32例胆石性胰腺炎延期手术治疗体会

胆石性胰腺炎在我国发病率较高 ,而对其手术时机的选择仍有争议。本院采用延期手术治疗 3 2例胆石性胰腺炎 ,疗效满意 ,现将治疗体会报告如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料本组 3 2例中 ,男性 1 0例 ,女性 2 2例。年龄 2 5-75岁 ,平均年龄 5 0岁。不包括伴有胆道危重疾病和不能排除其它急腹症而应早期手术者。1 .2　诊断及分级本组病例均有以下临床表现 :1胆石症史 ;2上腹部持续性疼痛和上腹部压痛 ;3血、尿淀粉酶明显升高 ;4血清胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶明显升高 ;5 B超或 CT提示胆道结石伴胆总管扩张和急性胰腺炎。按中华医学会外…     

胆石性胰腺炎治疗及手术时机的选择

目的；探讨胆石与胰腺炎发作关系及治疗对策。方法：对７１例胆石性胰腺炎的临床资料进行分析，结果；微小结石在壶腹部的滑动是胰腺炎及发作的重要病因之一，胰腺炎发作时应轻症行保守治疗；重症早期以非手术治疗为主，合并继发感染或局部并发症者手术干预的治疗方案，结论；针对胆道疾病的处理主张行决定性胆道手术，根据具病例发分为三种时机；（１）梗阻性化脓性胆管炎，胆囊炎坏疽穿孔或已面临穿孔威胁合并胰腺炎的病列早期急诊     

胆石性胰腺炎的内窥镜外科治疗

1992年8月至1996年8月我科收治急性胰腺炎住院病人72例,其中明确为胆石性胰腺炎者51例,占70.8%(51/72).均依据典型的胰腺炎临床表现或既往有胆绞痛病史,血、尿淀粉酶升高>500 Somogyi氏单位以及B超或CT显示胰腺肿大和胆石症表现而确立胆石性胰腺炎的诊断.     

胆石性胰腺炎手术治疗时机和方法的研究进展

急性胆石性胰腺炎手术时机至今仍未取得统一意见,提倡急诊手术者认为早期去除壶腹部嵌顿结石,可以阻止胰腺炎发展.提倡延期手术者较多,认为绝大多数嵌顿的细小结石在胰胆管梗阻后内压增高时被推出壶腹部,胆石性胰腺炎的严重性是由发作时组织破坏程度所决定,并不因早期手术而改善病情.随着全身性炎症反应综合征概念的提出,胰腺炎被认为是全身性疾病[1],更多学者提倡早期积极的非手术治疗使胰腺炎病情得到控制,改善全身情况.     

急性胆石性胰腺炎发病原因和手术时机探讨

通过６０例急性胆石性胰腺炎资料分析，结合文献探讨了ＡＧＰ的发病原因与手术时机。结果显示：共同通道具备了胆汁返流的解剖学基础；胆石阻塞胆总管下端、感染胆汁返流入胰管；肠胰返流及胰管梗阻均为ＡＧＰ发病的重要因素。     

重症急性胆石性胰腺炎54例治疗分析

现就2002年1月至2005年6月我院收治急性重症胆石性胰腺炎（ANGP）54例的治疗方法、手术时机及指征分析如下。     

胆石性胰腺炎的临床治疗

目的探讨胆石性胰腺炎的临床处理要点。方法依据是否存在胆道梗阻和胰腺炎病变严重度将273例胆石性胰腺炎分为四个临床类型,分别对各类型的临床资料进行分析。结果（1）梗阻性重型10例,早期手术8例,全部治愈;传统保守治疗2例,其中1例死于早期多脏器功能衰竭。（2）梗阻性轻型70例,早期手术57例,ERCP＋EST 4例,传统保守治疗9例,全组无死亡。（3）非梗阻性重型共47例,13例采用早期手术,4例死于早期多脏器功能衰竭;22例采用早期区域动脉灌注治疗,1例死于后期感染并发症,12例保守治疗,其中4例病情较重,3例死于早期多脏器功能衰竭。（4）非梗阻性轻型146例,早期手术55例,后期手术8例,ERCP＋EST 3例,内科保守80例,全组无病死。结论（1）梗阻性重型患者应采用早期手术治疗。（2）梗阻性轻型患者可采用早期手术或EST解除胆道梗阻以防止胰腺炎加重。（3）推荐应用早期区域动脉灌注治疗非梗阻性重型患者,适当地联合手术有助于疗效的提高。（4）保守治疗成功者应适时地手术解决胆石症以防止胰腺炎复发。（5）治疗过程中应注意各临床类型之间的转变,及时调整治疗方案。     

胆石性胰腺炎的病因分析与治疗

目的探讨胆石性胰腺炎的病因和治疗。方法回顾性分析１８例胆石性胰腺炎的病因及治疗。结果经手术加生长抑素和ＴＰＮ治疗,均获治愈。结论“共同开口”处结石的嵌顿、胆汁的返流和胰管压力的升高是其发病条件,而胰管和壶腹部的解剖特点是其发病基础。     

轻型急性胆石性胰腺炎的手术时机和方法

目的：探讨轻型急性胆石性胰腺炎（ＡＧＰ）的手术时机和方法。方法：回顾性分析１２６例急性胆石性胰腺炎患者的临床资料和治疗结果。结果：早期手术组（入院４８ｈ之内,ｎ＝４３）并发症发生率较延期（入院４８ｈ之后,同一次住院时间内）开腹手术组（ｎ＝２２）、延期腹腔镜手术组（ｎ＝２０）和非手术治疗组（ｎ＝４１）显著升高（Ｐ＜０.０５）,平均住院时间显著延长（Ｐ＜０．０５）。早期手术组和延期开腹手术组胆总管探查率分别为１００％和３０．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。胆石性胰腺炎非手术治疗出院后复发率高（３４.１％）。平均住院时间,延期ＬＣ组为１４．８ｄ±０．７ｄ,较延期开腹手术组２６.７ｄ±３．０ｄ显著缩短（Ｐ＜０.０５）。延期ＬＣ组手术时间为入院后１０．５ｄ±０．６ｄ。结论：轻型ＡＧＰ患者早期行非手术治疗,在症状、体征消失后一周左右（发病后１１ｄ）经ＭＲＣＰ和Ｂ超检查后行ＬＣ,如ＭＲＣＰ发现胆总管结石则在ＬＣ术前行ＥＲＣＰ＋ＥＳ。     

胆源性胰腺炎手术时机的探讨

目的探讨胆源性胰腺炎（ＧＰ）的手术时机。方法采用统计学方法分析了５３例ＧＰ的临床资料。结果早期手术组（入院４８小时内）及延期手术组（入院４８小时后）并发症发生率分别为２９．２０％和３．５０％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;死亡率分别为８．３０％和０（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＡＰＡＣＨＥ－Ⅱ记分≤８的轻型ＧＰ死亡率与手术时机无关,但早期手术组的并发症发生率（１１．１０％）及胆总管探查率（９１．７０％）明显高于延期手术组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＡＰＡＣＨＥ－Ⅱ记分＞８的重型ＧＰ并发症发生率及死亡率与手术时机有关,即早期手术组明显高于延期手术组。结论轻型ＧＰ应待急性发作缓解后延期手术;重型ＧＰ应采用延期与个体化相结合的处理原则。     

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目的探讨胆源性胰腺炎(GP)病人胆道结石的处理方式和时机。方法回顾性分析1998年5月至2003年6月期间89例GP病人的处理方式和时机结果腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LG)的比例逐渐增加(48％)，剖腹胆道手术却逐渐减少(52％)，尤其是剖腹胆总管探查术(12％)，但胆总管结石探查的阳性率却明显增加(100％)。术前进行ERCP检查的比例仅0～4％，但MRCP的比例增加到32％。极少数病人(0～8％)需要行内镜括约肌切开(Ⅸ汀)治疗。结论采用微创技术处理GP病人胆道结石的方式逐渐增加。GP病人胆道结石的最佳处理时期是胆道和胰腺的炎症得到控制后，大多数病人需要1～3周。对B超不能确诊的胆总管结石，应首选脉CP检查，慎用逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)。     

The impact of timing of cholecystectomy following gallstone pancreatitis

IntroductionCurrent guidelines for the management of acute gallstone pancreatitis recommend cholecystectomy as definitive treatment during primary admission or within 2 weeks of discharge, with the aim of preventing recurrent pancreatitis. However, cholecystectomy during the inflammatory phase may increase surgical complication rates. This study aimed to determine whether adherence to the guidelines prevents recurrent pancreatitis while minimising surgical complications.MethodsMulti-centre review of seven UK hospitals, indentifying patients presenting with their first episode of gallstone pancreatitis between 2006 and 2008.ResultsA total of 523 patients with gallstone pancreatitis were identified, of which 363 (69%) underwent cholecystectomy (72 during the primary admission or within 2 weeks of discharge; 291 following this). Overall, 7% of patients had a complication related to cholecystectomy of which a greater proportion occurred when cholecystectomy was performed within guideline parameters (13% vs 6%; p = 0.07). 11% of patients were readmitted with recurrent pancreatitis prior to surgery, with those undergoing cholecystectomy outside guideline parameters being most at risk (p = 0.006).ConclusionThis study suggests cholecystectomy within guideline parameters significantly reduces recurrence of pancreatitis but may increase the risk of surgical complications. A prospective randomised study to assess the associated morbidity is required to inform future guidelines.     

重型非胆道梗阻性急性胆石性胰腺炎的外科处理

目的探讨重型非胆道梗阻性急性胆石性胰腺炎的外科处理要点。方法分析47例重型非胆道梗阻性急性胆石性胰腺炎病人的临床资料。结果(1)1999年8月以前,13例采用早期手术,4例死于早期多脏器功能衰竭,病死率为30.8%;存活者平均住院时间为51.5d、平均医疗费用为9.53万元。(2)1999年8月以后,22例采用早期区域动脉灌注治疗,1例死于后期感染并发症,病死率为4.5%;存活者平均住院时间为31.3d,平均医疗费用为4.64万元。(3)12例采用传统保守治疗,4例病情较重者3例死于早期多脏器功能障碍;其余8例病情较轻者无并发症治愈。结论(1)在急性反应期内,作好复苏治疗的同时,推荐应用区域动脉灌注治疗重型非梗阻性胆石性胰腺炎;(2)重视临床类型的鉴别和转化,发现胆道梗阻及时手术治疗;(3)病变后期出现胰腺局部并发症需要适时的择期手术;(4)非手术治疗成功者应适时手术解除胆石病变以防止胰腺炎复发。     

Cholangitis score: a scoring system to predict severe cholangitis in gallstone pancreatitis

Abstract. Background/Purposes: Emergency biliary decompression and stone extraction are mandatory for patients with gallstone pancreatitis who have ampullary stone impaction or persistent stones and pus in the bile duct (severe cholangitis). The aim of this study was to devise a simple scoring system for the prediction of complicating severe cholangitis in gallstone pancreatitis. Methods: Clinical signs, laboratory data, and ultrasonography (US) findings at the time of admission, and the bile duct pathology at the time of bile duct exploration, were reviewed in 66 patients with gallstone pancreatitis. Variables which discriminated 26 patients with bile duct stones from 40 without were defined as predictive factors of bile duct stones. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cutoff values of numerical variables. One point was allocated to each predictive factor, and the total score was defined as the cholangitis score (CS). Bile duct pathology identified at the time of bile duct exploration was graded into three categories: mild, moderate, and severe cholangitis. A threshold value of the CS, claimed to be predictive of severe cholangitis, was determined by using the ROC curve. Results: The scoring system consisted of four predictive factors: (1) pyrexia (temperature ≧38 °C), (2) elevated serum bilirubin (≧2.2 mg/dl), (3) dilated bile duct (≧11 mm maximum diameter on US), and (4) bile duct stones detected on US. The scoring system predicted severe cholangitis with 92% sensitivity and 98% specificity in patients with scores of three or four points. Conclusions: Patients with gallstone pancreatitis who meet three or four of the above predictive factors at the time of admission are likely to have severe cholangitis, and should be rapidly treated by biliary decompression and stone extraction. Received: July 13, 2001 / Accepted: November 16, 2001     

Surgeons provide definitive care to patients with gallstone pancreatitis

Background

The optimal management of patients with gallstone pancreatitis (GP) remains a matter of debate. There are wide variations in the use of diagnostic testing and same-stay cholecystectomy. We hypothesize that a general surgery service (SURG) will deliver more efficient, definitive care for patients with GP.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of consecutive GP patients in an urban hospital from 2006 to 2009. Differences between groups were assessed by the two-tailed Student t test for continuous variables and the Fisher exact test for ordinal data.

Results

One hundred twenty-four patients with GP were admitted, 79 to medicine (MED) and 45 to surgery (SURG). In the MED group, 21 patients (27%) underwent same-stay cholecystectomy, and 7 patients (9%) returned with recurrent biliary pancreatitis. In the SURG group, 44 patients had definitive surgery, and none returned with recurrent disease (P < .01 and .09, respectively). The SURG group had fewer laboratory tests, antibiotics, and consultations.

Conclusions

For patients with GP, admission to surgery results in definitive treatment with same-stay cholecystectomy. This is a more efficient approach with fewer readmissions for the same disease process.     

梗阻性重型胆石性胰腺炎的临床处理

目的 探讨梗阻性重型胆石性胰腺炎的病变特点及处理原则.方法 分析温州医学院第一附属医院1997年1月~2005年10月期间收治的10例梗阻性重型胆石性胰腺炎患者的临床资料.结果 (1)6例患者存在胆总管结石,4例胆总管内未见结石;(2)4例出现Charcot三联征,1例出现Renyolds五联征;8例以右上腹痛为主,仅1例出现左上腹痛;6例呈胰头部局灶性坏死;2例见散在斑点状坏死;2例见弥漫性坏死灶.(3)外科收治的8例患者,全部采取早期手术治疗而获得治愈;内科收治的2例患者采取早期传统保守治疗,1例病情恶化第8天自动出院,1例病情好转遗留胆石病变出院.结论 (1)胆管梗阻可导致胆石性胰腺炎,梗阻是原因,病因不除,疾病难以控制;(2)胆总管内未见结石的胆石性胰腺炎也可出现胆道梗阻,应引起临床重视;(3)梗阻性重型胆石性胰腺炎的病变特点:胆道症状突出,胰腺病变以局灶性胰头部坏死为主;⑷梗阻性重型胆石性胰腺炎应采取早期手术治疗,由外科收治较为合理.     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy permits interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with moderately severe gallstone pancreatitis

Patients with moderately severe gallstone pancreatitis with substantial pancreatic and peripancreatic inflammation, but without organ failure, frequently have an open cholecystectomy to prevent recurrent pancreatitis. In these patients, prophylactic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) with endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) may prevent recurrent pancreatitis, permit laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and decrease risks. The medical records of all patients with pancreatitis undergoing cholecystectomy from 1999–2004 at the University of North Carolina Memorial Hospital were reviewed. Data regarding demographics, clinical course, etiology of pancreatitis, operative and endoscopic interventions, and outcome were extracted. Moderately severe gallstone-induced pancreatitis was defined as pancreatitis without organ failure but with extensive local inflammation. Thirty patients with moderately severe gallstone pancreatitis underwent ERC and ES and were discharged before cholecystectomy. Mean interval between ES and cholecystectomy was 102 ± 17 days. Cholecystectomy was performed laparoscopically in 27 (90%) patients, open in three (10%) patients, and converted to open in two (7%) patients, with a morbidity rate of 7% (two patients). No patient required drainage of a pseudocyst or developed recurrent pancreatitis. Interval complications resulted in hospital readmission in seven (23%) patients. In conclusion, recurrent biliary pancreatitis in patients with moderately severe gallstone pancreatitis is nil after ERC and ES. Hospital discharge of these patients permits interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but close follow-up is necessary in these potentially ill patients. Presented at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–18, 2005 (poster presentation).     

A practical cost-effective management strategy for gallstone pancreatitis

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of various surgeon strategies used to evaluate and treat common duct stones (CDSs) in patients presenting with mild to moderate gallstone pancreatitis (GP).

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of patients admitted for mild to moderate GP. Data variables included laboratory values and radiology images, indications for and findings of intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), length of stay (LOS), and hospital charges. Data were stratified by 2 different management strategies: preoperative ERCP and then laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) or LC with IOC followed by selective postoperative ERCP.

Results

During this time period, 80 patients met the study criteria, 56 were treated by LC with IOC, and 24 had a preoperative ERCP performed. The incidence of CDS was 33% (n = 26). The presence of CDSs correlated with an elevated total bilirubin at admission (CDSs 3.5 mg/dL vs 2.1 mg/dL no CDSs, P < .01) and 24 hours after admission (CDS 3.2 mg/dL vs 1.5 mg/dL no CDS, P < .01). Patients who had an IOC compared with those who had preoperative ERCP had a shorter LOS (4.6 vs 5.9 days, P = .04) and lower hospital charges (US $28,510 vs US $38,620; P < .01).

Conclusions

Elevated total bilirubin at admission and 24 hours after admission may predict a patient's risk for CDS. We found that the management of uncomplicated GP with early LC and IOC results in decreased LOS and total hospital charges when compared with preoperative ERCP.     

Gallstone pancreatitis: positive correlation between severe pancreatitis and passed stone

Background/Purpose Little is known about whether the severity of pancreatitis depends upon persistent stone impaction or stone passage into the duodenum, and the role of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) has remained controversial.Methods This study reviewed our experience of 183 patients with gallstone pancreatitis, with special attention paid to the relationship between the severity of pancreatitis, the severity of coexisting biliary pathology, and the outcome.Results Sixteen patients (9%) had severe pancreatitis (SP) and the remaining 167 (91%) had mild pancreatitis (MP). All of the SP patients had pancreatic necrosis, and 6 of them developed multiple organ failure (MOF). No SP patients had stones impacted at the papilla of Vater or persistent stones and purulent bile in the bile duct (severe cholangitis). Most SP patients (94%) had stones in the gallbladder alone, suggesting stone passage into the duodenum. Of the 167 MP patients, on the other hand, 58 (35%) had severe cholangitis. Four patients (25%) with SP died of MOF. There were four deaths in the MP group (2%) and all in patients with coexisting severe cholangitis, 2 of whom were in septic shock at the time of admission.Conclusions None of the SP patients had severe cholangitis. The positive correlation between SP and passed stone suggests that early ES should not be advocated for SP patients. MP patients with coexisting severe cholangitis are likely to benefit from ES.