the barriers to receiving optimal, combined, systemic therapy and surgery remain to be defined. An aging, comorbid, and often unfit population increasingly affected by bladder cancer poses significant challenges in management of individual patients.