Budd—Chiari综合征的诊治现状

Budd—Chiari综合征（BCS）是各种原因引起的较大肝静脉（major hepatic veins，MHVs）或肝段下腔静脉（hepatic inferior vena cava，HIVC）部分或完全梗阻性肝静脉下腔静脉（HV—IVC）血液回流障碍，导致淤血性门静脉高压症（portal hepertension，PHT）和下腔静脉高压症（inferior vena caval hypertension，IVCHT）两大综合征。主要表现为肝区疼痛、肝脾肿大、进行性顽固性腹水、食管静脉曲张（EV）或食管静脉曲张出血（EVB）、下肢水肿、下肢静脉曲张、会阴部静脉曲张和躯干浅静脉上行性曲张等。     

腹腔广泛淋巴结结核钙化致胰源性门静脉高压症1例

胰源性门静脉高压症（Pancreatic sinistral potal hypertension，PSPH）是一种特殊类型的肝前型门静脉高压症，亦称为“左侧门静脉高压症”或“局限性门静脉高压症”，约占肝外型门静脉高压症5％。该病是由于脾静脉血回流受阻所引起的胃脾区域静脉压力增高，造成胃黏膜下静脉曲张，继而可发生上消化道出血，是上消化道出血少见原因之一，临床医生对此症认识不足，常常误诊和漏诊。而腹腔内广泛淋巴结结核钙化压迫脾静脉致门静脉高压临床更为罕见，现将作者遇见一例报告如下。     

门静脉高压患儿中的胃病及胃炎

El-Rifai N，Mention K，Guimber D等人对门静脉高压患儿患门静脉高压性胃病及胃炎的几率以及相关因素进行了研究。该组资料包括24例肝病型和肝外静脉阻塞性门静脉高压，其中有14例出现门静脉高压性胃病。门静脉高压性胃病与食管静脉曲张及呕血病史密切相关，经组织学确诊为胃炎的患儿与肝硬变相关。门静脉高压性胃病在门静脉高压患儿中较为常见，其发生与门静脉高压原因没有相关性[J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr，2007-07；45（1）：137-140]。     

肝外型门静脉高压病人门脉性胆道病引起的胆道梗阻的外科处理

门静脉高压尤其是门静脉血栓形成引起的肝外型门静脉高压时胆道及胆道周围可发生静脉曲张。门脉性胆道病（portalbiliopathy）是指胆道及胆道周围静脉曲张压迫及阻塞胆道而引起的胆道梗阻。本文总结对一组有症状的门脉性胆道病患者手术治疗的经验。患者：男7冽，女2例，中位年龄21岁（18～36岁）．因肝外门静脉阻塞引起的胆道梗阻而接受外科手术治疗。人院时8例患者有黄值，2例腹痛，1例反复发作胆管炎。逆行胆道造影（ERCP）示胆道异常，包括8例明道狭窄、2例胆道结石。该9例患者肝外性门静脉高压症的病因不明，既往均无腹部手术史，5例…     

门静脉高压症多学科协作模式构建

正门静脉高压症是各种原因所致门静脉系统压力持续升高引起的一组症候群,根据阻力增加部位的不同大体分为肝前型、肝内型和肝后型。临床上主要表现为食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血、脾大并脾功能亢进、腹水、肝性脑病等。目前,临床上评价门静脉压力最常用的方法是肝静脉压力梯度(hepatic venous pressure gradient,HVPG)~([1]),当HVPG5 mmH g时,即可诊断为门静脉高压症,而HVPG≥12 mmH g则增加静脉曲张破     

近端胃切除术治疗门静脉高压症断流术后远期再出血17例疗效分析

贲门周围血管离断术是治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的主要术式之一,理论上阻断了门静脉系统和奇静脉系统之间的侧支循环可以有效地预防和治疗食管静脉曲张出血,同时又不影响门静脉向肝血流,有利于维持肝功能,术后肝性脑病发病率低,并且此方法安全、有效、简便,已成为我国治疗门静脉高压症的主要术式之一.     

门静脉高压症出血的自然病程和治疗策略

门静脉高压症是由于门静脉系统血流动力异常而发生的综合征,其病理生理学特点是门静脉系统压力增高。尽管肝前性病变(如门静脉血栓)、肝后性病变(如Budd-Chiari综合征)或血吸虫病均能导致门静脉高压症,但肝硬化一直是引起门静脉高压症最常见的病因。食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是门静脉高压症最直接且高致死性并发症,各种外科     

门脉高压症食管静脉曲张破裂出血的治疗

门脉高压症是门静脉系统血流受阻或血流量增加所致的以门静脉压力升高、脾大、食管胃底静脉曲张和腹水为特点的临床综合征，是肝硬化最为常见并发症之一。门脉高压症引起的上消化道出血的原因是食管静脉曲张破裂出血和门脉高压充血性胃病，后者包括胃粘膜病变和肝源性消化性溃疡。食管静脉曲张破裂出血最多见，是门脉高压最凶险的并发症，其病死率为22％～84％，首次出血病死率为40％以上，再次出血病死率方60％以上。因此这类患者出血后即期处理尤为重要。     

门静脉高压症的外科治疗进展

门静脉高压症是指各种肝内外因素引起的门静脉压力升高．继而出现食道胃底静脉曲张、脾肿大脾功能亢进、腹水、门静脉高压性胃病和门静脉高压性肠病等临床症候群。门静脉高压症的治疗历来以解决上消化道出血和脾功能亢进为重点目标,同时兼顾肝功能的改善和腹水的治疗。总体上,可以将门静脉高压症的治疗分为两大类,     

对胰源性门静脉高压症的认识

胰源性门静脉高压症又名胰源性区域性门静脉脉高压症．又称为左侧肝外门静脉高压症（1eftsided extrahepatic portal hypertension，LEPH），指脾静脉血回流受阻引起的胃脾区域静脉压力增高，造成胃黏膜下静脉曲张，继而可发生上消化道出血，是上消化道出血少见原因之一．临床医师对此病认识不足，常造成误诊和漏诊，现就此认识浅谈如下。     

目前国内普通外科临床科研中存在的主要问题

自1978年恢复研究生招生工作以来,同其他临床医学学科一样,普通外科的临床科研工作取得了长足进步,获得了一些有创造性的科研成果,为推动我国普通外科事业的发展作出了较大的贡献。近年,我国普通外科领域的科研论文数量增长较快,但不可否认的是,目前我国普通外科研究领域仍存在     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Changes in neuroendocrine elements in bronchial mucosa in chronic lung disease in adults.

BACKGROUND--It is not clear whether there is any association between metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium and changes in the distribution of neuroendocrine cells. This study examined, by immunohistological techniques, the distribution of neuroendocrine cells and juxtamucoscal nerve fibres in bronchial biopsies showing metaplastic changes. METHODS--Bronchial biopsies from 12 subjects with epithelial metaplasia associated with bronchiectasis and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis were examined by conventional light microscopy and immunohistological techniques for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), chromogranin A and B (CAB), serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), calcitonin (CT), and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP). RESULTS--Regions of non-metaplastic epithelium contained numerous PGP and serotonin immunoreactive cells. Sub-populations of these cells displayed CAB, CGRP, CT, and GRP immunoreactivity. Metaplastic epithelium contained only a few weakly stained PGP, serotonin, CAB, GRP, CT and CGRP immunoreactive cells in six cases. Metaplastic epithelium was characterised by a high number of CAB-containing cells in six cases and in these biopsies prominent PGP-containing nerve bundles were seen in the subepithelial layer beneath the metaplastic epithelium. CONCLUSIONS--The distribution patterns of neuroendocrine cells and neuronal elements vary between areas of normal and metaplastic epithelium and within areas of metaplastic epithelium. Neuronal hyperplasia was associated with an increase in the number of CAB-containing cells within the metaplastic epithelium.     

Thoracoplasty in scoliosis in children

The article presents results of resection of costal humpback in 102 patients with scoliosis. Subperiosteal resection of the costal humpback without a fixation of the spine gave insufficient results, while resection of the humpback with a fixation of the spine with the Harrington distractor gave satisfactory results. Methods of decompressive thoracoplasty of the concave side of the chest in scoliosis were developed and used in 22 operations. Satisfactory cosmetic and functional results were obtained. No progress of scoliosis was noted. Within a year the lung volume became 2,8% greater as compared with the initial parameters.