深低温停循环围手术期的高血糖监测及控制

目的 观察深低温停循环(DHCA)围手术期患者血糖的变化趋势,评价血糖升高的各种影响因素以及应用胰岛素控制高血糖的临床效果.方法 选择2000年1月至2010年1月长海医院胸心外科176例应用DHCA技术实施主动脉手术患者.在体外循环(CPB)前、DHCA前、DHCA后、术后进入重症监护病房(ICU)后检测血糖、动脉血气和乳酸.采用间断皮下注射或持续静脉微泵注射胰岛素的方式控制术后血糖在6～8 mmol/L,同时统计术后24 h内的胰岛素累积用量.结果 DHCA前血糖(mmol/L)较CPB前明显升高(9.62±1.79比5.04±1.40,P<0.05),DHCA后血糖(14.91±2.36)进一步升高(P<0.01),进入ICU后血糖(15.32±2.47)仍持续升高(P<0.01),且血糖升高水平与血乳酸升高水平呈明显正相关;134例患者(占76.1%)术后因间断皮下注射胰岛素控制血糖效果不佳而改用持续静脉微泵注射胰岛素,其中30例患者(占17.0%)有明显的胰岛素抵抗现象;高龄(≥50岁),合并原发性高血压、主动脉瓣中-重度病变、糖尿病或严重冠心病病史,急诊手术,CPB时间≥3 h及DHCA时间≥45 min等影响因素会明显加重DHCA围手术期高血糖,且术后24 h内胰岛素累积用量明显增加.入ICU后血糖(mmol/L)在年龄≥50岁和<50岁(18.66±2.52比12.90±2.27)、有无原发性高血压(18.98±2.55比12.31±2.34)、有无主动脉瓣中-重度病变(19.59±2.95比12.13±2.23)、有无糖尿病(20.62±1.76比11.75±1.11)、有无冠心病(19.77±2.98比12.01±2.02)、有无急诊手术(19.78±1.97比12.23±1.38)、CPB时间≥3 h和<3 h(19.86±1.89比11.70±1.15)、DHCA时间≥45 min和<45 min(19.92±1.88比11.64±1.12)等因素间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);术后24 h内胰岛素累积用量(U)在年龄≥50岁和<50岁(169.5±56.6比110.2±38.5)、有无原发性高血压(171.6±64.0比104.8±34.3)、有无主动脉瓣中-重度病变(171.4±36.8比109.4±27.6)、有无糖尿病(202.5±46.7比100.4±31.5)、有无冠心病(178.5±38.6比104.6±26.4)、有无急诊手术(178.3±35.7比102.7±26.8)、CPB时间≥3 h和<3 h(168.6±37.2比107.3±27.5)、DHCA时间≥45 min和<45 min(172.5±36.1比105.4±28.7)等因素间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).结论 DHCA 可引起围手术期明显的血糖和乳酸升高,甚至导致胰岛素抵抗,术后常需持续静脉应用大剂量胰岛素;DHCA 围手术期高血糖与诸多影响因素有关,在临床控制血糖的过程中应综合考虑.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the trend of change in perioperative blood glucose level in patients undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest(DHCA),in order to evaluate the influencing factors of inciting hyperglycemia and the clinical effects of insulin control.Methods In the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Changhai Hospital,176 patients underwent aortic operation under DHCA from January 2000 to January 2010.Blood glucose,arterial blood gas and lactate levels were determined at four time points,including pre-cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB),pre-DHCA,post-DHCA,and at admission to intensive care unit(ICU).Hyperglycemia after surgery was controlled at the level of 6-8 mmol/L by intermittent subcutaneous injection or intravenous micropump injection of insulin.At the same time,the cumulative amount of insulin within 24 hours after surgery was recorded.Results The blood glucose (mmol/L)level at pre-DHCA time point was significantly higher than that of pre-CPB(9.62±1.79 vs.5.04±1.401,P<0.05),and the blood glucose level was further elevated at the time point of post-DHCA (14.91±2.36,P<0.01)and in-ICU(15.32±2.47)compared with that of pre-CPB(P<0.01).The level of blood glucose elevation was positively correlated with blood lactate level.One hundred and thirty-four patients(76.1%)insulin was given with intravenous micropump due to poor effect of intermittent subcutaneous injection of insulin in controlling blood glucose.Among whom 30 patients(17.0%)developed the phenomenon of insulin resistance.Perioperative hyperglycemia during DHCA was associated with old age (≥50 years old),primary hypertension,serious aortic valve disease,diabetes or coronary heart disease,emergency operation,CPB time≥3 hours and DHCA time≥45 minutes.The cumulative amount of insulin within 24 hours after surgery was increased significantly.The results of blood glucose(mmol/L)in-ICU were as follows:age≥50 years old or<50 years old(18.66±2.52 vs.12.90±2.27);hypertension with and without(18.98±2.55 vs.12.31±2.34);serious aortic valve disease with and without(19.59±2.95vs.12.13±2.23); diabetes with and without(20.62±1.76 vs.11.75±1.11); coronary heart disease with and without(19.77±2.98 vs.12.01±2.02); emergency operation with and without(19.78±1.97 vs.12.23±1.38);CPB time≥3 hours or<3 hours(19.86±1.89 vs.11.70±1.15);DHCA time≥45 minutes or<45 minutes(19.92±1.88 vs.11.64±1.12),and all of them should statistical difference(all P<0.05).The cumulative amount of insulin(U)within 24 hours after surgery was as follows:age≥50 years old or<50 years old(169.5±56.6 vs.110.2±38.5);hypertension with and without(171.6±64.0 vs.104.8±34.3);aortic valve disease with and without(171.4±36.8 vs.109.4±27.6);diabetes with and without(202.5±46.7 vs.100.4±31.5);coronary heart disease with and without(178.5±38.6 vs.104.6±26.4);emergency operation with and without(178.3±35.7 vs.102.7±26.8);CPB time≥3 hours or<3 hours(168.6±37.2 vs.107.3±27.5);DHCA time≥45 minutes or<45 minutes(172.5±36.1 vs.105.4±28.7),and all of them showed significant statistical difference(all P<0.05).and all of them showed significant statistical difference(all P<0.05).Conclusion DHCA may cause significant increase in perioperative blood glucose and lactate,and even may lead to insulin resistance.Patients often require continuous intravenous administration of large doses of insulin.Perioperative hyperglycemia during DHCA is related to many factors,which should be considered in control of blood glucose.     

深低温停循环下行颅内动脉瘤手术围术期并发症及预后分析

目的分析并探讨深低温停循环(DHCA)下行颅内巨大动脉瘤手术患者围术期并发症及预后。方法根据6例患者DHCA下行颅内巨大基底动脉瘤手术中脑氧饱和度(rSO2)以及体温、心电图等监测指标的变化和术后患者的转归和并发症发生情况，分析围术期的主要并发症及预后相关因素。结果在DHCA的条件下，6例患者术中均发生室颤等并发症。rSO2监测显示，虽然停循环期间rSO2明显降低，但不致引起全脑缺氧。本组6例患者术后不同程度地出现局部脑损伤表现，其中3例死亡。结论DHCA围术期可发生多种并发症，局部血管损伤致支配区功能异常是影响手术预后的重要因素，早期康复训练对患者有益。     

深低温停循环手术对肾功能影响的分析

目的：探讨深低温停循环手术对肾功能的影响，井对高危因素进行分析。方法：总结45例主动脉弓动脉瘤患者深低温停循环手术后发生肾功能衰竭的情况，与45例单纯体外循环手术患者进行比较，分析引起的原因及治疗效果。结果：45例主动脉弓动脉瘤患者，术后。肾功能损害程度明显高于对照组，出现肾功能衰竭者12例，其中氮质血症期7例，尿毒症期5例。经过治疗，肾功能指标明显改善，其中40例康复出院，5例死亡，病死率11．1％。结论：降低主动脉弓动脉瘤患者术后肾功能衰竭发生率及病死率，主要在于对术前高危因素的重视及术中术后积极的防治措施。     

急诊深低温停循环下主动脉置换围术期护理

目的 总结4例急诊深低温停循环(DHCA)Debakey Ⅰ型主动脉手术围术期的护理.方法 选择应用深低温停循环急诊DebakeyⅠ型主动脉手术4例,探讨术中采用a稳态进行体外循环管理,术后对循环、呼吸、神经和泌尿四大系统进行严密监护和护理.结果 停循环时间40～56(45.3±2.3)min.4例均自动复跳,复跳率1...     

深低温停循环手术围术期体温的监测研究

[目的]监测深低温停循环手术围术期不同时段的体温,探讨有效的复温和保温措施,预防术后低体温发生.[方法]将40例在深低温停循环下行主动脉弓部置换术的病人随机分为对照组（20例）和试验组（20例）,常规插管建立体外循环及全身降温,当鼻咽温度20℃、膀胱温度25℃时行深低温停循环手术.对照组采用常规降温和复温方法.试验组在开胸时便开始调节室温、变温水毯和冰帽辅助体表降温,关胸时用变温毯辅助复温,同时在转运床上为病人加盖充气升温毯等综合复温措施.[结果]试验组术中最低鼻咽温、关胸后鼻咽温、手术结束时温度以及回ICU后1h体温明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）,而术后清醒时间和住ICU时间短于对照组（P＜0.05）.[结论]深低温停循环手术中均匀降温和有效的综合复温保温措施的实施,有利于病人温度的恢复,缩短术后清醒时间及住ICU时间.     

肺复张治疗对纠正深低温停循环主动脉术后低氧血症的疗效观察

目的 评价肺复张对深低温停循环主动脉术后低氧血症的治疗作用及安全性.方法 前瞻性随机对照研究.2010年11月至2011年11月行深低温停循环主动脉手术术后发生低氧血症患者40例,随机分为两组:对照组(n=20),行常规机械通气治疗;试验组(n=20),行肺复张治疗.对比两组患者机械通气时间及肺复张前后呼吸和循环参数的变化.结果 肺复张组患者氧合明显改善(PaO2/FiO2:94.0±2.9 vs.180.4±31.8,P<0.001);肺复张期间对血管活性药物剂量进行调整后,患者的平均动脉压、心率、中心静脉压均可维持稳定状态;肺复张组较常规治疗组的机械通气时间缩短,但差异无统计学意义[(25.4±16.4)h vs.(21.8±12.6)h,P=0.493].结论 肺复张可改善深低温停循环主动脉术后的氧合状态,且患者耐受性良好,是一种安全有效的治疗手段.     

深低温停循环颅内动脉瘤钳闭术1例的手术配合

颅内动脉瘤是由于局部血管异常改变而产生的脑血管瘤样突起[1 ] 。部分颅内动脉瘤因瘤体巨大或与载瘤动脉关系密切 ,或反复出血 ,常规手术易致瘤体破裂、出血而使手术病死率高 ;或在常规下无法操作[2 ] 。深低温停循环可提供低温和控制性降压 ,为医生提供了安全的脑保护阶段和比较清晰的术野 ,为完成这类手术提供了技术保障。 2 0 0 2年 3月 14日 ,我院成功完成了 1例深低温停循环颅内动脉瘤钳闭术 ,现报道如下 :1　临床资料及术前准备1.1　临床资料　患者 ,39岁 ,男性 ,因头痛、呕吐 ,右侧肢体偏瘫伴失语入院 ,经CT和脑血管造影发现 :脑室…     

深低温停循环大鼠海马线粒体变化研究

目的探讨深低温停循环对大鼠海马线粒体的影响。方法 18只大鼠分为深低温停循环组、常温停循环组和常温不停循环组,每组6只,分别给予深低温停循环、常温停循环和常温不停循环处理。观察3组大鼠电镜下海马线粒体形态学、二维参数和三维参数变化。结果常温不停循环组大鼠海马线粒体呈长条形或椭圆形,基质均匀,大小正常,板状嵴及双层膜清晰;常温停循环组大鼠海马线粒体肿胀明显,部分呈空泡化,数量明显减少,板状嵴变形,双层膜破损,基质中出现絮状物;深低温停循环组海马线粒体轻度肿胀,数量减少,双层膜尚完整,板状嵴部分断裂,少数线粒体出现空泡化改变;深低温停循环组和常温停循环组大鼠海马线粒体直径[(116.22±7.23)、(154.26±6.41)μm]、周长[(433.6±15.2)、(594.7±17.0)μm]、灰度(131.2±12.4、133.4±11.8)、平均体积[(0.187±0.001)、(0.249±0.002)μm3]、数密度[(0.131±0.004)、(0.099±0.002)μm^2]和体积密度[(0.111±0.004)、(0.098±0.001)μm^(-3)]均大于常温不停循环组[(86.37±5.84)μm、(319.5±12.5)μm、108.7±8.6、(0.164±0.001)μm^3、(0.178±0.005)μm^2、(0.129±0.003)μm^(-3)](P<0.05),常温停循环组大鼠海马线粒体直径、周长、平均体积大于深低温停循环组,灰度、数密度和体积密度与深低温停循环组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论缺血缺氧能引起海马线粒体肿胀,数量减少,深低温能改善海马线粒体结构和数量的改变。     

深低温停循环下颅内后循环巨大动脉瘤夹闭术4例的护理体会

介绍4例深低温停循环下颅内后循环巨大动脉瘤夹闭术的护理体会。术前采取有效措施防止动脉瘤破裂，术后针对深低温停循环后引起呼吸系统、循环系统、消化系统、神经系统的并发症加强监护，使患者平稳度过围术期，早日恢复健康。     

TLR4／NF—kB通路在深低温停循环逆行脑灌注技术脑保护机制中作用的研究

目的研究TLR4／NF-kB通路是否参与深低温停循环逆行脑灌注的脑保护机制。方法五指山小型猪共10头,随机分成单纯深低温停循环组（DHCA组,n：5）与深低温停循环逆行脑灌注组（RCP组,n=5）。建立体外循环后,DHCA组降温至18。C后停循环40min,RCP组停循环后经上腔静脉以10ml／kg流量逆行脑灌注40min。定期抽血检测血清IL．6水平。复灌180min后处死动物取脑皮质组织行HE染色,Westernblotting检测脑皮质TLR4,NF-kB／p65蛋白表达。结果脑皮质HE染色显示DHCA组较RCP组有更多炎症细胞浸润。在复灌60vain,复灌120min及复灌180vain三个时点RCP的IL-6水平均显著低于DHCA组（t=7．314,P〈0．01;t=5．172,P〈0．01;t=4．676,P〈0．01）。复灌180min后RCP组脑皮质中TLR4水平明显低于DHCA组（f=10．212,P〈0．001）。复灌180min后RCP组脑皮质中NF-kB／p65水平明显低于DHCA组（t=3．344,P=O．011）。结论RCP通过抑制TLR4／NF．rd3信号通路而发挥抗炎作用,这可能是RCP脑保护作用的机制之一。     

乳猪深低温停循环不同流量选择性脑灌注微透析实验研究

目的运用微透析分析技术观察乳猪深低温停循环不同流量选择性脑灌注（antegrade selective cerebral perfusion,ASCP）中神经细胞间液各种物质变化情况。方法20只健康幼猪麻醉成功后植入微透析针,随机分为对照组5只与实验组15只,对照组为单纯深低温停循环（DHCA组）,实验组按不同ASCP流量分为3组各5只,ASCP30组灌注流量为30mL／（kg·min）,ASCPS0组灌注流量为50mL／（kg·min）,ASCP80组灌注流量为80mL／（kg·min）。各组于体外循环前（T1）、降温40rain时（T2）、深低温停循环时（T3）、复温40min时（T4）、体外循环后60min时（T5）、体外循环后120min时（T6）6个时间点采集微透析样本,检测氨基酸和能量代谢物质水平,观察变化趋势,评估不同ASCP流量的脑保护效果。结果DHCA组T3、T4时间点、丙酮酸高于实验组,葡萄糖低于实验组（P〈0．05）,T3、T4、T5、T6时间点乳酸高于实验组（P均〈0．05）,T4时间点乳酸／丙酮酸比值、乳酸／葡萄糖比值、甘油高于实验组（P均〈0．05）;ASCP80组T2～T6时间点乳酸、丙酮酸、甘油、谷氨酸高于ASCP30组和ASCP50组,但差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论乳猪深低温停循环＋ASCP模型深低温体外循环模型中,ASCP维持在较低流量（30～50mL／（kg·min））可起到脑保护作用。     

Mild induced hypothermia and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Background

Mild induced hypothermia (MIH) was introduced for post cardiac arrest care in Sweden in 2003, based on two clinical trials. This retrospective study evaluated its association with 30-day survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in a Swedish community from 2003 to 2015.

围手术期病人心跳骤停的危险因素分析及对策

目的探讨围手术期病人心跳骤停的原因,并提出相应的护理对策,为改善围手术期病人的护理措施提供科学依据。方法采用病历回顾的方法,对围手术期病人心跳骤停的危险因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果61051例手术病人发生围手术期心跳骤停19例,发生率为3．1／万。病人高龄、ASA分级差、术中缺氧、失血性休克、低血钾、代谢性酸中毒、迷走神经反射是围手术期病人发生心跳骤停的危险因素。结论术前改善择期手术病人特别是高龄病人的身体机能;手术室护士在术中严密观察病人的病情变化,及时纠正电解质平衡紊乱,对减少围手术期病人心跳骤停发生率具有积极的意义。     

不同深低温停循环方法对脑氧代谢的影响

目的:观察不同深低温停循环方法对脑氧代谢及结构的影响.方法:18只实验犬随机分为3组:深低温停循环(DHCA)组,DHCA结合逆行脑灌注(RCP)组,DHCA结合顺行间断脑灌注(IACP)组.术中鼻咽温降至18℃后停循环90 min;在停循环前后及再循环后留取血液标本作动脉血氧分压、血氧饱和度、颈内静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2)测定,并计算动脉血氧含量、颈内静脉血氧含量及脑氧摄取率(CERO2).手术结束时取海马组织作透射电镜检查.结果:停循环后,DHCA和DHCA+RCP组CERO2值显著升高,SjvO2值显著降低;DHCA+IACP组SjvO2和CERO2值无显著变化.结论:DHCA时间较长时,脑组织会发生氧供需失衡;RCP方法由于受到灌注流量的限制,提供给脑组织的氧合血有限,并且易发生脑组织及神经细胞水肿;IACP方法的脑氧供效果较为理想.     

Prehospital Resuscitated Cardiac Arrest Patients: Role for Induced Hypothermia

This article is a support paper for the National Association of EMS Physicians' position paper on induced therapeutic hypothermia in resuscitated cardiac arrest patients. Induced hypothermia is one of the newest treatments aimed at increasing the dismal neurologically intact survival rate for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Two landmark studies published in 2002 by the New England Journal of Medicine led to the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care IIa recommendation of cooling unconscious adult patients with return of spontaneous circulation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation to 32°C to 34°C for 12 to 24 hours. Despite many limitations of those studies, the AHA also suggests that this therapy may be beneficial for patients with non–ventricular fibrillation arrests. However, the literature is lacking in answers with regard to the best methods to utilize in cooling patients. While avoiding delay in the initiation of cooling seems logical, the literature is also lacking evidence indicating the ideal time at which to implement cooling. Furthermore, it remains unclear as to which patients may benefit from induced hypothermia. Finally, the literature provides no evidence to support mandating induced hypothermia in the prehospital setting. Given limited prehospital resources, sometimes consisting of only two providers, attention first needs to be given to providing the basic care with the utmost skill. Once the basics are being delivered expertly, consideration can be given to the use of prehospital cooling for the resuscitated cardiac arrest patient in the setting of continued cooling in the hospital.