肝脏胆汁瘤的MSCT表现及临床意义

目的 探讨肝脏胆汁瘤的MSCT表现、形成机制及临床意义.方法 搜集本院经MSCT检查及临床确诊的胆汁瘤16例,进行回顾性分析,16例均采用多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查.结果 16例中原发性肝癌经TACE治疗后(每名患者均有1～7次的TACE治疗史)并发胆汁瘤8例,肝脏损伤破裂并发胆汁瘤4例,肝脏部分切除术后并发胆汁瘤2例,急性胰腺炎后并发肝内胆汁瘤2例.MSCT表现为肝内单发或多发、大小不一的囊状、柱状、分支状、不规则状的液性密度影,MPR准确显示胆汁瘤与肝内胆管的关系.结论 MSCT多平面重组(MPR),可以对胆汁瘤进行准确的定位与定性.     

经肝动脉途径行肝癌化疗栓塞后胆汁瘤形成的CT表现与临床意义

目的 探讨肝癌经动脉穿刺化疗栓塞（transcatheter arterial chelnoelnbolization，TACE）治疗后肝内胆汁瘤形成的CT表现和临床意义。方法 搜集我院2000年至2004年经CT检查系列随访的肝癌TACE后患者共3948例。观察TACE术后有无胆管阻塞和扩张等表现。结果 共发现35例（09％，35／3948）胆汁瘤，其中沿Glisson鞘呈分支样分布的低密度区4例，残癌病灶周围柱状改变7例，囊状改变33例。结论 胆汁瘤是肝癌介入治疗后并发症之，随病情进展可以有不同CT表现。治疗上可采取以内科保守治疗为主的多种方法。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术后胆汁瘤形成63例临床分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)或肝动脉栓塞术(TAE)后胆汁瘤形成的临床表现、治疗方法及预后。方法回顾性分析2005年1月—2013年3月行TACE/TAE后形成胆汁瘤的63例患者的临床及影像学资料,分析有无临床症状、胆汁瘤的治疗方式及临床转归。结果 63例患者中,52例胆汁瘤发生于TACE术后4周~3个月,占82.5%,11例胆汁瘤发生于TACE/TAE术后3~6个月,占17.5%。63例胆汁瘤形成患者中48例(76.2%)无临床症状,其胆汁瘤直径(2.64±2.20)cm;有症状胆汁瘤15例,胆汁瘤直径(6.98±6.57)cm,有无症状者胆汁瘤大小比较差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。48例无症状胆汁瘤影像学随访时间37 d至49个月,其中30例(62.5%)大小无变化,13例(27.1%)缩小,3例(6.3%)消失,1例增大,1例胆汁瘤直径3.8 cm、临近肝包膜,发生破裂形成胆汁性腹膜炎,1周后死于感染性休克、肝功能衰竭。有症状胆汁瘤15例临床表现有黄疸2例,发热11例,黄疸并有发热2例。均行穿刺置管引流,11例(71.3%)缩小,4例消失;14例临床症状缓解后拔管,置管时间53 d^11个月,1例合并缺血性胆道狭窄,持续引流18个月仍反复发热。结论胆汁瘤作为TACE/TAE的并发症之一,多发生于术后4周~3个月。无症状者,应定期影像随访,对有症状或临近肝包膜较大的胆汁瘤,应及时穿刺置管引流。     

肝细胞肝癌经动脉化学栓塞术后所致肝胆损伤:药物释放粒子与碘化油乳剂的比较

正摘要目的比较中期肝细胞肝癌病人行传统经动脉化学栓塞术(cTACE)与药物释放粒子TACE(DEB-TACE)所致的TACE相关肝毒性。方法该回顾性研究连续纳入151例在cTACE或DEB-TACE治疗前后3~6周行MRI扫描的病人。通过影像[整体肝损害(GHD)、总体胆道损伤、胆道铸形、胆管扩张、肝内胆汁瘤、门静脉栓塞]和临床生物学随访来评估其毒性。对肿瘤疗效、疾病进展时间(TTP)和生存率进行评估。通过广义逻辑回归方程模型确定影响并发症率的因素。结果 DEB-TACE所致胆道损伤及肝内胆汁瘤的发生率较高     

经导管动脉化疗栓塞治疗经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后肝细胞癌临床应用评价

【摘要】 目的 探讨经导管动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）治疗经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）后肝细胞癌（HCC）的安全性和近期效果。方法 回顾性分析2014年8月至2019年12月在徐州医科大学附属医院接受TACE治疗的41例HCC患者临床资料。其中20例TACE术前存在TIPS治疗患者为观察组,同期21例TACE术前无TIPS治疗患者为对照组。比较两组间TACE治疗前后肝功能、血常规,术后不良反应、并发症发生及严重不良事件发生情况,根据改良实体瘤疗效评价标准（mRECIST）结合影像学检查评价术后近期疗效。结果 两组患者基线特征差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组TACE术均获成功,无严重并发症和手术相关死亡。除血清白蛋白（ALB）外,两组间术前、术后1周总胆红素（TBil）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、白细胞（WBC）、红细胞（RBC）、血小板（PLT）差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。观察组与对照组相比,患者术后1周腹痛、发热、恶心、呕吐等不良反应发生率和术后6个月肿瘤反应率差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 即使HCC患者之前接受过TIPS治疗,行TACE术仍安全有效。     

胆汁瘤α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯封堵1例

临床资料 患者男,75岁.“结肠癌术后26个月,胆汁瘤引流3个月来院复查”.患者于26个月前因升结肠癌肝转移行右半结肠切除术,术后肝转移瘤行肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)9次,微波消融(MWA)2次,其后发现胆汁瘤,大小11.5 cm×6.8 cm,多次CT复查大小无变化,1年后行胆汁瘤穿刺引流,引流出草绿色胆汁样液体约300 ml,其后每日引流量约100 ml,7 d后引流液浑浊,患者出现发烧症状,行引流液细菌培养,培养出金黄色葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌,给予敏感抗生素治疗后出院.胆汁瘤外引流近3个月,囊腔消失,但引流量逐渐增多,每日约300 ml,遂决定行胆汁瘤栓塞.经引流管造影,见有2个瘘口与胆管相通.     

TACE术联合CIK细胞治疗原发性肝癌效果观察

目的：观察肝动脉栓塞化疗术（TACE）联合自体细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（CIK）过继性免疫治疗对原发性肝癌（HCC）的效果。方法：选择确诊HCC 46例,随机分为观察组24例和对照组22例。对照组采用TACE治疗;观察组在TACE间歇期进行CIK细胞治疗。比较两组术后生活质量（QOL）改善情况、1年及3年生存率。结果：观察组QOL改善率显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组1年生存率、3年生存率均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：TACE联合CIK细胞免疫治疗可以提高HCC患者的生活质量,延长生存期。     

肝胆汁瘤的介入治疗

目的 探讨肝胆汁瘤的形成原因及介入治疗.方法 2005年至2010年南通市第一人民医院介入科共收治15例胆汁瘤患者,并行介入治疗,其中11例为TACE术后所致,1例外伤引起,3例外科手术引起.治疗方法是通过B超引导下穿刺置管引流,术后间歇应用敏感抗生素冲洗,通过引流液量的变化及影像学资料观察胆汁瘤愈合情况.结果 15例...     

经皮穿刺治疗巨大胆汁瘤一例

介入治疗后胆汁瘤是由于经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞（transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE）导致肝61胆管坏死所致,发病率为1％～20％。巨大胆汁瘤较为少见且需要治疗,现报道一例。     

动态对比增强MRI对结肠癌肝转移瘤TACE治疗前后微循环灌注改变及近期疗效评价

目的 探讨结肠癌肝转移瘤经导管动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗前后动态对比增强磁共振成像(DCE-MRI)各定量参数的变化及其对预后评估的价值.方法 对21例经病理证实为低分化腺癌的结肠癌肝转移患者分别于TACE术前及术后进行常规MRI和DCE-MRI扫描.以两腔室模型为基础,计算出定量血流动力学参数(Ktrans、Kep、Ve).比较TACE术前、术后各参数的变化;分别探讨患者近期疗效与TACE术后DCE-MRI各项参数的相关性;并比较不同预后患者TACE术后各参数的差别.结果 TACE术后肿瘤组织的Ktrans、Kep及Ve值呈下降趋势,且术前术后差别有统计学意义.DCE-MRI各项参数与CEA、CA125、CA199和CA242值无明显相关性.术后近期疗效评估示完全缓解3例(14.3％),部分缓解11例(52.4％),总有效率(RR) 66.7％,疾病控制率(DCR)90.5％.其中RR、PCR均与术后Ktrans值呈正相关(r=0.526,P=0.005;r=0.557,P=0.006),但与Kep、Ve值无明显相关性.结论 结肠癌肝转移瘤TACE治疗前后DCE-MRI各定量血流动力学参数变化显著,术后肿瘤组织中的Ktrans值可作为结肠癌肝转移TACE治疗早期疗效评估指标,为结肠癌肝转移瘤个体化治疗和治疗方案的修正提供依据,其远期疗效与DCE-MRI定量参数的相关性需进一步深入研究.     

Bile duct injuries leading to portal vein obliteration after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the liver: CT findings and initial observations.

PURPOSE: To document the computed tomographic (CT) findings of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE)-induced, localized bile duct injuries leading to portal vein branch obliteration in the liver and to elucidate the clinical implications with retrospective review of the authors' experiences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Follow-up CT scans obtained in 11 patients with TACE-induced intrahepatic bile duct dilatation were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate serial changes in the adjacent portal vein branches and hepatic parenchyma. Clinical data, including time between TACE and CT and serum alkaline phosphatase levels, also were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 11 patients with marked (n = 8) or mild (n = 3), lobar (n = 4) or segmental (n = 7) bile duct dilatation with or without bile collection in the tissue sheaths of the Glisson capsule or hepatic parenchyma, nine (82%) had bile duct changes at the first CT follow-up, within 1 month after TACE. Marked narrowing or obliteration of the adjacent intrahepatic portal vein branches in 10 (91%) patients resulted in progressive atrophy of the corresponding hepatic parenchyma in nine (82%) at variable times after TACE. The serum alkaline phosphatase level increased to more than 200 U/L in eight (89%) of nine patients 1 month after TACE. CONCLUSION: TACE-induced intrahepatic bile duct injury resulting in obliteration of the adjacent portal vein branch seems to be one cause of hepatic parenchymal atrophic changes after TACE.     

Predisposing factors of bile duct injury after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatic malignancy

The purpose of this study was to investigate the predisposing factors of bile duct injury after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for treatment of hepatic malignancy. For patients (n = 31) with TACE-related bile duct injuries during a 36-month period, final diagnoses of the tumor, the liver profile, presence of portal vein thrombosis, total number and mode of the TACE just before the development of bile duct injury were compared, respectively with those of patients without bile duct injury n = 234) after TACE. The incidence of bile duct injury was higher in the patients with non-hepatocellular tumors than in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (p <0.01), and higher in Child-Pugh class A patients than in B or C patients (p <0.01). Segmental or subsegmental TACE tended to induce bile duct injury more frequently than the proximal TACE (p = 0.01). Portal vein thrombosis, the total number of TACEs, total amount of iodized oil, and the usage of gelatin sponge were not closely related to bile duct injuries after TACE (p >0.05). It was concluded that the chance of bile duct injury after TACE is increased in non-cirrhotic livers with good liver profile and to the more selective embolization of distal arterial branches.     

Main Bile Duct Stricture Occurring After Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical course of main bile duct stricture at the hepatic hilum after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Among 446 consecutive patients with HCC treated by TACE, main bile duct stricture developed in 18 (4.0%). All imaging and laboratory data, treatment course, and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had 1 to 2 tumors measuring 10 to 100 mm in diameter (mean ± SD 24.5 ± 5.4 mm) near the hepatic hilum fed by the caudate arterial branch (A1) and/or medial segmental artery (A4) of the liver. During the TACE procedure that caused bile duct injury, A1 was embolized in 8, A4 was embolized in 5, and both were embolized in 5 patients. Nine patients (50.0%) had a history of TACE in either A1 or A4. Iodized oil accumulation in the bile duct wall was seen in all patients on computed tomography obtained 1 week later. Bile duct dilatation caused by main bile duct stricture developed in both lobes (n = 9), in the right lobe (n = 3), in the left lobe (n = 4), in segment (S) 2 (n = 1), and in S3 (n = 1). Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase increased in 13 patients. Biloma requiring drainage developed in 2 patients; jaundice developed in 4 patients; and metallic stents were placed in 3 patients. Complications after additional TACE sessions, including biloma (n = 3) and/or jaundice (n = 5), occurred in 7 patients and were treated by additional intervention, including metallic stent placement in 2 patients. After initial TACE of A1 and/or A4, 8 patients (44.4%), including 5 with uncontrollable jaundice or cholangitis, died at 37.9 ± 34.9 months after TACE, and 10 (55.6%) have survived for 38.4 ± 37.9 months. Selective TACE of A1 and/or A4 carries a risk of main bile duct stricture at the hepatic hilum. Biloma and jaundice are serious complications associated with bile duct strictures.     

Liver and biliary damages following transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison between drug-eluting beads and lipiodol emulsion

Objectives

To compare transarterial chemoembolization (TACE)-related hepatic toxicities of conventional TACE (cTACE) and drug-eluting beads TACE (DEB-TACE) in patients with intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 151 consecutive patients undergoing cTACE or DEB-TACE and MRI 3-6 weeks before and after therapy were included. Toxicity was assessed on imaging (global hepatic damages (GHD), overall biliary injuries, biliary cast, bile duct dilatation, intrahepatic biloma, portal thrombosis), and clinico-biological follow-ups. Tumour response, time to progression (TTP), and overall survival were assessed. Factors influencing complication rate were identified by generalized equation logistic regression model.

Results

Biliary injuries and intrahepatic biloma incidence were significantly higher following DEB-TACE (p?<?0.001). DEB-TACE showed a significant increased risk of GHD (OR: 3.13 [1.74-5.63], p?<?0.001) and biliary injuries (OR: 4.53 [2.37-8.67], p?<?0.001). A significant relationship was found between baseline prothrombin value and GHD, biliary injuries and intrahepatic biloma (all p?<?0.01), and between the dose of chemotherapy and intrahepatic biloma (p?=?0.001). Only TTP was significantly shorter following DEB-TACE compared to cTACE (p?=?0.025).

Conclusions

DEB-TACE was associated with increased hepatic toxicities compared to cTACE. GHD, biliary injuries, and intrahepatic biloma were more frequently observed with high baseline prothrombin value, suggesting that cTACE might be more appropriate than DEB-TACE in patients with less advanced cirrhosis.

Key points

? DEB-TACE demonstrated more therapy-related hepatic locoregional complications compared to cTACE.? TACE-related hepatic locoregional toxicities occurred more frequently with high baseline PT value.? cTACE may be more appropriate in patients with high baseline PT value.

     

Early biliary complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: evaluation on T2-weighted MR cholangiography in conjunction with mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced 3D T1-weighted MR cholangiography

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess preliminary experience with combined conventional T2-weighted and mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP)-enhanced T1-weighted MR cholangiography in evaluating early biliary complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Conventional heavily T2-weighted MR cholangiography with MnDPDP-enhanced T1-weighted MR cholangiography and ERCP were performed in seven patients with high clinical suspicion of biliary complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The final diagnoses of complications were classified according to the presence and degree of bile duct injury, bile leakage, and retained stones. RESULTS: The diagnoses on MR cholangiography were as follows: complete transection and occlusion of the common bile duct with bile leakage (n = 3), partial strictures of the common bile duct with bile leakage (n = 1), cystic duct leakage (n = 1), partial ligation of an aberrant right hepatic duct (n = 1), and hemorrhage without biliary complication (n = 1). The final diagnoses at surgery (n = 2) and ERCP (n = 5) were as follows: complete transection and occlusion of the common bile duct with bile leakage (n = 2), partial strictures of the common bile duct with bile leakage (n = 2), cystic duct leakage (n = 1), partial ligation of an aberrant right hepatic duct (n = 1), and hemorrhage without biliary complication (n = 1). MR cholangiography accurately yielded the same findings as the final diagnoses, except in one case with partial stricture of the bile duct with bile leakage (overdiagnosed as complete occlusion on MR cholangiography). CONCLUSION: Combined conventional T2-weighted and MnDPDP-enhanced T1-weighted MR cholangiography may eliminate the use of other studies for the imaging of biliary complications after cholecystectomy if this preliminary data can be verified in a larger study.     

Treatment of biliary leaks and fistulae by simultaneous percutaneous drainage and diversion

Although biliary fistulae and bilomas are often adequately managed with percutaneous drainage, persistent bile duct leaks are difficult to control. The primary surgical goal in this situation is to decompress the biliary system through diversion of bile flow to facilitate healing of the defect in the bile ducts. We report 3 patients with large biliary duct defects who underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography which demonstrated the site of the biliary leakage. Then, extrapolating the aforementioned surgical tenet to these patients, all 3 were successfully treated with interventional radiologic techniques: simultaneous percutaneous transhepatic biliary diversion to control biliary flow and percutaneous biloma drainage to facilitate closure of the cavity.     

Ultrasonography of adrenal masses: usual features

99mTc-HIDA is concentrated by the hepatocytes and excreted into the biliary system; the gallbladder, common bile duct, and early accumulation in the duodenum are visualized within 30 minutes of intravenous administration. The authors studied the utility of 99mTc-HIDA imaging in both acute and chronic cholecystitis and hepatobiliary disease in the presence of jaundice: (a) all normal gallbladders exhibited filling, (b) absence of visualization indicated gallbladder disease and/or cystic duct obstruction, (c) visualization of the gallbladder after cholecystokinin-induced emptying excluded an obstructed cystic duct and acute cholecystitis, and (d) a definitive diagnosis of hepatocellular disease, partial and complete obstruction, is possible in jaundiced patients with hyperbilirubinemias up to 5 mg%. Beyond that level, 99mT-HIDA imaging was of qualified value. The technique is useful in assessing biliary drainage in jaundiced patients with surgically altered biliary tract anatomy.     

Using MR cholangiopancreatography to evaluate iatrogenic bile duct injury.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the role of MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the evaluation of iatrogenic bile duct injuries. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, MRCP was performed in 10 postoperative patients (nine female and one male, ranging in age from 17 to 79 years) suspected of having bile duct injury as a result of surgery. Presence or absence of biliary dilatation, excision injury, stricture, fluid collection, and free fluid was noted. Excision injury was diagnosed if a segment of bile duct was not visible on any of the MRCP sequences. Positive cases were classified according to anatomic location and extent of injury. Results were compared with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in five patients, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in one, surgery in four, and clinical follow-up in three. RESULTS: Three patients had normal findings on MRCP and remained asymptomatic on clinical follow-up. Four patients had bile duct excision injury on MRCP that was surgically proven, and one had stricture, confirmed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Of these five patients, one had Bismuth type I injury, two had type II, one had type III, and one had type IV. Two patients had findings suggestive of cystic duct leak on MRCP that were confirmed on cholangiography. CONCLUSION: MRCP can accurately diagnose postoperative biliary strictures and excision injuries and can characterize and anatomically classify these injuries for planning reparative surgery. It can also suggest the presence of cystic duct leaks in patients who have undergone cholecystectomy.     

Value of MR cholangiography in patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury after cholecystectomy

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the diagnostic role of MR cholangiography in the evaluation of iatrogenic bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients (14 women and five men; mean age, 47 years; age range, 24-75 years) with suspected bile duct injury as a result of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (17 patients) and open cholecystectomy (two patients) underwent MR cholangiography. MR images were evaluated for bile duct discontinuity, presence or absence of biliary dilation, stricture, excision injury, free fluid, and collections. Bile duct excision and stricture were classified according to the Bismuth classification. Final diagnosis was made on the basis of findings at surgery in 15 patients, on percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in one patient, and on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and at clinical follow-up until hospital discharge in the remaining three patients. RESULTS: In 16 patients, injury of the bile duct was observed. Two patients had Bismuth type I injury; one patient, type II injury; 11 patients, type III injury; and one patient each, type IV and V injuries. Three patients showed findings suggestive of leakage from the cystic duct remnant, which were confirmed on ERC. CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography is an accurate diagnostic technique in the identification of postoperative bile duct injuries. This technique allows exploration above and below the level of obstruction, a resource provided by neither ERC nor PTC, and allows the accurate classification of these injuries, which is essential for treatment planning.     

经皮肝穿胆道引流术治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症

目的 评价介入方法治疗肝移植术后胆管并发症的价值.方法 回顾性分析1999年10月-2005年10月肝移植术后发生的6例胆道并发症的相关资料,其中胆总管狭窄2例、胆总管狭窄并胆瘘1例、胆瘘1例、胆汁瘤2例.结果 术后出现胆道并发症患者,经皮肝穿胆道引流治疗5例,放置胆道支架1例.手术均取得成功,患者的临床症状有所好转.结论 介入方法治疗肝移植术后胆管并发症可减少再手术创伤,提高生存率与生存质量,具有良好的近期效果.