肝移植术后缺血型胆管狭窄再次肝移植治疗分析

目的探讨肝移植术后缺血型胆管狭窄患者行再次肝移植的疗效。方法回顾性分析天津市第一中心医院48例缺血型胆管狭窄患者再次原位肝移植的资料,分析其预后及影响因素。结果40例患者再次肝移植前有介入治疗史。术中出血量为850～12000ml,中位值为3000ml;术中用血量为600～13300ml,中位值为3200ml;手术平均时间为（12.00±4.35）h。48例患者随访时间为14～41个月,中位随访时间为25个月;3个月、1年及2年累计生存率分别为75%、73%和68%,中位存活时间为40个月;9例死于感染及多器官功能衰竭;无并发症、单一并发症、多种并发症的生存曲线差异有统计学意义（P=0.005）。结论再次肝移植是挽救缺血性胆管狭窄患者无法行介入治疗或介入治疗失败的有效手段。     

肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断和处理

目的 研究肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断和处理及分析相关因素。方法 回顾性研究Pittsburgh移植中心96例肝移植病人。结果 94例（97次移植）存活2d以上的病人，92例为端端＋T管的胆道吻合，随访时间为5.8个月（0.3-10.2个月）。分析发现92例病人中8例有胆道并发症（8.51%）；T管拔除时胆漏2例，术后早期胆漏2例，狭窄2例。75％胆道并发症有诱因，诱因：肝动脉狭窄2例，其中1例合并严重排斥反应；肝动脉血栓3例；供一受体胆管直径不匹配1例。冷缺血时间无显著性差异。5例有肝动脉血栓和（或）狭窄＞50％行再移植，另3例无肝动脉血栓和（或）狭窄＜50％经皮穿刺和内窥镜＋支架或行气囊扩张，所有病人均获得良好疗效。结论 肝移植术后胆道并发症发生率为8.51％（胆－胆端端吻合＋T管），胆道狭窄晚于胆漏，肝动脉检塞和（或狭窄是最重要的相关因素；无肝动脉栓塞和（或）狭窄，则无需手术治疗，若有肝动脉栓塞和（或）狭窄＞50％，应尽早做再次肝移植。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的探讨介入治疗在肝移植术后胆道并发症治疗方面的作用。方法回顾性分析本中心2004年4月至2006年10月采用介入方法治疗的37例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的I临床资料。结果本中心肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生率为7．2％（30／417）。介入治疗的近期治愈率为54．1％（20／37），近期治愈患者中需反复治疗的比率是40％（8／20），围手术期病死率为5．4％（2／37），总病死率为16．2％（6／37）。吻合口漏、胆道坏死导致的胆漏、吻合口狭窄、非吻合口狭窄、胆泥和胆石形成的介入治疗治愈率分别为57．1％（4／7）、0（0／4）、100％（8／8）、16．7％（2／12）、100％（6／6）。结论介入治疗是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要治疗方法。疗效与胆道并发症的类型相关，吻合口狭窄、胆泥和胆石形成以及吻合口漏的介入治疗效果良好；胆道坏死导致的胆漏及非吻合口狭窄的介入治疗效果较差，应把握好时机进行再次肝移植。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2005年9月诊治的173例原位肝移植患者的临床资料。结果 术后出现胆道并发症14例（8．1％），其中胆管狭窄6例．胆管狭窄合并胆漏1例，胆泥淤积或结石3例，肝断面胆漏2例（劈离式肝移植患者），T管拔除后胆漏1例，Oddi括约肌功能失常1例。除1例胆道狭窄再次行肝移植，因发生严重感染导致肝功能衰竭死亡外．其余患者经介入治疗均获得满意的效果。结论 介入治疗是诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的首选方法。     

ERCP和PTC介入治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的作用比较

目的比较ERCP和PTC介入治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的作用和疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年8月至2006年8月44例接受介入治疗的肝移植术后胆道并发症患者临床资料，比较ERCP和PTC介入治疗在肝移植术后胆道并发症中的疗效和并发症。结果首选ERCP介入治疗31例，3例操作失败（9．6％）；PTC介入治疗16例，均操作成功。胆道吻合口狭窄和非胆道吻合口狭窄ERCP和PTC介入治疗的治愈率分别为73．3％、77．7％和23．1％、14．3％，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两种介入治疗术后并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论ERCP和PTC介入治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效和并发症的发生率相当，可以将PTC介入技术作为治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的首选措施。     

再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功能22例报告

目的 总结再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功能的临床经验。方法 回顾分析2004年1月至2006年6月期间中山大学附属第三医院施行22例再次肝移植受者的临床资料，结合文献加以讨论。再次肝移植的原因分别为移植术后胆道并发症（12例）、移植术后肝癌复发（4例）、肝动脉栓塞（2例）、肝动脉狭窄（2例）以及乙肝复发（2例）。再次移植率为3．62％，供肝植入均采用改良背驮式肝移植技术。结果 全组无手术死亡，8例随访至今分别存活21、14、8、3个月各1例，12、1个月各2例；14例存活2周到28个月不等。首次肝移植术后8～30d行再次肝移植病人围手术期病死率最高，为66．7％；1年内死亡10例，主要死亡原因为感染（60％）。结论 再次肝移植是移植肝失功能的惟一有效的治疗方法，正确掌握手术时机及适应证，钻研手术技巧，合理的个体化免疫抑制方案以及围手术期有效的抗感染治疗是提高再次肝移植病人存活率的关键。     

再次肝移植治疗移植肝缺血型胆道损伤15例报告

目的探讨再次肝移植治疗缺血型胆道损伤的临床经验。方法回顾性分析15例因缺血型胆道损伤施行再次肝移植受者的临床资料。结果 15例移植受者术前均接受过介入治疗,再次肝移植全组无手术死亡。术后1个月存活率为67%,1年存活率为60%,3年存活率为53%。截止至2012年3月,有8例存活并返院随诊,存活时间超过5年的5例,其余3例存活时间分别为47个月、58个月、35个月,肝功能及生活情况良好。术后严重感染导致的多器官功能衰竭是再次肝移植患者死亡的主要原因。结论再次肝移植是治疗缺血型胆道损伤唯一有效的方法。对于缺血性胆道损伤,预防的意义远大于治疗。从供肝切取与保存、胆道重建、术后免疫抑制方案的选择、长期随访等等环节加以重视,有利于减少缺血型胆道损伤。     

再次肝移植的胆道重建及其术后并发症的防治:附99例临床分析

目的探讨再次肝移植（ROLT）的胆道重建方式及其术后并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析1999年11月至2005年11月间99例再次肝移植病人胆道重建及术后并发症的防治情况。99例病人胆道重建过程中有88例行胆管端端吻合，全部放置T管引流；11例行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合，5例放置外支撑管引流、5例内支撑管引流、1例未放置支撑管。术后胆道并发症的诊断主要依据临床表现、B超、T管造影、胆道镜、ERCP、MRCP等检查。结果99例再次肝移植病人围手术期（术后2个月）平均死亡率20．1％；存活1年病人胆道并发症的发生率为11．1％（5／45），其中2例为术后早期胆漏，1例为拔除T管后胆漏，经非手术治疗治愈；1例为术后6个月吻合口狭窄，经内镜球囊扩张、安放内支架处理后治愈；1例为胆肠吻合口漏，经吻合口周围放置的冲洗套管冲洗、引流1个月后治愈。结论再次肝移植胆道重建的关键是良好的受体胆道血供、胆道吻合确切、无张力。术后积极控制胆道感染、选择恰当的介入方法是诊断和治疗胆道并发症的有效手段。     

改进供肝处理方法减少肝移植术后早期胆道并发症

目的改进供肝处理方法，以减少肝移植术后的胆道并发症。方法供肝处理进行如下改进：（1）肝门游离仅达胃十二指肠动脉下缘，不游离其上方的肝蒂结构；（2）修整供肝时暂不结扎胃十二指肠动脉本身的断端；（3）修整供肝时暂不切除胆囊，待供肝植入、肝动脉重建后切除。共行99例肝移植，患者的原发病，58％为良性肝病，42％为肝癌。供肝热缺血和冷缺血时间分别控制在5min和16h以内。胆道重建方式均为胆总管-胆总管端端吻合，其中5例放置T管。观察术后早期胆道并发症的发生情况。结果4例（4％，4／99）肝移植术后发生胆道并发症，其中1例术后10d发现胆道吻合口漏；1例术后5个月胆道内有胆树形成；1例为胆道吻合口狭窄；1例为左肝管狭窄。改进前的肝移植术后早期胆道并发症发生率为11．6％（5／43）。结论通过改进供肝的处理方法，可最大限度地保留供肝胆道血液供应，显著减少术后胆道并发症。     

成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植六例

目的总结成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植的体会。方法6例曾经接受活体肝移植者因胆道并发症（2例）、血管并发症（2例）、慢性排斥反应（1例）和肝炎复发（1例）而接受再次肝移植，再次肝移植均采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术。除1例将供肝动脉改为与受者腹主动脉吻合外，其余均为同名血管的端端吻合。结果1例术后因原发性移植肝无功能死亡；1例肝动脉吻合口狭窄，经介入治疗放置支架后缓解。随访至今，5例已分别存活12、9、6、4和3个月，目前肝功能良好。结论腹腔内粘连是成人活体肝移植后再次肝移植的手术难点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.